Custo-Efetividade do Emprego do Escore de Cálcio Coronariano na Orientação para a Decisão Terapêutica na Prevenção Primária, na População Brasileira / Cost-Effectiveness of Using the Coronary Artery Calcium Score in Guiding Therapeutic Decisions in Primary Prevention in the Brazilian Population

Resumo Fundamento: O emprego do escore de cálcio no auxílio da estratificação de risco cardiovascular pode ser ferramenta com melhor custo-efetividade em comparação à estratégia convencional. Objetivos: Avaliação da custo-efetividade do emprego do escore de cálcio na orientação terapêutica para a prevenção primária cardiovascular. Métodos: Modelo de microssimulação para avaliar as consequências clínicas e econômicas da doença cardiovascular aterosclerótica, comparando-se a estratégia de prevenção pelo uso do escore de cálcio e a estratégia convencional. Resultados: Resultados obtidos demonstram melhor custo-efetividade da estratégia terapêutica guiada pelo escore de cálcio, por meio da redução do custo incremental, e aumento nos anos de vida ajustados por qualidade (QALY), que corresponde, em número, ao benefício incorporado à qualidade de vida do indivíduo. Conclusões: O emprego do escore de cálcio mostrou-se mais custo-efetivo que a estratégia convencional tanto em custo como em QALY, na maioria dos cenários estudados.

Abstract Background: The use of the coronary artery calcium score to aid cardiovascular risk stratification may be a more cost-effective tool than the conventional strategy. Objectives: Evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of the use of the calcium score in therapeutic guidance for primary cardiovascular prevention. Methods: A microsimulation model to assess the clinical and economic consequences of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, comparing the prevention strategy using the calcium score and the conventional strategy. Results: The results obtained demonstrated a better cost-effectiveness of the therapeutic strategy guided by the calcium score, by reducing incremental costs and increasing quality-adjusted life years (QALY), which corresponds, in number, to improving the quality of life of the individual. Conclusions: The use of the coronary artery calcium score proved to be more cost-effective than the conventional strategy, both in terms of cost and QALY, in most of the scenarios studied.

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in women with cardiovascular disease: position statement from the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR).

This document is a position statement from the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) on recommendations for clinical utilization of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in women with cardiovascular disease. The document was prepared by the SCMR Consensus Group on CMR Imaging for Female Patients with Cardiovascular Disease and endorsed by the SCMR Publications Committee and SCMR Executive Committee. The goals of this document are to (1) guide the informed selection of cardiovascular imaging methods, (2) inform clinical decision-making, (3) educate stakeholders on the advantages of CMR in specific clinical scenarios, and (4) empower patients with clinical evidence to participate in their clinical care. The statements of clinical utility presented in the current document pertain to the following clinical scenarios: acute coronary syndrome, stable ischemic heart disease, peripartum cardiomyopathy, cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction, aortic syndrome and congenital heart disease in pregnancy, bicuspid aortic valve and aortopathies, systemic rheumatic diseases and collagen vascular disorders, and cardiomyopathy-causing mutations. The authors cite published evidence when available and provide expert consensus otherwise. Most of the evidence available pertains to translational studies involving subjects of both sexes. However, the authors have prioritized review of data obtained from female patients, and direct comparison of CMR between women and men. This position statement does not consider CMR accessibility or availability of local expertise, but instead highlights the optimal utilization of CMR in women with known or suspected cardiovascular disease. Finally, the ultimate goal of this position statement is to improve the health of female patients with cardiovascular disease by providing specific recommendations on the use of CMR.

Amlodipine as adjuvant therapy to current chelating agents for reducing iron overload in thalassaemia major: a systematic review, meta-analysis and simulation of future studies.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Iron overload in thalassaemia is a crucial prognostic factor and a major cause of death due to heart failure or arrhythmia. Therefore, previous research has recommended amlodipine as an auxiliary treatment to current chelating agents for reducing iron overload in thalassaemia patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the results of three randomized clinical trials evaluating the use of amlodipine in thalassaemia patients through 12 databases were carried out. RESULTS: Our final cohort included 130 patients. Insignificant difference in decreasing liver iron concentrations was found between amlodipine and control groups {weighted mean difference = -0·2, [95% confidence interval = (-0·55-0·15), P = 0·26]}. As regards serum ferritin, our analysis also showed no significant difference in serum ferritin between amlodipine and control groups {weighted mean difference [95% confidence interval = -0·16 (-0·51-0·19), P = 0·36]}. Similarly, there was insignificant difference in cardiac T2* between amlodipine and control groups {weighted mean difference [95% confidence interval = 0·34 (-0·01-0·69), P = 0·06]}. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the growing evidence supporting the role of amlodipine in reducing iron overload in thalassaemia patients, our meta-analysis did not find that evidence collectively significant. The results of our simulation suggest that when more data are available, a meta-analysis with more randomized clinical trials could provide more conclusive insights.

T2* Mapping Techniques: Iron Overload Assessment and Other Potential Clinical Applications.

T2* mapping techniques has evolved significantly since their introduction in the early 2000s and a significant amount of evidence has been gathered to support their clinical routine use for iron overload assessment. This article focuses on the most important aspects of how to perform T2* imaging, from acquisition, to postprocessing, to analyzing the data with clinical concentration. Newer techniques have made T2* mapping more robust and accurate, allowing a broader use of this technique for noncontrast ischemia imaging based on blood oxygen levels, in addition to evaluation of intramyocardial hemorrhage and microvascular obstruction.

MRI for Iron Overload in Thalassemia.

MRI is a key tool in the current management of patients with thalassemia. Given its capability of assessing iron overload in different organs noninvasively and without contrast, it has significant advantages over other metrics, including serum ferritin. Liver iron concentration can be measured either with relaxometry methods T2*/T2 or signal intensity ratio techniques. Myocardial iron can be assessed in the same examination through T2* imaging. In this review, we focus on showing how MRI evaluates iron in both organs and the clinical applications as well as practical approaches to using this tool by clinicians taking care of patients with thalassemia.

Escore de cálcio coronariano: onde e quando faz a diferença na prática clínica / Coronary calcium score: where and when does it make a difference in clinical practice

O escore de cálcio coronariano (CAC) é obtido por meio de tomografia de tórax sem contraste, acoplada a eletrocardiograma com baixa dose de radiação e baixo custo. Atualmente, acessível na grande maioria de tomógrafos de múltiplos detectores, o exame tem como objetivo a identificação da carga de aterosclerose associada à presença de cálcio na topografia das artérias coronárias. Seu valor diagnóstico e prognóstico para doença arterial coronária subclínica foi demonstrado em diversos estudos pregressos envolvendo dezenas de milhares de pacientes com seguimento prolongado, de até 15 anos. O escore de cálcio mostrou-se superior aos escores clínicos tradicionais na predição de eventos cardiovasculares em indivíduos assintomáticos, sobretudo naqueles com risco intermediário pré-teste, em que pode haver dúvida sobre a melhor abordagem de tratamento. O achado de um escore de cálcio zero está associado a um risco cardiovascular significativamente baixo, enquanto um escore elevado re-estratifica o indivíduo para uma classe de risco superior. Grande parte das diretrizes clínicas indica o exame exatamente neste paciente ou nos indivíduos com risco inicial mais baixo, mas com antecedente familiar fortemente positivo. Embora não haja trabalhos randomizados com desfechos clínicos primários guiados pelo CAC, ao menos três estudos prospectivos demonstraram benefícios com seu uso, além dos inúmeros trabalhos observacionais e estudos de coorte que demonstraram excelente valor prognóstico. Recentemente, recomendações de como guiar a terapia de prevenção primária de acordo com o resultado do escore de cálcio foram publicadas com base em opiniões de especialistas, e uma proposta de estudo randomizado vem sendo discutida de forma intensa. Finalmente, o escore de cálcio também passou a ser visto como possível indicação para complementar outros exames, como tomografia de tórax, avaliação pulmonar ou em associação com exames funcionais, além de aumento de adesão à terapia

The coronary artery calcium score (CAC) is obtained through a computed tomography (CT) of the chest without the need for contrast, coupled with low radiation dose electrocardiogram and low cost. The exam is currently available in most multidetector tomographs, and its objective is to identify coronary atherosclerotic burden associated with the presence of calcium in the topography of the coronary arteries. Its diagnostic and prognostic value for subclinical coronary arterial disease has been demonstrated in many studies involving tens of thousands of patients, with long follow-up times of more than 15 years. The calcium score has been shown to be superior to most traditional clinical scores for predicting cardiovascular events in asymptomatic individuals, particularly those with moderate pre-test risk, where there might be more uncertainty in selecting the best treatment approach. A finding of a calcium score of zero is associated with a very low cardiovascular risk, while a high score re-stratifies an individual to a higher risk class. Most of the clinical guidelines recommend the exam in these patients, or in individuals with an initial low risk category but a strong positive familiar history for cardiovascular disease. Although there are currently no randomized controlled trials with outcomes guided by the use of CAC, at least three prospective studies have demonstrated the benefits of its use, and numerous observational works and cohort studies have demonstrated its excellent prognostic value. Recently, recommendations on how to guide primary preventive therapy based on the results of the calcium score have been published based on specialist opinions, and a randomized controlled trial is now in advanced discussions. Finally, the calcium score is now seen as a possible indication to complement other exams, such as chest CT, pulmonary evaluation, or in association with other functional stress exams, and adhesion to therapy has increased

A free software for the calculation of T2* values for iron overload assessment.

Background Iron overload assessment with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using T2* has become a key diagnostic method in the management of many diseases. Quantitative analysis of the MRI images with a cost-effective tool has been a limitation to increased use of the method. Purpose To provide a free software solution for this purpose comparing the results with a commercial solution. Material and Methods The free tool was developed as a standalone program to be directly downloaded and ran in a common personal computer platform without the need of a dedicated workstation. Liver and cardiac T2* values were calculated using both tools and the values obtained compared between them in a group of 56 patients with suspected iron overload using Bland-Altman plots and concordance correlation coefficients (CCC). Results In the heart, the mean T2* differences between the two methods was 0.46 ms (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.037 -0.965) and in the liver 0.49 ms (95% CI, 0.257-0.722). The CCC for both the heart and the liver were significantly high (0.98 [95% CI, 0.966-0.988] with a Pearson ρ of 0.9811 and 0.991 [95% CI, 0.986-0.994] with a Pearson ρ of 0.996, respectively. No significant differences were observed when analyzing only patients with abnormal concentrations of iron in both organs compared to the whole cohort. Conclusion The proposed free software tool is accurate for calculation of T2* values of the liver and heart and might be a solution for centers that cannot use paid commercial solutions.

Perspectivas em ressonância cardíaca - mapa T1 e T2: fundamentos e utilidade clínica / Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging perspectives - T1 and T2 maps: fundamentals and clinical utility

A ressonância magnética cardiovascular tem uma de suas maiores vantagens na caracterização tecidual de diversas estruturas e doenças cardíacas. Nos últimos anos, essa caracterização deixou de ser apenas qualitativa e passou a ser medida de forma objetiva através de mapas paramétricos dos valores de T1, T2 e T2*. Esses mapas permitiram a mensuração de áreas de edema, inflamação, cicatrizes e, sobretudo, da avaliação de alterações miocárdicas sistêmicas que ocorrem no espaço extracelular cuja identificação não era possível até então por outras técnicas de ressonância ou demais métodos de imagem. As aplicações clínicas que se seguiram a esse desenvolvimento técnico foram extremamente rápidas e ampliaram de forma significativa a capacidade diagnóstica e prognóstica do cardiologista clínico em diversas doenças. Nesta atualização, buscou-se revisar toda a parte técnica do exame com foco sobretudo nas implicações práticas de utilização do método, destacando-se quais tipos de sequência utilizar, quais os parâmetros críticos e como reportar os valores gerados de T1 nativo, T2, T1 pós-contraste e volume extracelular. Na parte clínica, tentamos identificar e hierarquizar de forma prática em quais doenças os mapas paramétricos estão mais bem estabelecidos e como aplicar esse conhecimento para decisões clínicas. Esse campo em particular é sujeito a mudanças rápidas e constantes e o número de publicações a respeito segue em crescimento exponencial nos últimos anos. Esta revisão tenta fazer uma ponderação das evidências atuais para que se possa continuar seguindo a evolução do método de maneira sólida e consciente. A ressonância magnética cardiovascular (RMC) é um exame cada vez mais empregado na rotina clínica do cardiologista, sendo suas indicações bastante amplas tanto para avaliação morfológica e funcional do coração quanto para pesquisa de isquemia e cicatrizes miocárdicas¹. A caracterização e...

Amlodipine reduces cardiac iron overload in patients with thalassemia major: a pilot trial.

BACKGROUND: Iron chelation therapy in patients with thalassemia major may not prevent iron overload in all organs, especially those in which iron enters cells through specific calcium channels. We designed a controlled pilot study to assess the potential of the calcium channel blocker amlodipine in strengthening the efficacy of iron chelation. METHODS: Fifteen patients with thalassemia major undergoing chelation therapy were randomized to receive amlodipine added to standard treatment in a 1:2 allocation for 12 months. T2* values for assessment of iron overload in the liver and heart using magnetic resonance imaging were obtained at baseline and at 6 and 12 months. RESULTS: In the amlodipine-treated group, heart T2* increased significantly in comparison to baseline at 6 and 12 months (21.7 ± 7.2 ms to 28.2 ± 7.9 ms and 28.3 ± 8.0 ms, with P = .007 and .03, respectively), while no differences were observed in the control group (25.1 ± 8.8 ms to 24.7 ± 7.8 ms and 26.2 ± 11.4 ms; P = .99 and 0.95, respectively); significant differences between groups were observed at 6 months (28.2 ± 7.9 ms vs 24.7 ± 7.8 ms in the control group, P = .03). A significant reduction in ferritin levels also was observed in the treated group at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: The use of amlodipine in conjunction with standard chelation therapy may suggest a new strategy in preventing and treating iron overload in patients with thalassemia major, especially in organs where iron absorption depends on active uptake by calcium channels like the heart.

Medidas morfofuncionais do coração obtidas por ressonância magnética em brasileiros / Morphological and functional measurements of the heart obtained by magnetic resonance imaging in Brazilians

FUNDAMENTO: Medidas ainda hoje utilizadas como referência na ressonância magnética cardíaca foram obtidas principalmente de estudos realizados em populações norte-americanas e europeias. OBJETIVO: Obter medidas do diâmetro diastólico, diâmetro sistólico, volume diastólico final, volume sistólico final, fração de ejeção e massa miocárdica dos ventrículos esquerdo e direito em brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Foram submetidos à ressonância magnética cardíaca, utilizando técnica de precessão livre em estado de equilíbrio, 54 homens e 53 mulheres, com idade média de 43,4 ± 13,1 anos, assintomáticos, sem cardiopatias. RESULTADOS: As médias e os desvios padrão dos parâmetros do ventrículo esquerdo foram: diâmetro diastólico = 4,8 ± 0,5 cm; diâmetro sistólico = 3,0 ± 0,6 cm; volume diastólico final = 128,4 ± 29,6 mL; volume sistólico final = 45,2 ± 16,6 mL; fração de ejeção = 65,5 ± 6,3%; massa = 95,2 ± 30,8 g. Para o ventrículo direito, foram: diâmetro diastólico = 3,9 ± 1,3 cm; diâmetro sistólico = 2,5 ± 0,5 cm; volume diastólico final = 126,5 ± 30,7 mL; volume sistólico final = 53,6 ± 18,4 mL; fração de ejeção = 58,3 ± 8,0% e massa = 26,1 ± 6,1 g. As massas e os volumes foram significativamente maiores nos homens, exceto para o volume sistólico final do ventrículo esquerdo. A fração de ejeção do ventrículo direito foi significativamente maior nas mulheres. Houve correlação significativa e inversa do volume sistólico do volume direito com o aumento da idade. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo descreveu, pela primeira vez, medidas cardíacas obtidas pela ressonância magnética cardíaca em brasileiros assintomáticos, sem cardiopatias, mostrando diferenças de acordo com o gênero e a idade.

BACKGROUND: Still today, measurements used as a reference in the cardiac magnetic resonance imaging have been obtained mainly from studies carried out in North-American and European populations. OBJECTIVE: To obtain measurements of the diastolic diameter, systolic diameter, end diastolic volume, end systolic volume, ejection fraction, and myocardial mass of the left and right ventricles in Brazilians. METHODS: 54 men and 53 women, with mean age of 43.4 ± 13.1 years, asymptomatic, with no cardiomyopathies, have been subjected to the cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, using a balanced steady state free precession technique. RESULTS: The averages and the standard deviations of the parameters for the left ventricle have been: diastolic diameter = 4.8 ± 0.5 cm; systolic diameter = 3.0 ± 0.6 cm; end diastolic volume = 128.4 ± 29.6 mL; end systolic volume = 45.2 ± 16.6 mL; ejection fraction = 65.5 ± 6.3%; mass = 95.2 ± 30.8 g. For the right ventricle, they have been: diastolic diameter = 3.9 ± 1.3 cm; systolic diameter = 2.5 ± 0.5 cm; end diastolic volume = 126.5 ± 30.7 mL; end systolic volume = 53.6 ± 18.4 mL; ejection fraction = 58.3 ± 8.0%, and mass = 26.1 ± 6.1 g. The masses and the volumes were significantly greater in the men, except for the end systolic volume of the left ventricle. The ejection fraction of the right ventricle has been significantly greater in the women. There has been a significant and inverted correlation of the systolic volume of the right volume with the progression of the age. CONCLUSION: This study has described, for the first time, cardiac measurements obtained through the cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in Brazilians, asymptomatic, with no cardiomyopathies, showing differences in accordance with gender and age.

Realce tardio por ressonância magnética e tomografia em cardiopatias não isquêmicas / Delayed enhancement in cardiovascular magnetic resonance and computed tomography in non-ischemic cardiomyopathies

As cardiomiopatias não isquêmicas representam um grupo heterogêneo, mas de grande importância na rotina do cardiologista clínico. Muitas vezes, a distinção etiológica do quadro sindrômico pode ser difícil de ser realizada de maneira rotineira. Entretanto, uma vez determinada a causa da cardiomiopatia, pode-se oferecer ao paciente um tratamento mais otimizado e direcionado, resultando em menor número de desfechos cardiovasculares. A imagem cardiovascular avançada, caracterizada pelos exames de ressonância e tomografia computadorizada, auxilia o clínico no diagnóstico e seguimento destes pacientes. Dentre as técnicas empregada, o realce tardio - marcador de áreas cicatriciais de fibrose, inflamação e/ou edema maiocárdico - tem papel central e será discutido ao longo desta revisão. A presença ou ausência destas cicatrizes, que têm sua visualização exclusivamente por estes dois métodos, permite não só informar ao clínico a origem da cardiomiopatia, mas também correlacioná-la de forma prognóstica em adição ás tradicionais medidas de volume e função global cardíaca. Assim, este texto tem três finalidades principais: (1) Explicar ao leitor o que é e como é realizada a pesquisa de realce tardio pela ressonância e tomografia; (2) Caracterizar o realce tardio em cada um dos tipos de cardiomiopartias não isquêmicas, permitindo a identificação etiológica das mesmas; (3) Estabelecer o significado clínico do realce tardio, sobretudo a determinação prognóstica dada por ele em cada doença distintamente e como este pode auxiliar na mudança terapêutica.

The non-ischemic cardiomyopathies represent a heterogeneous group of great importance in the routine of clinical cardiologist. Often the etiological distinction of syndromic frame can be difficult to be carried out in such a way. However, once determined the cause of cardiomyopathy, it can offer the patient a more optimized and targeted treatment resulting in fewer cardiovascular endpoints. Advanced cardiovascular imaging, characterizes by resonance and computed tomography examinations, helps the clinician in the diagnosis and follow-up of these patients. Among the techniques employed, the late highlight - marker of fibrosis scars areas, inflammation and/or myocardial edema - has a central role and will be discussed throunghout this review. The presence or absence of these scars that have their viewing exclusive by these two methods informs the clinician to not only the origin of cardiomyopathy but also correlates it in a prognostic way in addition to the traditional measures of volume and global cardiac function. Thus, this paper has three main purposes: (1) Explain the reader what it is and how it's performed the late enhancement search through resonance and tomography. (2) Characterize the late enhancement in each one of the types of non-ischemic cardiopathies allowing their etiological identification. (3) Establish the clinical significance of late enhancement, particularly highlighthing the prognostic assessment given by it in each disease distinctly, and how it can assist in therapeutic change.

Brazilian Thalassemia Association protocol for iron chelation therapy in patients under regular transfusion.

In the absence of an iron chelating agent, patients with beta-thalassemia on regular transfusions present complications of transfusion-related iron overload. Without iron chelation therapy, heart disease is the major cause of death; however, hepatic and endocrine complications also occur. Currently there are three iron chelating agents available for continuous use in patients with thalassemia on regular transfusions (desferrioxamine, deferiprone, and deferasirox) providing good results in reducing cardiac, hepatic and endocrine toxicity. These practice guidelines, prepared by the Scientific Committee of Associação Brasileira de Thalassemia (ABRASTA), presents a review of the literature regarding iron overload assessment (by imaging and laboratory exams) and the role of T2* magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to control iron overload and iron chelation therapy, with evidence-based recommendations for each clinical situation. Based on this review, the authors propose an iron chelation protocol for patients with thalassemia under regular transfusions.

Brazilian Thalassemia Association protocol for iron chelation therapy in patients under regular transfusion

In the absence of an iron chelating agent, patients with beta-thalassemia on regular transfusions present complications of transfusion-related iron overload. Without iron chelation therapy, heart disease is the major cause of death; however, hepatic and endocrine complications also occur. Currently there are three iron chelating agents available for continuous use in patients with thalassemia on regular transfusions (desferrioxamine, deferiprone, and deferasirox) providing good results in reducing cardiac, hepatic and endocrine toxicity. These practice guidelines, prepared by the Scientific Committee of Associação Brasileira de Thalassemia (ABRASTA), presents a review of the literature regarding iron overload assessment (by imaging and laboratory exams) and the role of T2* magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to control iron overload and iron chelation therapy, with evidence-based recommendations for each clinical situation. Based on this review, the authors propose an iron chelation protocol for patients with thalassemia under regular transfusions.

Iron chelation therapy in the management of transfusion-related cardiac iron overload.

Iron overload is one of the major causes of morbidity and death in patients undergoing chronic transfusion therapy. Furthermore, excessive iron accumulation in the heart may result in impaired left ventricular dysfunction. With accurate monitoring techniques and treatment regimens, progression of heart complications can be followed, and their natural history changed. Iron chelation therapy is the mainstay of prevention and reversal of myocardial iron overload. Despite recent appraisals of general chelating strategies, the management of iron chelation in chronically transfused patients with a focus on the heart has not been extensively assessed. New studies published in the past couple of years have provided important new data in this topic and therefore this review summarizes the major studies that examined the removal of iron from the heart with the iron chelators: deferoxamine, deferiprone, and deferasirox. Since chronically transfused patients and their cardiac clinical presentations vary widely, this review tries to identify--with each drug--the precise scenarios evaluated, linking patients' baseline characteristics, clinical setting, and drug intake and dosing. Ultimately, by stratifying patients according to their cardiac iron overload status and ventricular function, this review identifies possible approaches for the initial treatment and follow-up of transfusion-related cardiac iron overload.

Competência técnica em ressonância e tomografia cardiovascular / Technical competence in cardiovascular magnetic resonance and computed tomography

A ressonância magnética cardiovascular e a tomografia computadorizada têm avançado como técnica bastante práticas e úteis na cardiologia clínica. Devido à rápida aceitação na comunidade cardiológica e ao uso generalizado, o treinamento de cardiologista e radiologistas, nessa subespecialidade, não tem sido homogêneo até o momento. Isso, em parte, explica as diferenças observadas nas diversas origens encontradas entre os médicos que executam esses exames. Com o objetivo de orientar centros formadores, assim como fontes pagadoras, contratantes e cardiologistas gerais que solocitam os exames, este artigo prevê um conjunto de requisitos mínimos que devem ser atingidos por todos os médicos que buscam educar-se no tema, e para aqueles que já o realizam. A competência clínica, listada aqui, não engloba a totalidade daquilo que hoje se atinge com esses métodos, mas deve ser exigida de todos os envolvidos, agora ou no futuro, com ressonância magnética e tomografia computadorizada cardiovascular.

Metástasis cardíaca secundária al linfoma de Hodgkin detectada por la resonancia magnética cardiovascular / Non Hodgkin lymphoma metastasis to the heart detected by cardiovascular magnetic resonance

Los tumores cardiacos primarios y secundarios son relativamente muy raros e implicam conductas y tratamientos muy específicos. El diagnóstico diferencial entre estos tumopres y otras masas puede ser dificil y requiere el uso de diferentes modalidades de imagem para establecer un diagnóstico seguro. La resonancia magnética (IRMC) es una herramienta muy útil en estos casos, pues permite através de sus imágenes aplicar diferentes estrategias para una mejor delineación de las masas, estructuras cardíacas y tejidos adyacentes. Aqui se describe el caso de una mujer con dificultad respiratodia de una masa paracardíaca; diagnosticada por la resonancia magnética cardiovascular mostrando su aplicabilidad en estas situaciones, ayudando a estabelecer un diagnóstico e manejo terapêutico correctos.