Wireless 'under the skull' epidural EEG and behavior in piglets during nitrous oxide or carbon dioxide gas euthanasia.

Consciousness is central to animal welfare concerns. Its assessment is most often conducted based on behavior, with a poor understanding of the correspondence between behavior and the neurobiological processes that underlie the subjective experience of consciousness. Recording of brain electrical activity using electrodes placed under the skull improves EEG recording by minimizing artifacts from muscular or cardiac activities, and it can now be combined with wireless recording in free-moving animals. This experiment investigated the correspondence between wireless 'under the skull' epidural EEG and the behavior of 18 five-week-old female piglets undergoing nitrous oxide (N2O) or carbon dioxide (CO2) gradual fill gas euthanasia at 25% replacement rate per minute of the chamber volume. Piglets exposed to CO2 had a peak in EEG total power ('Ptot') during the flailing stage, whereas piglets exposed to N2O had a higher EEG 95% spectral edge frequency ('F95') during their initial explorative behavior phase and a drop in EEG median frequency ('F50') after loss of posture. Loss of posture without righting attempt, as the last behavioral state observed during euthanasia, preceded the onset of transitional EEG on average by 0.9 and 3.1 min (for CO2 and N2O treatments, respectively), and the onset of isoelectric EEG by 4.5 and 6.2 min (for CO2 and N2O treatments, respectively). Paddling movements occurred shortly before and during transitional EEG but never during isoelectric EEG, whereas gasps persisted after the EEG had become isoelectric. The dynamics of EEG spectral changes were complex to interpret in relation to the degree of consciousness, but isoelectric EEG as an unequivocal indicator of unconsciousness appeared several minutes after loss of posture with no righting attempt. This leaves a window of uncertainty in regards to the potential for consciousness after loss of posture during gradual fill gas euthanasia in piglets.

Pig barns ammonia and greenhouse gas emission mitigation by slurry aeration and acid scrubber.

Livestock production is associated with several gaseous pollutant emissions to the environment. These emissions can degrade local and regional air quality, contribute to surface water eutrophication and acid rain, and contribute to the greenhouse gas footprint of the production sector. Modern production systems must balance animal welfare and environmental pollution potential with economic reality, which is a great challenge to maintain as global demand for animal protein increases. Accordingly, gaseous emission technologies were the main target for this research, in which mitigating gas emissions of ammonia, nitrous oxide, and methane from pig production facilities via slurry aeration system was tested. Five treatments with different airflow rates in the test room were examined continuously over a period of 6 weeks and the results were compared with the control room. Test results indicate that the highest mitigation potentials were 12, 57.6, and 10.4% for nitrous oxide, methane, and ammonia, respectively. Subsequently directing exhaust air into a sulfuric acid air scrubber at 3.0 pH further reduced total ammonia emissions by 80 to 87%.

A simple methodology to measure ammonia flux generated in naturally ventilated poultry houses / Una metodología simple para medir el flujo de amoniaco generado en instalaciones avícolas sometidas a ventilación natural / Uma metodologia simples para quantificação do fluxo de amônia gerada em aviários submetidos à ventilação natural

Background: quantifying the rate of pollutant emissions, such as ammonia (NH3), from naturally ventilated animal production buildings in structures, such as those used in South America, is challenging mainly due to the challenge of determining building ventilation rate. Some methods have been developed to reduce this difficulty, but most are costly and complex, preventing their implementation.. Objective: the present work aimed to adapt and validate the Saraz method for the determination of ammonia emissions (SMDAE) from naturally ventilated poultry houses. Methods: to validate the proposed method, the ammonia emission rate (ER; NH3 mass emitted per unit time) was computed using the adjusted equation proposed by Wheeler et al.(2006; ER2). For evaluation purposes, the data obtained from the two measuring methods (SMDAE and ER2)were statistically analyzed. Results: the proposed method was considered adequate for use under conditions of natural ventilation with wind speeds greater than 0.1 m/s-1 and NH3 concentrations greater than 1 ppm. Conclusion: the method demonstrated a good correlation between its values and those obtained by the standard equation for calculating emissions based on NH3 concentration, air speed and temperature, which makes the Saraz method a reliable approach to develop ammonia inventories for naturally-ventilated poultry facilities.

Antecedentes: la cuantificación de la tasa de emision de contaminantes tales como el amoniaco (NH3) en instalaciones de producción animal con ventilación natural como las utilizadas en América del Sur es un reto, en parte debido a la dificultad para determinar la tasa de ventilación. Algunos métodos han sido desarrollados para reducir esta dificultad, pero la mayoría de ellos son costosos y complejos, lo que impide su aplicación. Objetivo: el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo adaptar y validar el método Saraz para calcular el flujo de amoniaco (SMDAE) generado en galpones avícolas con ventilación natural. Métodos: para validar el método propuesto, el flujo de amoniaco (ER; masa de NH3 emitida por unidad de tiempo) fue comparado con los resultados obtenidos por medio de la ecuación ajustada propuesta por Wheeler et al. (2006; ER2). Para su evaluación, los valores obtenidos con los dos métodos (SMDAE y ER2) fueron comparados mediante análisis estadístico. Resultados: el método propuesto se considera adecuado para ser utilizado en las condiciones de ventilación natural con vientos superiores a 0,1 m/s-1 y concentraciones de NH3 superiores a 1 ppm. Conclusión: el método presentó una buena correlación entre los valores determinados y los obtenidos mediante la ecuación estandar para el cálculo de emisiones basada en la concentración de NH3, velocidad del aire y temperatura, lo que lo convierte en una alternativa confiable para hacer inventarios de amoníaco en instalaciones avícolas con ventilación natural.

Antecedentes: a quantificação da taxa de emissão de poluentes, tais como a amônia (NH3) em instalações animais abertas e com ventilação natural, como são usadas na América do Sul, é um desafio, em parte devido a dificuldade de determinação da taxa de ventilação. Assim, alguns métodos têm sido desenvolvidos para reduzir esta dificuldade, mas a maioria deles são onerosos e complexos, inviabilizando a sua aplicação. Objetivo: o presente trabalho objetivou-se adaptar e validar o método Saraz para determinar o fluxo de NH3 (SMDAE) emitida dos galpões avícolas submetidos à ventilação natural. Métodos: para fazer a validação do método proposto, o fluxo de amônia (ER; massa de NH3 gerada por unidade de tempo) foi comparada com os resultados obtidos por meio de equação ajustada proposta por Wheeler et al. (2006; ER2). Para a avaliação proposta, os valores obtidos com os dois métodos usados (SMDAE e ER2) foram comparados mediante analise estadística. Resultados: o método proposto mostrou poder ser usado com confiabilidade em condições de ventilação natural com ventos maiores que 0,1 m/s-1 e concentrações de NH3 maiores que 1 ppm. Conclusão:o método apresentou uma boa correlação entre os valores encontrados pelo método proposto e aqueles obtidos na equação característica para o cálculo de emissões a qual é baseada no conhecimento da concentração de NH3, velocidade e temperatura do ar, o que torna o método como uma alternativa viável para fazer inventários de amônia em instalações aviárias com ventilação natural.

Moisture effects on gas-phase biofilter ammonia removal efficiency, nitrous oxide generation, and microbial communities.

We established a four-biofilter setup to examine the effects of moisture content (MC) on biofilter performance, including NH3 removal and N2O generation. We hypothesized that MC increase can improve NH3 removal, stimulate N2O generation and alter the composition and function of microbial communities. We found that NH3 removal efficiency was greatly improved when MC increased from 35 to 55%, but further increasing MC to 63% did not help much; while N2O concentration was low at 35-55% MC, but dramatically increased at 63% MC. Decreasing MC from 63 to 55% restored N2O concentration. Examination of amoA communities using T-RFLP and real-time qPCR showed that the composition and abundance of ammonia oxidizers were not significantly changed in a "moisture disturbance-disturbance relief" process in which MC was increased from 55 to 63% and then reduced to 55%. This observation supported the changes of NH3 removal efficiency. The composition of nosZ community was altered at 63% MC and then was recovered at 55% MC, which indicates resilience to moisture disturbance. The abundance of nosZ community was negatively correlated with moisture content in this process, and the decreased nosZ abundance at 63% MC explained the observation of increased N2O concentration at that condition.

Moisture effects on greenhouse gases generation in nitrifying gas-phase compost biofilters.

Gas-phase compost biofilters are extensively used in concentrated animal feeding operations to remove odors and, in some cases, ammonia from air sources. The expected biochemical pathway for these predominantly aerobic systems is nitrification. However, non-uniform media with low oxygen levels can shift biofilter microbial pathways to denitrification, a source of greenhouse gases. Several factors contribute to the formation of anoxic/anaerobic zones: media aging, media and particle structure, air velocity distribution, compaction, biofilm thickness, and moisture content (MC) distribution. The present work studies the effects of media moisture conditions on ammonia (NH(3)) removal and greenhouse gas generation (nitrous oxide, N(2)O and methane, CH(4)) for gas-phase compost biofilters subject to a 100-day controlled drying process. Continuous recordings were made for the three gases and water vapor (2.21-h sampling cycle, each cycle consisted of three gas species, and water vapor, for a total of 10,050 data points). Media moisture conditions were classified into three corresponding media drying rate (DR) stages: Constant DR (wetter media), falling DR, and stable-dry system. The first-half of the constant DR period (0-750 h; MC=65-52%, w.b.) facilitated high NH(3) removal rates, but higher N(2)O generation and no CH(4) generation. At the drier stages of the constant DR (750-950 h; MC=52-48%, w.b.) NH(3) removal remained high but N(2)O net generation decreased to near zero. In the falling DR stage (1200-1480 h; MC=44-13%) N(2)O generation decreased, CH(4) increased, and NH(3) was no longer removed. No ammonia removal or greenhouse gas generation was observed in the stable-dry system (1500-2500 h; MC=13%). These results indicate that media should remain toward the drier region of the constant DR (in close proximity to the falling DR stage; MC=50%, approx.), to maintain high levels of NH(3) removal, reduced levels of N(2)O generation, and nullify levels of CH(4) generation.

Isostructural self-assembled monolayers. 2. Methyl 1-(3-mercaptopropyl)-oligo(ethylene oxide)s.

The structural order and ordering conditions of the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of HSCH2CH2CH2O(EO)xCH3, where EO = CH2CH2O and x = 3-9, on polycrystalline gold (Au) were determined by reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. For x = 5-7, RAIRS and SE data show that the oligo(ethylene oxide) [OEO] segments adopt the near single phase, 7/2 helical conformation of the folded-chain crystal polymorph of crystalline poly(ethylene oxide), oriented normal to the substrate. These SAMs exhibit OEO segment structure and orientation identical to that found in a previous isostructural series [HS(CH2CH2O)6-8C18H37 SAMs. Vanderah, D. J., et al. Langmuir 2003, 19, 3752] and are anisotropic films for surface science metrology where structure is constant and thickness increases in 0.30 nm increments. In addition, this is the first example of OEO SAMs to attain this highly ordered, helical conformation where the (EO)x segment is separated from the Au-sulfur headgroup by a polymethylene chain. For x = 4, 8, and 9, the SAMs are largely helical but show evidence of nonhelical conformations and establish the upper and lower limits of the isostructural set. For x = 3, the SAMs are largely disordered containing some all-trans conformation. SAM order as a function of immersion time from 100% water and 95% ethanol indicates that the HSCH2CH2CH2O(EO)5-7CH3 SAMs order faster and under a wider range of conditions than omega-alkyl 1-thiaolio(ethylene oxide) [HS(EO)xCH3] SAMs, reported earlier (Vanderah, D. J., et al. Langmuir 2002, 18, 4674 and Vanderah, D. J., et al. Langmuir 2003, 19, 2612).