Chemical Characterization of Polysaccharide Extracts Obtained from Pomace By-Products of Different White Grape Varieties.

Grape pomace is one of the main by-products in the wine industry and contains some high-added-value compounds, such as polysaccharides. Considering the wide application possibilities of polysaccharides in wine and in the food industry, the revalorization of grape pomace to extract polysaccharides presents itself as an opportunity for by-product management. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize polysaccharide extracts obtained from pomace by-products of different white grape varieties. The type and content of polysaccharides, proteins and phenols were analyzed. Statistically significant differences were found between the varietal extracts in the types and concentrations of polysaccharides. The extracts obtained from the Verdejo and Puesta en Cruz varieties showed the highest polysaccharide purity and contents, but the type of polysaccharides was different in each case. The Verdejo provided extracts richer in non-pectic polysaccharides, while the Puesta en Cruz provided extracts richer in pectic polysaccharides. The protein and polyphenol contents were low in all extracts, below 2.5% and 3.7%, respectively. These results open up a new possibility for the revalorization of grape pomace by-products to obtain polysaccharide-rich extracts, although it would be interesting to improve both the yield and the purity of the extracts obtained by studying other extraction techniques or processes.

The Effects of Grape Polysaccharides Extracted from Grape By-Products on the Chemical Composition and Sensory Characteristics of White Wines.

There is an increasing interest in the valorization of wine waste by-products. Grape pomace/marc can be an important source of polyphenols but also of polysaccharides (PSs). Therefore, the aim of this work was to extract PSs from grape pomace and musts and incorporate them into wines to improve their quality and valorize these residues. Two white wines were elaborated and treated with four different PS extracts obtained from white grape pomace, white must, a wine purified extract rich in RG-II, and commercial inactivated yeasts. In general, the use of grape PSs extracted from grape pomace or must improve some characteristics of wine, increasing the polysaccharide and volatile concentrations. These PS extracts can be useful to modulate some taste attributes such as an excess of acidity and bitterness and can also prevent the loss of volatile compounds associated with fruity and floral notes over time. This is the first study that shows the effects of grape polysaccharides on the chemical composition and sensory characteristics of white wines. Considering the obtained results, the grape pomace and surplus of musts can be considered valuable sources to obtain polysaccharide-rich products, opening a new opportunity to take advantage of by-products from the wine industry.

Evaluation of grape ripeness, carbonic maceration and pectolytic enzymes to improve the chemical and sensory quality of red sparkling wines.

BACKGROUND: Red sparkling wines are and innovative product for the oenology market, and oenologists are looking for technologies to improve their winemaking. The present study aimed to use both carbonic maceration and pectolytic enzymes applied to premature grapes during the winemaking of red sparkling wines. Both could modify the release of polyphenols, as well as improve the foaming, aroma and sensory properties of the wines. RESULTS: Red sparkling wines made with mature grapes showed the highest content of polyphenols, ethyl esters, alcohol acetates, total volatile acids and foam stability time. They were characterised by a high foam collar and foam area, full-body, astringency, persistence, and olfactory intensity, and were the best evaluated with respect to global perception in the sensory analysis. Treatment with pectolytic enzymes was not effective with unripe grapes. These wines showed a high content of total ethyl esters and the highest content of lactones, producing wines with high olfactory intensity and fruity aromas. Red sparkling wines made by carbonic maceration showed the lowest content of total polyphenols, anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins, as well as high contents of C6 alcohols and total ethyl esters, and were characterised by vegetal aroma notes. Both treatments produced red sparkling wines with good foam characteristics. CONCLUSION: Winemaking of red sparkling wines with premature grapes and pectinolytic enzymes or carbonic maceration did not achieve an improvement with respect to their chemical and sensory qualities. The use of mature grapes and traditional winemaking is the best option for elaborating red quality sparkling wines. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

[Intervention for the promotion on the consumption of milk and dairy products as a strategy to reduce overweight in adolescents of México]. / Intervención para el fomento del consumo de leche y productos lácteos como parte de una estrategia para la disminución del exceso de peso en adolescentes de la Ciudad de México.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: the consumption of milk and dairy products can play an important role in the maintenance of healthy body weight, since, under normal conditions of individuals, a negative association has been observed between daily intake of calcium contained in milk and dairy products and adiposity markers. Objective: to determine if the consumption of milk and dairy products affects the body weight reduction of adolescents in high school in Mexico City. Methods: community trial with 2,368 adolescents in three phases: description of the initial nutritional status, multidisciplinary educational intervention in the intervention group and evaluation of the changes observed. A food frequency and reminder questionnaire of 24 hours was applied to the participants, anthropometric measures were taken and the Who Anthro Plus® program was used to obtain the nutritional diagnosis. Results: it was found, in the intervention group, that adolescents who never consume whole milk, skimmed milk, fresh cow's cheese and natural yogurt have a higher prevalence of obesity (15.8%, 12.5%, 19.0% and 19.0%, respectively), compared to the adolescents who consume them daily (0.0%, 0.0%, 2.3% and 5.6%, respectively), there being a highly significant difference for the consumption of cheese fresh cow's milk and natural yogurt (p ≤ 0.01). It was possible to increase the frequency of dairy consumption and changes in nutritional status were observed in the intervention group, where the prevalence of obesity decreased from 13.8% to 6.1%. Conclusions: adolescents with higher milk consumption and its dairy products had a lower prevalence of obesity.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: el consumo de leche y productos lácteos puede jugar un papel importante en el mantenimiento del peso corporal saludable, ya que, en condiciones normales de los individuos, se ha observado una asociación negativa entre la ingesta diaria del calcio contenido en la leche y los productos lácteos con el incremento adipositario. Objetivo: determinar si el consumo de leche y productos lácteos repercute en la disminución del peso corporal de los adolescentes de escuelas secundarias de la Ciudad de México. Métodos: ensayo comunitario con 2.368 adolescentes en tres fases: descripción del estado de nutrición inicial, intervención educativa multidisciplinaria en el grupo intervención y evaluación de los cambios observados. Se aplicó a los participantes un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos y recordatorio de 24 horas, se tomaron medidas antropométricas y se utilizó el programa Who Anthro Plus® para obtener el diagnóstico nutricional. Resultados: se encontró, en el grupo de intervención, que los adolescentes que nunca consumen leche entera, leche descremada, queso fresco de vaca y yogur natural presentan mayor prevalencia de obesidad (15,8%, 12,5%, 19,0% y 19,0%, respectivamente), en comparación con los adolescentes que los consumen diariamente (0,0%, 0,0%, 2,3% y 5,6%, respectivamente), con una diferencia altamente significativa para el consumo de queso fresco de vaca y yogurt natural (p ≤ 0,01). Se logró aumentar la frecuencia de consumo de lácteos y se observaron cambios en el estado de nutrición en el grupo de intervención, donde la prevalencia de obesidad disminuyó del 13,8% al 6,1%. Conclusiones: los adolescentes con mayor consumo de leche y productos lácteos presentaron menor prevalencia de obesidad.

Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Aflatoxins and Deoxynivalenol in Cereal-Based Baby Foods for Infants.

Aflatoxins are carcinogenic to humans and deoxynivalenol causes digestive disorders, and both mycotoxins occur frequently in cereal-based foods. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence and levels of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in cereal-based baby foods as well as to calculate the estimated daily intakes (EDI) in different stages of infancy. Sixty samples of infant cereals (wheat-, corn-, rice-, oat-, and mixed grain-based) were collected during a 2-year period and analyzed by validated methods. Aflatoxins were detected in 12 samples (20%), six of which exceeded the EU maximum level for aflatoxin B1 set at 0.10 µg/kg. Deoxynivalenol appeared in 20% of baby food samples, with one sample exceeding the EU maximum level established at 200 µg/kg. There were no significant differences between gluten-free products for babies aged 4⁻6 months and multi-cereal products for infants aged 7⁻12 months, nor between whole-grain-based and refined ingredients. However, baby food products of organic origin showed significantly higher levels of deoxynivalenol than conventional ones (p < 0.05). It is proposed for the health protection of infants and young children, a vulnerable group, to establish the lowest maximum level for the sum of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) in baby food.

Occurrence and exposure assessment of Fusarium mycotoxins in maize germ, refined corn oil and margarine.

Analytical methods were validated for the analysis of fumonisins (FB1 and FB2), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) in maize germ, corn oil and margarine. A survey of 74 samples consisting of 12 wet-milled maize germ, 12 dry-milled maize germ, 25 refined corn oil, and 25 corn oil margarine was conducted. Results revealed that 100% and 87.5% of maize germ samples presented FB1 and FB2, respectively, attaining concentrations for the sum of both toxins of 1302±541 µg kg(-1) in wet-milled and 820±831 µg kg(-1) in dry-milled maize germ. The lower incidence of FB1, FB2 and DON in edible oil and margarine (4-8%) may be related with the industrial processes for their obtaining besides the high water-solubility of these mycotoxins. In contrast, 25% of maize germ samples were positive for ZEA as well as 32% of corn oil and 24% of margarine, which may be related with its lipophilic nature. A number of samples exceeded the maximum limits indicating that strict control is needed, though estimated dietary exposure was less than 0.2% tolerable daily intakes in all cases.

Vorinostat interferes with the signaling transduction pathway of T-cell receptor and synergizes with phosphoinositide-3 kinase inhibitors in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: Vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA), an inhibitor of class I and II histone deacetylases, has been approved for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. In spite of emerging information on the effect of vorinostat in many types of cancer, little is yet known about this drug's mechanism of action, which is essential for its proper use in combination therapy. We investigated alterations in gene expression profile over time in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells treated with vorinostat. Subsequently, we evaluated inhibitors of PI3K, PIM and HSP90 as potential combination agents in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. DESIGN AND METHODS: The genes significantly up- or down-regulated by vorinostat over different time periods (2-fold change, false discovery rate corrected P value<0.05) were selected using the short-time series expression miner. Cell viability was assessed in vitro in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells through measuring intracellular ATP content. Drug interactions were analyzed by the combination index method with CalcuSyn software. RESULTS: The functional analysis suggests that vorinostat modifies signaling of T-cell receptor, MAPK, and JAK-STAT pathways. The phosphorylation studies of ZAP70 (Tyr319, Tyr493) and its downstream target AKT (Ser473) revealed that vorinostat inhibits phosphorylation of these kinases. With regards to effects on cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells, combining vorinostat with PI3K inhibitors resulted in synergy while cytotoxic antagonism was observed when vorinostat was combined with HSP90 inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate the potential targets of vorinostat, underlining the importance of T-cell receptor signaling inhibition following vorinostat treatment. Additionally, we showed that combination therapies involving histone deacetylase inhibitors and inhibitors of PI3K are potentially efficacious for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

Oligonucleotide array-CGH identifies genomic subgroups and prognostic markers for tumor stage mycosis fungoides.

Mycosis fungoide (MF) patients who develop tumors or extracutaneous involvement usually have a poor prognosis with no curative therapy available so far. In the present European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) multicenter study, the genomic profile of 41 skin biopsies from tumor stage MF (MFt) was analyzed using a high-resolution oligo-array comparative genomic hybridization platform. Seventy-six percent of cases showed genomic aberrations. The most common imbalances were gains of 7q33.3q35 followed by 17q21.1, 8q24.21, 9q34qter, and 10p14 and losses of 9p21.3 followed by 9q31.2, 17p13.1, 13q14.11, 6q21.3, 10p11.22, 16q23.2, and 16q24.3. Three specific chromosomal regions, 9p21.3, 8q24.21, and 10q26qter, were defined as prognostic markers showing a significant correlation with overall survival (OS) (P=0.042, 0.017, and 0.022, respectively). Moreover, we have established two MFt genomic subgroups distinguishing a stable group (0-5 DNA aberrations) and an unstable group (>5 DNA aberrations), showing that the genomic unstable group had a shorter OS (P=0.05). We therefore conclude that specific chromosomal abnormalities, such as gains of 8q24.21 (MYC) and losses of 9p21.3 (CDKN2A, CDKN2B, and MTAP) and 10q26qter (MGMT and EBF3) may have an important role in prognosis. In addition, we describe the MFt genomic instability profile, which, to our knowledge, has not been reported earlier.

Unna's and Miescher's nevi: two different types of intradermal nevus: hypothesis concerning their histogenesis.

In 1991, we tentatively introduced the classification of Ackerman and Magana-García for acquired melanocytic nevi in our laboratory. We soon realized that every acquired intradermal melanocytic nevus might be easily classified into either Unna's or Miescher's patterns and that this classification had both clinical implications and significant histological differences. The decisive discriminative feature between Unna's and Miescher's nevi is that Unna's nevus is an almost purely adventitial lesion confined to expanded papillary dermis and, many times, to the perifollicular dermis too. In Miescher's nevus melanocytes diffusely infiltrate both adventitial and reticular dermis in a wedge-shaped pattern. With these concepts in mind, every acquired intradermal melanocytic nevus can be easily classified as either Unna's or Miescher's. We studied 751 acquired melanocytic nevi; 458 (61%) of them were intradermal; of these, 234 were Unna's nevi and 224 were Miescher's nevi. Eighty- three per cent of the nevi from the head and neck were intradermal nevi, whereas on the trunk and limbs junction and compound nevi were the most frequent (56%). When intradermal nevi were divided into Unna's and Miescher's patterns, it resulted that 91% of Miescher's nevi located on the face and 94% of intradermal nevi on the face were Miescher's nevi. In contradistinction, 87% of the Unna's nevi located on the neck, trunk, and limbs, and 96% of intradermal nevi from these locations were Unna's nevi. Only on the scalp was there no clear predominance of one type of intradermal nevus. A series of other histological characteristics were significantly predominant (P = 0.000) in either Unna's or Miescher's nevi. Unna's nevi had more: junctional nests above the intradermal component (40% versus 20%), a radial pattern of intradermal nests (38% versus 0%), vascular-like clefts lined by nevus cells (48% versus 4%), and in depth maturation (94% versus 0%). Miescher's nevi had more: pilosebaceous follicles within the nevus (100% versus 51%), subnevis folliculitis (12% versus 1%), large isolated melanocytes along the basal epidermal layer (47% versus 11%), multinucleated nevocytes (89% versus 44%), and adipocytes within the nevus (53% versus 11%). In conclusion, Unna's and Miescher's nevi are 2 subsets of acquired melanocytic nevus with clinical implications and significant histological differences. A histogenetic hypothesis is proposed on the basis of their histological structure.

Efectividad del lavado quirurgico de manos en salas de cirugia del Hospital San Ignacio / Effectiveness of the surgical handwash in the operating room from Hospital San Ignacio

Estudio descriptivo evaluativo de corte transversal para medir la efectividad del lavado quirurgico de manos realizado por el personal de los quirofanos. Inicialmente, se observo la tecnica usada por 20 cirujanos, 10 instrumentadoras y 5 estudiantes de enfermeria sin informar al sujeto de estudio; los datos se registraron en una guia previamente elaborada, puesto que no se contaba con un protocolo. Posteriormente, se hicieron cultivos de la palma y las unas de las manos antes del lavado, inmediatamente despues y al finalizar la operacion, encontrandose que el 68.57 por ciento de las personas tenian algun tipo de microorganismos en las palmas antes del lavado y de estos el 37.5 por ciento eran patogenos. En el 88.57 por ciento se encontraron germenes en las unas, de los cuales el 32.26 por ciento fueron patogenos despues del lavado de manos. El 50 por ciento utilizo isodine y el otro 50 por ciento clorhexidina como jabon quirurgico. La tecnica de lavado de manos fue eficaz, para las palmas en el 79.16 por ciento , mientras que en quienes usaban unas largas no fue util el lavado de manos porque el 84.6 por ciento continuaba con microorganismos en contraste con quienes usaban unas cortas, en quienes solo se encontro flora en 31.8 por ciento . De las que entraron a cirugia con las manos libres de microorganismos, 86.66 por ciento despues de cirugia continuaron con cultivos negativos aun despues de 210 mia de cirugia sin que hubiese relacion con el tipo de herida quirurgica, aun cuando si la hubo con el tipo de personal. Se propone establecer un protocolo que incluya las tecnicas, los antisepticos empleados por las personas que presentaron cultivos negativos..