Multiple small-dose infusions of G-CSF-mobilized haploidentical lymphocytes after autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukaemia.

This retrospective study analysed 106 acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients undergoing autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) to assess the impact of multiple small-dose infusions of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilized haploidentical lymphocytes as post-ASCT maintenance therapy. Among them, 50 patients received lymphocyte maintenance therapy, 21 received alternative maintenance therapy, and 35 received no maintenance therapy. Patients receiving lymphocyte maintenance therapy demonstrated significantly higher overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) compared to those without maintenance therapy, with 4-year OS and DFS rates notably elevated. While there were no significant differences in recurrence rates among the three groups, lymphocyte maintenance therapy showcased particular benefits for intermediate-risk AML patients, yielding significantly higher OS and DFS rates and lower relapse rates compared to alternative maintenance therapy and no maintenance therapy. The study suggests that multiple small-dose infusions of G-CSF-mobilized haploidentical lymphocytes may offer promising outcomes for AML patients after ASCT, particularly for those classified as intermediate-risk. These findings underscore the potential efficacy of lymphocyte maintenance therapy in reducing disease relapse and improving long-term prognosis in this patient population.

A retrospective study of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for peripheral T-cell lymphoma: pre-transplant patients with partial remission benefit from post-transplant maintenance therapy.

Background: Whether autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) improves the survival of patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) remains controversial. Some studies have demonstrated that the efficacy of ASCT is superior in patients with complete remission (CR), whereas patients with partial remission (PR) remain vulnerable to relapse after ASCT, resulting in decreased survival rates. Maintenance therapy after chemotherapy may reduce the relapse rate of PTCL and improve survival; however, the role of maintenance therapy after ASCT in PTCL remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to analyze the efficacy of ASCT and post-transplant maintenance therapy in PTCL. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 69 patients with PTCL who underwent ASCT at our center between November 2001 and November 2021. According to the patients' intention, thirty patients received post-transplant maintenance treatment, whereas 39 did not. The overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) between the groups were compared using the log-rank test. Results: At a median follow-up of 36 months, the entire cohort's 3-year OS and PFS were 67.8% and 53.0%, respectively. The 3-year OS and PFS of patients with CR1, CR2, and PR were 85.3% and 65.4%, 80.0% and 60.0%, and 38.4% and 32.0%, respectively (OS: P=0.001; PFS: P=0.003). The relapse rates between the groups with or without maintenance therapy were 26.7% vs. 52.2%, the 3-year OS was 86.0% vs. 54.2% (P=0.004), and the 3-year PFS was 73.3% vs. 37.5% (P=0.004). Further analysis revealed that the efficacy of maintenance therapy was not significant in patients with CR1 and CR2, whereas patients with PR benefited from maintenance therapy. The relapse rate of patients with PR who received or did not receive maintenance therapy was 33.3% vs. 78.7%, 3-year OS was 66.7% vs. 21.9% (P=0.007), and 3-year PFS was 66.7% vs. 12.5% (P=0.004). Conclusions: Patients with CR in PTCL benefit from ASCT, and post-transplant maintenance therapy reduces the relapse rate and significantly improves OS and PFS in patients with PR.

[Cochlear electrode array misplacement into the superior semicircular canal: a case report and literature review].

Electrode array misplacement is a rare complication of cochlear implant. This article reports an 11-year-old boy who was mistakenly implanted the cochlear electrode array into the superior semicircular canal during the initial cochlear implant. After the diagnosis was confirmed, he underwent a second cochlear implant and the electrode array were successfully implanted into the cochlea. This article conducted a systematic review of the literature on electrode array misplacement, and the causes of electrode array misplacement were analyzed from different implantation position.

SPNet: a size-variant progressive network for aero-optical thermal radiation effects correction.

When an aircraft is flying at a high speed, the airflow meets the optical cover and is compressed, resulting in aero-optical thermal radiation effects that degrade image quality. In this paper, based on the inherent characteristic that the degrade level of the thermal radiation bias field remains consistent regardless of image size, a size-variant progressive aero-optical thermal radiation effects correction network (SPNet) is proposed. First, SPNet uses two sub-networks to progressively correct degraded image, first and second sub-networks are responsible for learning coarse and accurate thermal radiation bias fields respectively. Second, we introduce the multi-scale feature upsampling module (MFUM) to leverage the multi-scale information of the features and promote inter-channel information interaction. Third, we propose an adaptive feature fusion module (AFFM) to dynamically fuse features from different scales by assigning different weights. At last, a multi-head self-attention feature extraction module (MSFEM) is proposed to extract global information feature maps. Compared with state-of-the-art thermal radiation effects correction methods, experiments on both simulated and real degraded images demonstrate the performance of our proposed method.

Case Report: Successful engraftment of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells using CAR-T cell therapy as the conditioning regimen in R/R Ph+ B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Background: Consolidative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells (allo-HSCs) after chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) therapy is an emerging modality in hematologic malignancies. Knowledge about the success of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) after CAR-T therapy without a conditioning regimen is limited. Case presentation: We report a patient with relapsed/refractory (R/R) Ph+ B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who underwent anti-CD19 CAR-T immunotherapy. After 1 month of treatment, bone marrow hyperplasia remained reduced with no hematopoietic improvements. In line with this, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were extracted from an HLA-matched sibling donor and administered to the patient on day 33 after CAR-T cell therapy to support hematopoiesis. On day 40, the level of immature bone marrow lymphocytes was at 0% and minimal residual disease-negative, and the fusion gene BCR/ABL 190 was negative. Chimerism analysis showed full donor chimerism. Three months after CAR-T cells infusion, the patient was still in complete remission with full donor chimerism. However, decreased liver function with skin pigmentation and festering, indicative of acute graft versus host disease, was noted. The treatment was halted owing to financial reasons. Conclusion: We report the successful engraftment of allogeneic HSCs using CAR-T cell therapy as a conditioning regimen for R/R B-ALL patients.

Rice Protein Peptides Alleviate Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis via the Keap1-Nrf2 Signaling Pathway and Regulating Gut Microbiota.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with increasing incidence, causes a range of gastrointestinal symptoms and brings distress and impact on the health and lives of patients. The aim of this study was to explore the protective effects of industrially produced rice protein peptides (RPP) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute colitis in mice and the potential mechanisms. The results showed that RPP treatment alleviated the symptoms of colitis in mice, including weight loss, colon shortening, and injury, decreased the level of disease activity index (DAI), regulated the balance of inflammatory factors and oxidation, activated Kelch-like ECH-associating protein 1 (Keap1)-nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway, regulated the expression of related antioxidant proteases, and promoted the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins. In addition, RPP maintained intestinal mucosal barrier function and alleviated acute colitis caused by DSS treatment in mice by increasing the value of F/B, increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Akkermansia, and regulating the level of short-chain fatty acids. In conclusion, RPP alleviated colitis symptoms through the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway and regulating gut microbiota, which had the potential as dietary supplements or functional foods.

["Tragus flap" combined with "Z" modification method in the surgical correction of congenital tragal deformity in children and literature review].

Objective:To explore the clinical effect of "tragus flap" combined with "Z" modification method in the surgical correction of congenital tragal deformity in children. Methods:The clinical data of 36 children with congenital tragal deformity who were operated in Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from June 2016 to June 2021 were retrospectively summarized, 30 children（35 ears）with congenital tragal malformation had a natural "tragus flap" structure. During the operation, "tragus flap" combined with "Z" modification method was used to reconstruct the tragus. For the depressed deformity around the tragus, the cartilage and fascia tissue around the tragus were used for filling.In the other 6 cases （8 ears）, because the natural "tragus flap" structure was not found, the tragus was reconstructed by other methods, and a relatively satisfactory tragus structure was obtained. The overall effect was satisfactory. Results:No obvious complications were observed during and after the operation. No obvious scar and cartilage hyperplasia were found during the follow-up of 1-12 months. The reconstructed tragus has a good three-dimensional shape, and the depression at the tragus has been well corrected, which is close to the healthy side. The children with bilateral tragus deformity basically achieve bilateral symmetrical tragus, which is satisfactory to the children and their parents. Conclusion:Although the clinical manifestations of congenital tragal malformation are various， "tragus flap" combined with "Z" modification method for tragus reconstruction can be used for most cases. The method not only has shorter operation time, less skin scar and fewer complications, but also can obtain more natural tragus structure.

Multiple hydrolyses of rice straw by domesticated paddy soil microbes for methane production via liquid anaerobic digestion.

The aim of this study was to investigate the hydrolysis of rice straw (RS) using domesticated paddy soil microbes (DPSMs) with swine wastewater (SW) as the nitrogen source and the multiple hydrolyses for CH4 production via liquid anaerobic digestion (L-AD). Three hydrolyses of RS with a 45% inoculation ratio (IR) under the conditions of a carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) of 40, temperature of 37 °C, inoculum/substrate ratio (I/S ratio) of 2:1, and immersion depth of 6.0 cm were optimal, attaining maximum volatile fatty acids (VFAs) after five days, possibly owing to the synergistic effect of aerobic microbes (Firmicutes and Actinomycetes) and anaerobic microbes (Bacteroidetes and Acidobacteria). After three hydrolyses, the degradation rates of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin in RS were 88.45%, 83.19% and 70.09%, respectively. The accumulative CH4 production reached 462.11 mL/g VS after three hydrolyses, and its curve fitted well with the modified Gompertz model (R2 > 0.984).

Tragal remnant flap reconstruction method for congenital tragal malformation in children.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical effect of tragal remnant flap for congenital tragal malformation in children. METHODS: The clinical data of 23 children with congenital tragal malformation hospitalized in our department from May 2017 to May 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Congenital tragal malformation has various names and clinical manifestations. It is a kind of rare congenital auricle malformation, which can exist alone or in combination with other malformations. About 78.3% of the children with congenital tragal malformation had a natural tragal remnant flap; The rest of the children without tragal remnant flap were repaired by skin flap＆cartilage reconstruction method (SFC-RM). For the depressed deformity around the tragus, the cartilage and fascia tissue around the tragus were used for filling. The overall effect was satisfactory. CONCLUSIONS: Most children with congenital tragal malformation have natural tragal remnant flap. Tragal remnant flap reconstruction method (TRE-RM) not only has shorter operation time, less trauma, faster healing，fewer complications, but also can obtain more natural tragus appearance.

[A preliminary study on low temperature plasma obliteration for pyriform sinus fistula by visual laryngoscope].

Objective:To investigate the effect of low-temperature plasma obliteration for pyriform sinus fistula by visual laryngoscope. Methods:The clinical data of 29 cases with congenital pyriform sinus fistula receiving low temperature plasma obliteration by visual laryngoscope during March 2019 to August 2021 was retrospectively analyzed in department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery of Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Nineteen cases accepted the pyriform sinus fistula probing + fistula obliteration, 6 cases accepted the pyriform sinus fistula probing + fistula obliteration + neck abscess incision and drainage, and 4 cases with cervical abscess accepted the pyriform sinus fistula probing + fistula obliteration. Results:All cases had no obvious complications. Two cases had vocal cord impairment after operations and recovered after one month. There was no recurrence in 2 to 30 months follow up, with mean 16 months follow up. Conclusion:Low-temperature plasma obliteration of pyriform sinus fistula by visual laryngoscope is a safe and effective surgical method with little trauma and short hospital stay. It could be the first choice for the treatment of pyriform sinus fistula. Incision and drainage of neck abscess and pyriform sinus fistula obliteration could be performed concurrently.

[Magnetic foreign body in bilateral nasal cavity in children:a case report].

In recent years, with the increase of magnetic toys, the intake of magnetic foreign bodies is an increasing problem in pediatric emergency.The strong suction of the magnetic foreign body can lead to necrosis, perforation, and infection of surrounding tissues.The site of magnetic foreign body injury is mainly the esophagus, intestines, stomach, a few in the pharynx, etc.This requires early assessment and appropriate intervention to avoid further harm.Because of its unique physical properties, magnetic foreign bodies in bilateral nasal cavity are rarely reported. Now we have a case of a bilateral magnetic foreign body in the nasal cavity.

[Difference of SLC26A4 gene mutation frequency between patients with large vestibular aqueduct syndrome and/or Mondini dysplasia].

Objective:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mutation frequency of SLC26A4 gene in patients with enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome（EVAS） and/or Mondini dysplasia（MD）, so as to provide evidence for molecular diagnosis of deafness. Methods:In total, 74 patients with sensorineural hearing loss were included in this study. All patients underwent thin-layer CT examination of temporal bone. The coding exons of SLC26A4 were analyzed by second-generation sequencing in all subjects. Results:Among them, 37 patients with EVAS and MD（E+M group）, 28 patients with EVAS and without MD（E group）, and 9 patients with isolated MD（M group） were identified. In 74 cases, 66 cases（89.2%） were found to have mutation, including 64 cases（86.5%） of biallelic mutation and two cases（2.7%） of single allele mutation. The detection rate of SLC26A4 in different groups was statistically significant（P<0.001）. The mutation rate in group M was significantly lower than that in Group E and E+M（P<0.001）. In Group E, 27 cases（96.4%） had SLC26A4 biallelic mutations and one case（3.6%） had SLC26A4 single allele mutation, respectively; in Group E+M, 37 cases（100%） had SLC26A4 biallelic mutations; in group M, only one patient（11.1%） carried monoallelic mutations of the SLC26A4 gene. Conclusion:There are totally different pathogenesis in Chinese EVAS patients with or without MD, or isolated MD. Early clinical genetic diagnosis of patients with EVAS and/or MD helps to provide accurate information about the genetic causes of hearing loss, provide genetic counseling, and implement appropriate disease control and prevention measures. Next generation sequencing technology plays an increasingly important role in molecular diagnosis of deafness.

Endocytosis of peroxiredoxin 1 links sterile inflammation to immunoparalysis in pediatric patients following cardiopulmonary bypass.

After cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), the occurrence of systemic inflammatory response is often accompanied by a persistent compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome that can lead to a compromised immune competence termed immunoparalysis, rendering the patients susceptible to infections which is a leading complication following cardiac surgery. However, the underlying mechanisms of CPB-elicited immunoparalysis remain obscure. In this study we showed that peroxiredoxin 1 (Prdx1), a putative cytosolic antioxidant, was released immediately after CPB in a cohort of pediatric patients receiving congenital cardiac surgery. This increased Prdx1 was correlated to a reduced human leukocyte antigen-DR expression and an elevated interleukin-10 (IL-10) production, as well as a hypo-responsiveness of macrophages to endotoxin and a higher incidence of nosocomial infection. We demonstrated that substitution of Ser83 for Cys83 prevented Prdx1 from oligomerization and subsequent binding and internalization to macrophages. These effects mitigated Prdx1-induced IL-10 induction and endotoxin tolerance. Furthermore, after engagement with toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, clathrin-dependent endocytosis is crucial for Prdx1 to elicit IL-10 production in phagocytes. Congruently, inhibition of Prdx1/TLR4 endocytosis in phagocytes reversed the Prdx1/IL-10-mediated hypo-responsiveness to endotoxin. Our findings unveiled the possible mechanisms by which Prdx1 undertakes to cause immunoparalysis, and targeting endocytosis of Prdx1 could be a novel therapeutic approach for postoperative infections associated with CPB.

An exopolysaccharide from Lactobacillus plantarum H31 in pickled cabbage inhibits pancreas α-amylase and regulating metabolic markers in HepG2 cells by AMPK/PI3K/Akt pathway.

In this study, we investigated the structural characterization and antidiabetic effects of Lactobacillus H31 exopolysaccharide (EPS) H31-2 from pickled cabbage. The BLAST result indicated that Lactobacillus H31 was closely related to Lactobacillusplantarum S1S2L2. In the spectrum of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), 3370 cm-1 was the characteristic band of polysaccharide. A structural analysis showed that the monosaccharides of EPS H31-2 included d-mannose (Man) and d-glucose (Glc). The molecular weight of EPS H31-2 was around 10.75 kDa. All these results suggested EPS H31-2 was a novel polysaccharide. The inhibition ratios of crude EPS H31 and the pure fraction H31-2 of pancreatic α-amylase were 89.1 ±â€¯2.59% and 69.2 ±â€¯8.95%, respectively. In addition, the supernatant glucose concentration of insulin-resistant HepG2 cells decreased by treatment with 10-8 M of EPS H31-2, which meant EPS H31-2 could promote the glucose uptake of insulin-resistant HepG2 cell. Furthermore, EPS H31-2 upregulated the expression of the GLUT-4, Akt-2, and AMPK, which play important roles in glycometabolism. These results suggested that Lactobacillus plantarum EPS H31-2 could effectively inhibit the activity of pancreas α-amylase and has potential applications in the prevention and alleviation of diabetes mellitus.

Influential factors for visit time for tracheobronchial foreign bodies in pediatrics.

PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate the inflential factors for visit time for tracheobronchial foreign bodies in pediatrics, and to shorten the time of diagnosis and reduce complications. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was designed and conducted among the caretakers of children with tracheobronchial foreign bodies, and the related inflential factors for visit time were analyzed. RESULTS: The visit time for tracheobronchial foreign body was correlated with the age of the child, the type of foreign body, the educational level of the caretaker, a history of foreign body aspiration were provided, an examination was performed during the visit, the anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic treatment, and transfer to a higher level hospital. Age, history of foreign body aspiration were provided, and anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic treatment were the independent inflential factors for the time of diagnosis (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The visit time for tracheobronchial foreign bodies was affected by many factors. It is necessary to strengthen the publicity scope and intensity on health education for tracheobronchial foreign bodies in community doctors and parents, to shorten the time of diagnosis and reduce complications.

Bacillomycin D-C16 triggers apoptosis of gastric cancer cells through the PI3K/Akt and FoxO3a signaling pathways.

Bacillomycin D can inhibit the growth of Aspergillus ochraceus in food samples. In addition, it can induce apoptosis in and inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells, although the details of this mechanism are unknown. In this study, we separated bacillomycin D-C14, D-C15, D-C16 monomers from the Bacillus subtilis strain fmbJ. The bacillomycin D monomers containing longer fatty acid chains better induced apoptosis in Bgc-823, Sgc-7901, and Hgc-27 gastric cancer cells. The Bgc-823 cell line was the most sensitive. Acridine orange-ethidium bromide staining indicated that bacillomycin D-C16-induced Bgc-823 cell death by triggering apoptosis, characterized by membrane blebbing, cellular shrinkage, and DNA fragmentation. Flow cytometric analysis showed a bacillomycin D-C16 dose-dependent trigger of Bgc-823 apoptosis. Bacillomycin D-C16-induced the mitochondrial pathway, as indicated by a reduced Bcl-2/Bax expression ratio, enhanced cytochrome C release, and higher levels of cleaved caspase-3. Furthermore, bacillomycin D-C16 effectively repressed phosphorylation of the serine-threonine protein kinase Akt at Ser-473 and increased the levels of the FoxO3a protein. The combination of the PI3K/Akt-inhibitor BEZ235 with bacillomycin D-C16 enhanced the apoptosis of Bgc-823 cells. Together, these findings indicated that bacillomycin D-C16 induces apoptosis through the PI3K/Akt and FoxO3a signaling pathways.

Perioperative plasma mitochondrial DNA dynamics and correlation with inflammation during infantile cardiopulmonary bypass.

OBJECTIVE: Numerous studies in animals and humans have demonstrated that inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 play a role in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), which might affect surgical outcomes. Plasma mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), a recently discovered pro-inflammatory agent, is released by cells upon insult. This study aimed to detect changes in plasma mtDNA levels at different time points after infantile CPB and explore its potential association with inflammatory mediators. METHODS: In the present study, we analyzed the perioperative plasma mtDNA and inflammatory cytokine levels of 48 infants undergoing ventricular septal defect closure. Blood samples were collected before aortic cross-clamping (T1), at the end of CPB (T2), and 6h (T3), 12h (T4), and 24h (T5) post-CPB. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to quantify the plasma mtDNA and inflammatory cytokines, respectively. Bivariate correlation analysis was used to determine the correlations between plasma mtDNA and inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS: Plasma mtDNA levels increased at T2 and peaked at T3. Significant positive correlations were found between peak plasma mtDNA (at T3) and several inflammatory biomarkers, including IL-6 (at T3) (r=0.62, P<0.001), IL-8 (at T2) (r=0.53, P<0.001), and TNF-α (at T3) (r=0.61, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Here we report that mtDNA may participate in a systemic inflammatory response to CPB.

Risk factors for granuloma formation in children induced by tracheobronchial foreign bodies.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the risk factors for granuloma formation caused by plant-based tracheobronchial foreign bodies in children, and investigate the underlying pathogenesis. METHOD: In this retrospective analysis of 153 cases with tracheobronchial foreign bodies (peanuts and watermelon seeds), 35 cases of granuloma formation as granulation group (G), and 118 cases of no granuloma formation as non-granulation group (NG) were studied. Clinical data pertaining to sex (S), age (A), foreign body surface smoothness (SF), foreign body shape (SH), foreign body oil release state (O), the location of foreign bodies (L), and foreign body retention time (T) were collected for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed no significant difference between the two groups (G and NG) with respect to S, A, SH and L. Significant factors based on univariate analysis included SF, O and T. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that SF and T were independent risk factors associated with development of granuloma. CONCLUSIONS: SF, O and T had relationship with the granuloma formation. Local trauma caused by an irregular and sharp foreign body, and extended period of time represent the main factors causing granuloma formation.

Berberine targets epidermal growth factor receptor signaling to suppress prostate cancer proliferation in vitro.

Berberine is a well­known component of the Chinese herbal medicine Huanglian (Coptis chinensis), and is capable of inhibiting the proliferation of multiple cancer cell lines. However, information available regarding the effect of berberine on prostate cancer cell growth is limited. In the present study, LnCaP and PC­3 human prostate cancer cell lines were selected as in vitro models in order to assess the efficacy of berberine as an anticancer agent. A cell proliferation assay demonstrated that berberine inhibited cell growth in a dose­and time­dependent manner. Further investigation revealed berberine significantly accumulated inside cells that were in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and enhanced apoptosis. Western blot analysis demonstrated that berberine inhibited the expression of prostate­specific antigen and the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and it attenuated EGFR activation following EGF treatment in vitro. In conclusion, the results indicate that berberine inhibits the proliferation of prostate cancer cells through apoptosis and/or cell cycle arrest by inactivation of the EGFR signaling pathway.

[Long-term clinical efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy in children with allergic rhinitis].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sustained efficacy of 2-year sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) and 1 year after 2-year SLIT in children with allergic rhinitis (AR). METHOD: This study is a randomized, open and prospective trial. One hundred twenty children (between 4 and 11 years old) suffering from AR duo to mite were chosen from November, 2008 to June, 2009 in department of otolaryngology in our hospital divided into two groups: 60 underwent 2-year course of SLIT and one year follow-up combined with 3-year drug therapy as SLIT group; 60 received only drug therapy as control group. The patients were evaluated at three time points (baseline, end of SLIT and 1 year after SLIT discontinuation) regarding symptom scores including total nasal symptom score (TNSS), sneezing, rhinorrhoea, nasal obstruction, nasal itching and total medication scores (TMS) and adverse reaction. RESULT: (1) At the end of SLIT, the symptom scores excepting sneezing and total medication scores in SLIT group are obviously lower than those in control group (P < 0.01). At 1 year after SLIT discontinuation, all of the score including sneezing (P < 0.05) in SLIT group are lower than those of control group. (2) At the end of SLIT and 1 year after SLIT discontinuation, all of the scores are lower than those at baseline in SLIT group (P < 0.01); the scores were no different in SLIT group between the end of SLIT and 1 year after SLIT discontinuation (P > 0.05). But at the end of SLIT and 1 year after SLIT discontinuation, TMS was higher than it at baseline in control group (P < 0.01). At 1 year after SLIT discontinuation, nasal obstruction score was higher than it at baseline (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: SLIT can obviously improve the AR and the efficacy can sustain after 1-year SLIT discontinua tion. Drug increased in 3 years without SLIT.