Risk factors for 30-day hospital readmission in patients with diabetic foot.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetic foot (DF) is part of the natural history of diabetes mellitus, ulceration being a severe complication with a prevalence of approximately 6.3 %, which confers a significant economic burden. Hospital readmission in the first thirty (30) days is considered a measure of quality of healthcare and it's been identified that the most preventable causes are the ones that occur in this period. This study seeks to identify the risk factors associated with readmission of patients with DF. METHODS: A case-control study was done by performing a secondary analysis of a database. Descriptive statistics were used for all variables of interest, bivariate analysis to identify statistically significant variables, and a logistic regression model for multivariate analysis. RESULTS: 575 cases were analyzed (113 cases, 462 controls). A 20 % incidence rate of 30-day readmission was identified. Statistically significant differences were found in relation to the institution of attention (Hospital Universitario de la Samaritana: OR 1.9, p value < 0.01, 95 % CI 1.2-3.0; Hospital Universitario San Ignacio: OR 0.5, p value < 0.01, 95 % CI 0.3-0.8) and the reasons for readmission before 30 days, especially due to surgical site infection (SSI) (OR 7.1, p value < 0.01, 95 % CI 4.1-12.4), sepsis (OR 8.4, p value 0.02, 95 % CI 1.2-94.0), dehiscence in amputation stump (OR 16.4, p value < 0.01, 95 % CI 4.2-93.1) and decompensation of other pathologies (OR 3.5, p value < 0.01, 95 % CI 2.1-5.7). CONCLUSION: The hospital readmission rate before 30 days for our population compares to current literature. Our results were consistent with exacerbation of chronic pathologies, but other relevant variables not mentioned in other studies were the hospital in which patients were taken care of, the presence of SSI, sepsis, and dehiscence of the amputation stump. We consider thoughtful and close screening of patients at risk in an outpatient setting might identify possible readmissions.

Adverse effects related with norepinephrine through short peripheral venous access: Scoping review.

Peripheral administration of norepinephrine is restricted due to the association of extravasation with tissue necrosis. METHOD: Scoping review with the objective of describing the adverse effects related to the administration of norepinephrine through short peripheral venous access and the characteristics of drug administration in patients hospitalized in ICU, surgery, and emergency services. RESULTS: 12 studies with heterogeneous characteristics by size and type of population were included. The proportion of complications associated with peripheral norepinephrine administration was less than 12% in observational studies and it was less than 2% in those that used doses less than 0.13µg/kg/min, and concentrations less than 22.3µg/mL. The main associated complication was extravasation and there were no cases of tissue necrosis at the venipuncture site, some extravasation cases were treated with phentolamine, terbutaline or topical nitroglycerin. The drug administration time ranged between 1 and 528hours with a weighted mean of 2.78h. CONCLUSION: The main adverse effect was extravasation, no additional complications occurred, phentolamine and terbutaline seem to be useful, and its availability is a necessity. It is essential for the nursing staff to carry out a close assessment and comprehensive care in patients receiving norepinephrine by peripheral route.

Ophthalmological findings in patients with leukaemia in a Colombian population. / Hallazgos oftalmológicos en pacientes con leucemia en una población colombiana.

OBJECTIVE: To report the ocular manifestations in patients with leukaemia. METHODS: This is a retrospective, descriptive and observational study in patients with ocular manifestations of leukaemia. RESULTS: A total of 14 eyes were evaluated corresponding to 8 patients (5 women and 3 men) with ocular manifestations of leukaemia. The mean age at diagnosis was 43 years (31-76 years). Six eyes corresponded to patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), four eyes to acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL), two eyes to chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), and the remaining two belonged to patients with hairy cell leukaemia (HCL). The primary ocular findings were choroidal invasion in 12 eyes (85.7%), retinal infiltration in 4 eyes (28.6%), and neuro-ophthalmic disorders in 4 eyes (28.6%). The mean visual acuity improved from 0.689 to 0.449 (logMAR) (P=.012) after the systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy. Of the eight patients, four died from systemic complications of the underlying disease. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of multiple ocular manifestations secondary to leukaemia in a Colombian population. It is important to keep in mind that this disease is included within the masquerade syndromes and that the ophthalmological findings that, while subtle, can also be devastating and be signs of a life-threatening disease.

Análisis interino en ensayos clínicos: un estudio meta-epidemiológico / Interim analysis in clinical trials: A meta-epidemiological study / Análise interino em ensaios clínicos: um estudo meta-epidemiológico

Objetivo: la responsabilidad ética del investigador obliga al monitoreo de la seguridad de los participantes a través del estudio y, por ende, se requiere de un comité de monitoreo de datos, cuya tarea principal es el análisis interino que se refiere a la supervisión de variables como beneficios dramáticos, efectos adversos, mortalidad y futilidad, que lleven a la terminación temprana del estudio. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar los métodos estadísticos más utilizados en el análisis interino en los ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y publicados en 2016 en una revista médica general de alto factor de impacto. Metodología: se realizó un estudio meta-epidemiológico descriptivo, constituido por ensayos clínicos aleatorizados publicados en el The New England Journal of Medicine, desde el 7 de enero hasta el 10 de noviembre de 2016. Resultados: se analizaron 104 artículos con una muestra promedio de 5 531 ± 762 pacientes y un tiempo de seguimiento promedio de 31 ± 45 meses. De los estudios evaluados se encontró que 88 (84.61%) realizaron análisis interino y 16 (15.38%) no lo realizaron. Los métodos estadísticos utilizados en los artículos fueron O'Brien-Fleming en 30 (34.09%), Haybittle-Peto en 13 (14.77%); otros métodos en dos (2.27%) y no especificado en 43 (48.86%) de ellos. Conclusiones: la mayoría de los ensayos clínicos aleatorizados realizó análisis interino y lo describen en su protocolo. Aproximadamente la mitad de los estudios no especificó el método estadístico; sin embargo, el método descrito más utilizado fue O'Brien-Fleming y, en segundo lugar, Haybittle-Peto y en ningún estudio se especificó el método de Pocock.

Objective: The ethical responsibility of the researcher requires that the safety of participants be monitored throughout the study. Thus, a data monitoring committee is required, whose main function is the interim analysis, which monitors variables such as dramatic benefits, adverse effects, mortality and futility that lead to the early termination of a study. The objective of this study is to determine the most frequently used statistical methods in interim analysis in randomized clinical trials published during 2016 in a high impact factor medical journal. Methodology: Meta-epidemiological descriptive study, consisting of randomized clinical trials published in The New England Journal of Medicine from January 7 to November 10 of 2016. Results: 104 articles were analyzed, where the mean sample was 5,531 ± 762 patients and and average follow-up time was 31 ± 45 months. Of the studies evaluated, 88 (84.61%) performed interim analysis, while 16 (15.38%) did not. Regarding statistical methods used, O'Brien-Fleming was used in 30 (34.09%) studies, Haybittle-Peto in 13 (14.77%), other methods in two (2.27%), and the method was not specified in 43 (48.86%). Conclusions: most of the randomized clinical trials reviewed had interim analysis and described it in their protocol. Approximately half of the studies did not specify the statistical method; however, the most commonly described method was O'Brien-Fleming, followed by Haybittle-Peto; no study used the Pocock method.

Objetivo: a responsabilidade ética do investigador obriga à monitoração da segurança dos participantes através do estudo e, por consequência, se requere de um comitê de monitoração de dados, cuja a tarefa principal é a análise interino que se refere à supervisão de variáveis como benefícios dramáticos, efeitos adversos, mortalidade e futilidade, que levem à terminação precoce do estudo. O objetivo desta investigação é determinar os métodos estatísticos mais utilizados na análise interino nos ensaios clínicos aleatorizados e publicados em 2016 em uma revista médica geral de alto fator de impacto. Metodologia: se realizou um estudo meta-epidemiológico descritivo, constituído por ensaios clínicos aleatorizados publicados no The New England Journal of Medicine, desde o dia 7 de Janeiro até o dia 10 de novembro de 2016. Resultados: se analisaram 104 artigos com uma amostra média de 5 531 ± 762 pacientes e um tempo de seguimento médio de 31 ± 45 meses. Dos estudos avaliados se encontrou que 88 (84.61%) realizaram análise interino e 16 (15.38%) não o realizaram. Os métodos estatísticos utilizados nos artigos foram O'Brien-Fleming em 30 (34.09%), Haybittle-Peto em 13 (14.77%); outros métodos em dois (2.27%) e não especificado em 43 (48.86%) deles. Conclusões: a maioria dos ensaios clínicos aleatorizados realizou análise interino e o descrevem no seu protocolo. Aproximadamente a metade dos estudos não especificou o método estatístico; mas, o método descrito mais utilizado foi O'Brien-Fleming e, em segundo lugar, Haybittle-Peto e em nenhum estudo se especificou o método de Pocock.

MODELO DE CAPACITACIÓN DE TECNOLOGÍA BIOMÉDICA PARA CLÍNICAS Y HOSPITALES DE TERCER NIVEL, ENFOCADO EN PERSONAL ASISTENCIAL / TRAINING MODEL FOR CLINICAL AND BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY FOR TERTIARY HOSPITALS, FOCUSED ON CAREGIVERS / MODELO DE TREINAMENTO DE TECNOLOGIA BIOMÉDICA PARA HOSPITAIS E CLÍNICAS TERCIÁRIOS, COM FOCO EM PROFISSIONAIS DE SAÚDE

El proceso de capacitación en tecnología biomédica se enmarca dentro de los requerimientos del decreto # 4725 de 2005 emitido por el ministerio de protección social, y es parte del proceso de adquisición de tecnología el cual es de gran importancia para las instituciones prestadoras de salud en Colombia. La tecnología médica requiere procesos detallados de capacitación. Uno de los aspectos más importantes a considerar más no el único es la clasificación de riesgo de los dispositivos médicos, el cual es un factor muy importante porque puede cambiar el tiempo y costo de la capacitación. Este artículo pretende hacer una revisión de algunos modelos de capacitación en clínicas y hospitales y comprarlos entre sí, Adicionalmente el artículo presenta un modelo que se basa en los criterios más representativos de los modelos analizados.

The training in biomedical technology is part of the requirements of the decree # 4725 of 2005 issued by the Colombian Ministry of Social Protection, and it's part of the technology procurement process which is of great importance to the health institutions in Colombia. Medical technology requires detailed training processes. One of the most important aspects to consider, not the only one, is risk classification of medical devices, which is a very important factor that may affect time and cost of training. This article aims to review and compare some models of training in clinics and hospitals. In addition, the paper introduces a model based on the most representative criteria of the models analyzed.

O treinamento em tecnologia biomédica é parte dos requisitos do decreto # 4725 de 2005 emitido pelo Ministério da Proteção Social, e faz parte do processo de aquisição de tecnologia, que é de grande importância para as instituições de saúde na Colômbia. A tecnologia médica requer processos de treinamento detalhados. Um dos aspectos mais importantes a considerar não é a única classificação de risco de dispositivos médicos, o que é um fator muito importante que pode mudar o tempo e o custo do treinamento. Este artigo tem por objetivo revisar alguns modelos de formação em clínicas e hospitais e compará-los entre si, Além disso, o artigo apresenta um modelo com base nos critérios mais representativos dos modelos analisados.

Acetabular changes associated with avascularnecrosis of the femoral head in a piglet model.

OBJECTIVES: An experimental piglet model induces avascular necrosis (AVN) and deformation of the femoral head but its secondary effects on the developing acetabulum have not been studied. The aim of this study was to assess the development of secondary acetabular deformation following femoral head ischemia. METHODS: Intracapsular circumferential ligation at the base of the femoral neck and sectioning of the ligamentum teres were performed in three week old piglets. MRI was then used for qualitative and quantitative studies of the acetabula in operated and non-operated hips in eight piglets from 48 hours to eight weeks post-surgery. Specimen photographs and histological sections of the acetabula were done at the end of the study. RESULTS: The operated-side acetabula were wider, shallower and misshapen, with flattened labral edges. At eight weeks, increased acetabular cartilage thickness characterised the operated sides compared with non-operated sides (p < 0.001, ANOVA). The mean acetabular width on the operated side was increased (p = 0.015) while acetabular depth was decreased anteriorly (p = 0.007) and posteriorly (p = 0.44). The cartilage was thicker, with delayed acetabular bone formation, and showed increased vascularisation with fibrosis laterally and focal degenerative changes involving chondrocyte hypocellularity, chondrocyte cloning, peripheral pannus formation and surface fibrillation. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that femoral head AVN in the young growing piglet also induced, and was coupled with, secondary malformation in acetabular shape affecting both articular and adjacent pelvic cartilage structure, and acetabular bone. The femoral head model inducing AVN can also be applied to studies of acetabular maldevelopment, which is less well understood in terms of developing hip malformation. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2014;3:130-8.

MRI of congenital and developmental abnormalities of the knee.

The knee joint is the one of the most common locations for congenital and developmental musculoskeletal abnormalities. Initial imaging of the knee joint should always begin with conventional radiographs. However, evaluation of the bone marrow, cartilaginous, ligamentous, and other soft-tissue components of the knee joint are better characterized with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We present the MRI findings of prevalent congenital and developmental abnormalities in the paediatric knee with particular emphasis on the components of the growing skeleton.

Taquiarritmia fetal. Una revisión práctica / Fetal tachyarrhythmia

Las frecuencias anormalmente rápidas sobre un corazón con una estructura menos distensible, rodeado por una coraza que sólo le permite defenderse con la frecuencia cardiaca para sostener el gasto cardiaco, hacen que este sea un corazón con márgenes estrechos de tolerancia frente a las taquiarritmias. Las frecuencias persistentes y superiores a 220 latidos por minuto, generan presiones anormalmente altas sobre todo el corazón y el sistema venoso. Hidrops y edema placentario son secuelas finales antes de la muerte fetal, y aún hasta este punto se pueden controlar y revertir. Aunque en teoría cualquier tipo de arritmias común en la vida extrauterina se podría desencadenar en el feto, 90% de éstas están incluidas en la taquicardia supraventricular reciprocante y en el flutter. Ambos tipos de arritmias pueden responder a la digoxina, aunque algunas son refractarias a este medicamento. La aplicación de ultrasonido sobre el corazón, permite no sólo descartar anomalías cardiacas asociadas, sino realizar protocolos de tratamiento. La medición de la relación de los tiempos ventrículo atrial:atrio ventricular, permite considerar otro tipo de arritmias como la taquicardia ectópica de la unión y la forma permanente reciprocante de la unión, etc., e incluir otros anti-arrítmicos, como amiodarona, flecainida, sotalol, entre otros. La principal vía de uso de los anti-arrítmicos es la transplacentaria. Por lo tanto, no sólo el feto se expone a posibles efectos secundarios, sino también la madre. Un grupo multidisciplinario enfrentará esta situación con el fin de ofrecer el mejor resultado para los dos.

A heart with a not much distensible structure, surrounded by a membrane, and only able to react with the heart rate for maintaining its cardiac output, has a narrow margin of tolerance in front of tachyarrhythmias. Persistent heart rates >200/min generate abnormally high pressure on the heart and the venous system. Hydrops and placental edema are common final outcomes before fetal death, that still at this point can be controlled and reverted. Although theoretically any type of arrhythmias could be developed in the fetus, 90% of fetal tachyarrhythmias correspond to supraventricular reciprocant tachycardia and flutter. Both types of arrhythmias may respond to digoxin, although some are refractory to this drug. Ultrasound application to the heart allows not only to rule out associated heart anomalies, but to realize treatment protocols. The measurement of the relation between ventricular-atrial and atrio-ventricular times allows to consider another type of arrhythmias such as junctional ectopic tachycardia, permanent junctional reprocicant tachycardia, etc., and to include other antiarrhythmics such as amiodarone, flecainide and sotalol among others. The main administration route of antiarrhythmics is the transplacental. Therefore not only the fetus but also the mother is exposed to drug side effects. A multidisciplinary group will confront this situation in order to offer both mother and fetus the best result.

El expendedor de plantas de la ciudad de Medellín: su caracterización social y su saber en salud bucal / The medicinal plant salespersons in the city of Medellín: their social characterization and knowledge of oral health

Introducción: la presente investigación permite la caracterización del expendedor como portador de un saber y una cultura ancestral, da cuenta de su tradición y permanencia en el tiempo. La descripción de sus conocimientos se da a través de la clasificación y sistematización de cada una de las plantas recomendadas por él, según su uso en cavidad bucal, la descripción de sus características botánicas y formas de uso; además de poder referenciar el valor potencial medicinal científico de dichas plantas. Métodos: se realizó una investigación cualitativa de corte etnográfico que permitió comprender el fenómeno, con el propósito de describir una práctica empírica arraigada en un grupo social, los expendedores de plantas de la ciudad de Medellín. Resultados: puede afirmarse que el expendedor de plantas de Medellín se constituye en una figura insertada en un sistema médico, el cual posee coherencia interna para el contexto, por su rol y elementos identificados en su conocimiento, como: adquisición, transmisión y ejercicio, los cuales, conforman el corpus y praxis de los sistemas médicos tradicionales como cabeza médica. Conclusiones: la transmisión de los mismos se da como legado, entre generaciones, en condición de “un don” que la naturaleza humana les otorga. Su ejercicio se da en los circuitos comerciales de la ciudad moderna, en el sector tradicional de las plazas de mercado y en los nuevos sectores del empleo informal: avenidas, calles y bulevares. El expendedor interactúa con los distintos sectores, su conocimiento y están enmarcados dentro de una lógica general de sincretismo cultural producto de sus concepciones sobre salud bucal.

Efectos de la ley 100 sobre el campo de estudio y el quehacer de los profesionales de la salud: la practica odontologica y su caso / Effects of statute 100 in the field of study and professional practice of health proffessionals. The dental practice and irs case

Este ensayo aborda los efectos que la Ley de reforma al Sistema General de Seguridad Social o Ley 100 de 1993 ha traído sobre la práctica odontológica en sus dimensiones política, procesos formativos y de práctica profesional, y cómo éstas dimensiones vienen siendo transformadas, producto de un sistema excluyente y mercantilista; afectando de manera específica el ámbito del trabajo, el quehacer profesional y el perfil social alcanzado por el odontólogo y de paso generando una profunda crisis en los modelos formativos que lo proyectan social y políticamente.

La promoción de la salud en el ámbito escolar del colegio José Celestino Mutis / Health promotion in the school enviroment José Celestino Mutis school

La población escolar puede ser impactada sobre su calidad de vida al considerar temas de salud como parte del currículo o de forma extra curricular, considerando los problemas de salud, la cultura y las fortalezas del contexto. Con el propósito de implementar la estrategia de educación para la salud en el colegio José Celestino Mutis de la ciudad de Medellín, se realizó una investigación participativa temática, que partió de reconocer el contexto local, las condiciones socioeconómicas, epidemiológicas y culturales de la comunidad educativa; además de los conocimientos y prácticas en salud que se promueven allí, para finalmente identificar las unidades temáticas en salud que harían parte del Proyecto Educativo Institucional. En las madres, profesoras y estudiantes, se reconoció la existencia de saberes y prácticas en salud, y se da importancia a las relaciones del niño con su contexto. Se confirma el hogar como el espacio primario de socialización, donde las madres consideran la salud como un instrumento que permite el mejor desarrollo del niño. De igual manera, en el colegio como segundo espacio de socialización, las madres ponen sus expectativas en la formación integral de sus niños lo que es percibido por las profesoras como una responsabilidad delegada de los padres. Para la operativización de la educación para la salud en lo curricular, se encontró como instrumento los Centros de Interés por medio del cual se desarrollarán las Unidades Temáticas en Salud, a partir de una construcción del conocimiento que plantea situaciones de aprendizaje significativo para el niño de acuerdo con su nivel de desarrollo.

Diagnostic criteria for schwannomatosis.

The neurofibromatoses are a diverse group of genetic conditions that share a predisposition to the development of tumors of the nerve sheath. Schwannomatosis is a recently recognized third major form of neurofibromatosis (NF) that causes multiple schwannomas without vestibular tumors diagnostic of NF2. Patients with schwannomatosis represent 2.4 to 5% of all patients requiring schwannoma resection and approximately one third of patients with schwannomatosis have anatomically localized disease with tumors limited to a single limb or segment of spine. Epidemiologic studies suggest that schwannomatosis is as common as NF2, but that familial occurrence is inexplicably rare. Patients with schwannomatosis overwhelmingly present with pain, and pain remains the primary clinical problem and indication for surgery. Diagnostic criteria for schwannomatosis are needed for both clinicians and researchers, but final diagnostic certainly will await the identification of the schwannomatosis locus itself.

Aggressive multimodal treatment of pleuropulmonary blastoma.

Pleuropulmonary blastoma is a rare intrathoracic neoplasm almost solely confined to childhood. Survival is poor. The authors report 2 children with extensive intrathoracic disease who are long term survivors after multimodal therapy. Both children received multiagent neoadjuvant chemotherapy, followed by surgical resection to remove all gross tumor. Postoperative chemotherapy was given to both children; radiotherapy was also given in the second case because of a question of positive tumor margins. Experience supports the use of multimodal therapy, including an aggressive surgical approach in the potentially curative treatment of this tumor.

Intraosseus teratoma of the iliac bone.

We present a 4-year-old child with a large iliac bone mass incidentally discovered in a plain abdominal radiograph. The pathological examination revealed a benign mature teratoma. To the best of our knowledge, the occurrence of intraosseous mature teratoma has not been previously reported. The child had had an immature teratoma of the neck discovered in a fetal ultrasound, and resected on day 6 of life. The neck teratoma recurred twice, at 16 months and at 3.5 years of age. In these two recurrences the lesion appeared progressively more mature. At the time of discovery of the iliac bone teratoma there was no evidence of residual neck disease. The radiological and pathological characteristics, differential diagnosis, and clinical course are discussed.

Spin-Echo planar spectroscopic imaging for fast lipid characterization in bone marrow.

Lipid characterization of bone marrow in vivo with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed using Spin-Echo Planar Spectroscopic Imaging sequences. The methods are shown capable of rapidly generating two-dimensional chemical shift imaging data sets suitable for measuring lipid indices that reflect unsaturation levels among triglycerides, as demonstrated in oil phantoms and bone marrow from a healthy volunteer. The volume coverage, spatial resolution, acquisition speed, and spectral characteristics of Spin-Echo Planar Spectroscopic Imaging should make it attractive for clinical studies of diseases affecting normal lipid chemical composition.

Hip arthrography, aspiration, block, and bursography.

Hip arthrography in children with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease is used to determine the optimal position of the femoral head for immobilization during the process of epiphyseal healing and in developmental dysplasia of the hip as a guide to operative treatment. In adult hips, arthrography and aspiration are useful techniques for demonstration of prosthetic implant loosening and infection. Aspiration of the hip joint and culture of aspirated fluid helps to diagnose septic arthritis. Anesthetic hip arthrography helps to distinguish between pain originating from the hip and radicular pain from the spine. Iliopsoas bursography may be used to diagnose bursal enlargement and its cause.

Musculoskeletal trauma in children.

MR imaging has facilitated the study of pediatric injuries by demonstrating the extraosseous and cartilaginous component of these lesions. In injuries to the epiphysis and physis, osteochondral injuries and avulsion injuries, the cartilaginous component is usually the most important part of the lesion. Stress fractures and other injuries to the marrow also can be demonstrated with MR imaging. In the context of musculoskeletal injuries in children, MR imaging is most valuable in demonstrating the extent of injuries to radiographically occult areas.