Fewer Complications in the Obese Following Lower Extremity Endovascular Interventions.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of obesity is increasing in the United States; however, its impact on adverse outcomes in patients with peripheral vascular disease is not well studied. Obesity is associated with higher rates of complications following open bypass surgery, but limited data are available on its effect on endovascular intervention. This study aimed to identify whether obese patients suffer the same complications when undergoing lower extremity endovascular interventions. METHODS: All patients who underwent femoropopliteal or tibial endovascular interventions between 2011 and 2013 were identified in the Targeted Vascular Module of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Patients were stratified into 5 groups based on their body mass index (BMI): underweight (<18.6), normal weight (18.6-24.9), overweight (25-29.9), obese (30-34.9), and morbidly obese (≥35). Those patients without a documented BMI or a defined target lesion were excluded. Baseline demographics, patient characteristics, operative details, and outcomes were compared using univariate analysis between the BMI groups. Multivariable logistic regression was used to account for patient demographics and operative details. RESULTS: 3,246 patients underwent endovascular interventions (78% femoropopliteal and 22% tibial). Of these, 137 (4%) were underweight, 881 (27%) were normal weight, 1,193 (37%) were overweight, 647 (20%) were obese, and 388 (12%) were morbidly obese. There were no differences in 30-day mortality; however, surgical site infection (SSI) was higher in the morbidly obese (5% vs. normal weight: 2%, P = 0.02), whereas untreated patency loss was lower (morbidly obese: 0.5%, obese: 1%, normal weight: 2%, P = 0.02). Other important 30-day outcomes, including bleeding and amputation, were similar across the BMI groups. Following multivariate analysis, SSI remained more common in the morbidly obese (odds ratio [OR]: 2.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4-5.0), whereas untreated patency loss remained lower in both overweight and morbidly obese patients (overweight: OR 0.5, 95% CI: 0.2-0.9 and morbidly obese: OR: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.05-0.85). Length of stay >1 day was significantly lower in the overweight, obese, and morbidly obese (OR 0.7, 95% CI: 0.6-0.8; OR 0.6, 95% CI: 0.5-0.7; and OR 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5-0.9, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Few major complications occur in the obese in the first 30 days following endovascular interventions, and obesity is not an independent predictor of 30-day mortality. Rates of postoperative SSIs are low overall, although they are highest in morbidly obese patients (5%, compared to 2% in normal weight patients). Given this knowledge, endovascular interventions are a prudent treatment option for this patient population.

Intraluminal delivery of thrombospondin-2 small interfering RNA inhibits the vascular response to injury in a rat carotid balloon angioplasty model.

In an effort to inhibit the response to vascular injury that leads to intimal hyperplasia, this study investigated the in vivo efficacy of intraluminal delivery of thrombospondin-2 (TSP-2) small interfering RNA (siRNA). Common carotid artery (CCA) balloon angioplasty injury was performed in rats. Immediately after denudation, CCA was transfected intraluminally (15 min) with one of the following: polyethylenimine (PEI)+TSP-2 siRNA, saline, PEI only, or PEI+control siRNA. CCA was analyzed at 24 h or 21 d by using quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. TSP-2 gene and protein expression were significantly up-regulated after endothelial denudation at 24 h and 21 d compared with contralateral untreated, nondenuded CCA. Treatment with PEI+TSP-2 siRNA significantly suppressed TSP-2 gene expression (3.1-fold) at 24 h and TSP-2 protein expression, cell proliferation, and collagen deposition up to 21 d. These changes could be attributed to changes in TGF-ß and matrix metalloproteinase-9, the downstream effectors of TSP-2. TSP-2 knockdown induced anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage polarization at 21 d; however, it did not significantly affect intima/media ratios. In summary, these data demonstrate effective siRNA transfection of the injured arterial wall and provide a clinically effective and translationally applicable therapeutic strategy that involves nonviral siRNA delivery to ameliorate the response to vascular injury.-Bodewes, T. C. F., Johnson, J. M., Auster, M., Huynh, C., Muralidharan, S., Contreras, M., LoGerfo, F. W., Pradhan-Nabzdyk, L. Intraluminal delivery of thrombospondin-2 small interfering RNA inhibits the vascular response to injury in a rat carotid balloon angioplasty model.

Definitive diagnosis for high-risk breast lesions without open surgical excision: the Intact Percutaneous Excision Trial (IPET).

BACKGROUND: Open surgical excision (OSE) is generally recommended when image-guided core-needle breast biopsy demonstrates a high-risk lesion (HRL). We evaluated intact percutaneous excision (IPEX) with standard radiologic and histologic criteria for definitive diagnosis of HRL, particularly atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH). The primary aim is to confirm criteria associated with <2% risk for upgrade to carcinoma, equivalent to risk associated with Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) 3 lesions, for which imaging surveillance is considered sufficient. METHODS: In a prospective trial, 1,170 patients recommended for breast biopsy at 25 institutions received IPEX with a vacuum- and radiofrequency-assisted device. ADH patients in whom the imaged lesion had been removed and the lesion adequately centered for definitive characterization were designated as the potential surgical avoidance population (PSAP) before OSE. Subsequent OSE specimen pathology was compared with IPEX findings. RESULTS: In 1,170 patients, 191 carcinomas and 83 (7%) HRL, including 32 ADH (3%), were diagnosed via IPEX. None of the 51 non-ADH HRL were upgraded to carcinoma on OSE (n = 24) or, if OSE was declined, on radiologic follow-up (n = 27). No ADH lesions meeting PSAP criteria (n = 10) were upgraded to carcinoma on OSE; 3 (14%) of 22 non-PSAP ADH lesions were upgraded to carcinoma on OSE. In summary, no upgrades to carcinoma were made in patients with non-ADH lesions who underwent IPEX or in ADH patients who had IPEX, met histologic and radiologic criteria, and underwent OSE or follow-up. CONCLUSION: IPEX combined with straightforward histologic and radiologic criteria and imaging surveillance constitutes acceptable management of image-detected HRL, including ADH.

The Bartonella henselae sucB gene encodes a dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase protein reactive with sera from patients with cat-scratch disease.

Bartonella henselae is a recently recognized pathogenic bacterium associated with cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis and bacillary peliosis. A recombinant clone expressing an immunoreactive antigen of B. henselae was isolated by screening a genomic DNA cosmid library by Western blotting with sera pooled from patients positive for B. henselae IgG antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence (IFA). The deduced amino acid sequence of the 43.7 kDa encoded protein was found to be 76.3 % identical to the dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase enzyme (SucB) of Brucella melitensis. SucB has been shown to be an immunogenic protein during infections by Brucella melitensis, Coxiella burnetii and Bartonella vinsonii. The agreement between reactivity with a recombinant SucB fusion protein on immunoblot analysis and the results obtained by IFA was 55 % for IFA-positive sera and 88 % for IFA-negative sera. Cross-reactivity was observed with sera from patients with antibodies against Brucella melitensis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Francisella tularensis, Coxiella burnetii and Rickettsia typhi.