Babesia bovis: lipids from virulent S2P and attenuated R1A strains trigger differential signalling and inflammatory responses in bovine macrophages.

The intra-erythrocytic protozoan Babesia bovis is an economically important pathogen that causes an acute and often fatal infection in adult cattle. Babesiosis limitation depends on the early activation of macrophages, essential cells of the host innate immunity, which can generate an inflammatory response mediated by cytokines and nitric oxide (NO). Herein, we demonstrate in bovine macrophages that lipids from B. bovis attenuated R1A strain (LA) produced a stronger NO release, an early TNFα mRNA induction and 2-fold higher IL-12p35 mRNA levels compared to the lipids of virulent S2P strain (LV). Neither LA nor LV induced anti-inflammatory IL-10. Regarding signalling pathways, we here report that LA induced a significant phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) whereas LV only induced a reduced activation of ERK1/2. Besides, NF-κB was activated by LA and LV, but LA produced an early degradation of the inhibitor IκB. Interestingly, LV and the majority of its lipid fractions, exerted a significant inhibition of concanavalin A-induced peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation with respect to LA and its corresponding lipid fractions. In addition, we determined that animals infected with R1A developed a higher increase in IgM anti-phosphatidylcholine than those inoculated with S2P. Collectively, S2P lipids generated a decreased inflammatory response contributing to the evasion of innate immunity. Moreover, since R1A lipids induced a pro-inflammatory profile, we propose these molecules as good candidates for immunoprophylactic strategies against babesiosis.

Lipids from attenuated and virulent Babesia bovis strains induce differential TLR2-mediated macrophage activation.

Babesia bovis is an intraerythrocytic apicomplexan protozoa of cattle that causes an acute infection with parasite persistence. Babesiosis limitation depends on macrophages, essential effector cells of the host innate defense, which generate inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide. Herein, we report quantitative differences in the lipid composition of merozoites from two B. bovis strains with polar behaviour: attenuated R1A and virulent S2P. Accordingly, we observed a distinct inflammatory response induced by the total lipids of R1A (L(A)) and S2P (L(V)) in murine peritoneal macrophages. L(A) and particularly its fractions phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine+phosphatidylinositol (PS+PI), produced a strong activation of these cells with lipid body formation, cyclooxygenase-2 expression and pro-inflammatory TNFalpha, IL-6 and KC secretion. Although L(V) did not activate these cells, the corresponding PS+PI fraction induced TNFalpha, IL-6 and KC release. Therefore, these facts might be suggesting the presence of an inhibitor in L(V). Furthermore, the employment of wild type and toll like receptor 2 knockout (TLR2KO) mice allowed us to demonstrate that macrophage activation by the stimulating lipid fractions was mediated through TLR2. Interestingly, only L(A) activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). Inhibitory studies employing UO126, indicated that the ERK pathway was required for TNFalpha, IL-6 and KC release. In conclusion, the absence of inflammatory response observed with the lipids of S2P virulent strain could constitute an evasion mechanism of the innate immune response enabling parasite establishment in the host.

Novel cysteine proteinase in Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclogenesis.

With the aim to study proteinases released to the culture medium during Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclogenesis, the presence of cysteine proteinases (CPs) was analysed in culture supernatants obtained throughout the differentiation induced by stimulation of epimastigotes with Triatoma infestans hindgut homogenate. In SDS-gelatin containing gels, an important endopeptidase activity with apparent molecular weight range between 97 and 116 kDa was encountered at pH 6, which was abolished by the specific cysteine proteinase inhibitor E-64 and TLCK, but not by pepstatin, 1,10 phenantroline or PMSF. This novel CP, named TcCPmet, showed affinity to cystatin-Sepharose, denoting its thiol-proteinase character as well as to ConA-Sepharose, indicating it contains N-linked oligosaccharides. However, it presented a different elution pattern on ConA-Sepharose than cruzipain and, in addition, it was not recognized by anti-cruzipain serum, facts that strongly suggest the different nature of both CPs. Moroever, evidence is presented indicating that TcCPmet was able to hydrolyse the same chromogenic peptides as cruzipain at optimal alkaline pH values, although with a different order of effectiveness. Our results indicate the presence of a novel CP secreted by metacyclic trypomastigotes and reinforces the important role of these enzymes in metacyclogenesis.

Spermine action on mitochondrial H(+)-ATPase activity and proliferation rate of Trypanosoma cruzi.

Activity of H(+)-ATPase of Trypanosoma cruzi (RA strain) submitochondrial particles is increased in parasites which have a low spermine content caused by growing in a polyamine free medium or in a medium containing inhibitors of polyamine synthesis. Under these conditions, the proliferation rate is markedly decreased. Kinetics of the enzyme inhibition by spermine indicates a non-competitive inhibition. Spermine, through its action on the H(+)-ATPase hydrophobic environment, affects the enzyme activity. Together with the ATPase protein inhibitor, this could be a mechanism regulating ATP levels needed for the parasite proliferation.

Stimulation of Trypanosoma cruzi adenylyl cyclase by an alpha D-globin fragment from Triatoma hindgut: effect on differentiation of epimastigote to trypomastigote forms.

A peptide from hindguts of the Triatoma hematophagous Chagas insect vector activates adenylyl cyclase activity in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote membranes and stimulates the in vitro differentiation of epimastigotes to metacyclic trypomastigotes. Hindguts were obtained from insects fed 2 days earlier with chicken blood. Purification was performed by gel filtration and HPLC on C18 and C4 columns. SDS/PAGE of the purified peptide showed a single band of about 10 kDa. The following sequence was determined for the 20 amino-terminal residues of this peptide: H2N-Met-Leu-Thr-Ala-Glu-Asp-Lys-Lys-Leu-Ile-Gln- Gln-Ala-Trp-Glu-Lys-Ala-Ala-Ser-His. This sequence is identical to the amino terminus of chicken alpha D-globin. On a Western blot, the peptide immunoreacted with a polyclonal antibody against chicken globin D. A synthetic peptide corresponding to residues 1-40 of the alpha D-globin amino terminus also stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity and promoted differentiation. This 125I-labeled synthetic peptide bound specifically to T. cruzi epimastigote cells. Activation of epimastigote adenylyl cyclase by the hemoglobin-derived peptide may play an important role in T. cruzi differentiation and consequently in the transmission of Chagas disease.

Trypanosoma cruzi: incorporation of macromolecule precursors during the morphogenic process

During the morphogenic process from epimastigote to metacyclic trypomastigote stage changes at molecular levels are produced. In the present work the incorporation of macromolecule precursors L [3H]-leucine, [3H]-thymidine and [3H]-uridine was used to monitor the differences between parasites growing with and without specific stimulation for morphogenesis (SEpi and NEpi, respectively). The peak of maximum [3H]-uridine incorporation was earlier in the SEpi than in NEpi (3 vs 4 days, respectively) reaching 129

higher values. Even at day 2, SEpi already showed values of [3H]-uridine incorporation slightly higher (29

) than the maximum reached by NEpi. One the other hand the peak of L-[3H]-leucine incorporation was 48 h delayed comparing SEpi vs NEpi with quantitatively similar patterns, while no differences were registered for [3H]-thymidine incorporation. Therefore the [3H]-uridine incorporation may constitute an earlier marker of morphogenesis since the process was optically detected starting day at 6.

Trypanosoma cruzi: incorporation of macromolecule precursors during the morphogenic process

During the morphogenic process from epimastigote to metacyclic trypomastigote stage changes at molecular levels are produced. In the present work the incorporation of macromolecule precursors L [3H]-leucine, [3H]-thymidine and [3H]-uridine was used to monitor the differences between parasites growing with and without specific stimulation for morphogenesis (SEpi and NEpi, respectively). The peak of maximum [3H]-uridine incorporation was earlier in the SEpi than in NEpi (3 vs 4 days, respectively) reaching 129

higher values. Even at day 2, SEpi already showed values of [3H]-uridine incorporation slightly higher (29

) than the maximum reached by NEpi. One the other hand the peak of L-[3H]-leucine incorporation was 48 h delayed comparing SEpi vs NEpi with quantitatively similar patterns, while no differences were registered for [3H]-thymidine incorporation. Therefore the [3H]-uridine incorporation may constitute an earlier marker of morphogenesis since the process was optically detected starting day at 6.

Trypanosoma cruzi: conditions required to improve metacyclic differentiation in axenic culture

En el presente trabajo se estudió el comportamieto de varias cepas y clones de Epi de T. cruzi en medios estimulantes de la diferenciación: M 16, TAUP, TAUS, LIT-hemina y G-IH. Los resultados mostraron que en nuestras condiciones experimentales el medio G-IH fue el único adecuado para producir morfogénesis Epi-Mtc. La temperatura óptima del proceso tanto de multiplicación como de diferenciación en ese medio fue 28-C. el empleo G-IH empobrecido en nutrientes por dilución no indujo diferenciación. Los parásitos que se obtuvieron de medio bifásico entre 24 a 48 h de cultivados fueron los óptimos para obtener morfogénesis. El bloqueo de la oferta de Ca++ externo afectó la capacidad de diferenciarse de las cepas Tul y RA en grado variable

Citocromos en diferentes estadíos, cepas y poblaciones de Trypanosoma cruzi / Cytochromes in different stages, strains and populations of Trypanosoma cruzi

Los espectros diferenciales de muestras "reducida menos oxidada" (Red-Ox) y "reducida. CO menos reducida" (Re. CO-Red) de tripomastigotes metacíclicos del Trypanosoma cruzi (cepa Tulahuen) revelaron la presencia de los citocrómos aa3, b, c555 y o. Espectros concordantes se obtuvieron con la fracción mitocondrial de la forma epimastigote de la misma cepa, después de filtrar las membranas por Sephadex G-50 para excluir hemoproteínas espúreas provenientes del medio de cultivo o hemoproteínas solubles (hemoglobina, peroxidasa, catalasa, etc.), o citocrómos P-420 y P-450. El tratamiento de la fracción mitocondrial cruda con guanidina y colato de Na y la formación de complejos con cianuro, revelaron que el citocrómo o es un constituyente integral de esas membranas. El análisis de los piridinahemocrómos provenientes de los citocrómos mitocondriales demostró la presencia de los hemos A, B y C. Una banda espectral a 625 nm en los espectros de los tripomastigotes, en las membranas mitocondriales, y en los piridina-hemocrómos indicó la presencia de un citocrómo d. Un examen comparativo del contenido en citocrómos o y b de una serie de poblaciones de T. cruzi, provenientes originariamente en su mayoría de pacientes con formas agudas o crónicas de la enfermedad de Chagas, demostró variabilidad en el contenido en citocrómos y falta de correlación de este parámetro con las propiedades biológicas del parásito, en particular con la letalidad para el ratón

Influencia de la hemolinfa de Triatoma infestans en la morfogenesis del Trypanosoma cruzi. / Effect of hemolymph of Triatoma infestans in Trypanosoma cruzi morphogenesis

La hemolinfa total de T. infestans, asi como las variantes libres de hemocitos, o libres de hemocitos y quinonas, indujeron curvas de crecimiento y diferenciacion del T. cruzi semejantes cuando se utilizaron como suplemento del medio de Grace modificado, indicando que la presencia de hemocitos y quinonas no influyen en el proceso de multiplicacion de los epimastigotes ni en su diferenciacion a metaciclicos. La cantidad minima de cualquiera de las variantes para lograr diferenciacion fue del 2%, no detectandose efecto inhibitorio aun en concentraciones del 30%. Esta diferenciacion se produjo durante la fase de crecimiento exponencial del cultivo alcanzado aproximadamente un 80%