Association of 5-HT2C (rs3813929) and UCP3 (rs1800849) gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes in obese women candidates for bariatric surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Obesity can cause systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) factor that is also influenced by genetic variability. The present study aims to investigate the association between gene polymorphisms related with obesity on the prevalence of SAH and DM2 in the preoperative period and 1 year after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In total, 351 obese women in a Brazilian cohort completed the study. The clinical diagnosis of SAH and DM2 was monitored from medical records. Twelve gene polymorphisms (rs26802; rs572169; rs7799039; rs1137101; rs3813929; rs659366; rs660339; rs1800849; rs7498665; rs35874116; rs9701796; and rs9939609) were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction and TaqMan assay. RESULTS: In the preoperative period, prevalence of SAH and DM2 was 57% and 22%, respectively. One year postoperatively, 86.8% subjects had remission of DM2 and 99.5% had control of SAH. Subjects with T allele from the serotonin receptor gene (5-HT2C, rs3813929) had five times greater chance of DM2, and the CC genotype from uncoupling protein 3 gene (UCP3, rs1800849) had three times greater chance in the preoperative period. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that polymorphisms rs3813929 and rs1800849 from 5-HT2C and UCP3 genes were related to DM2 prevalence among the Brazilian obese women candidates for bariatric surgery.

Association of 5-HT2C (rs3813929) and UCP3 (rs1800849) gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes in obese women candidates for bariatric surgery

ABSTRACT Objective Obesity can cause systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) factor that is also influenced by genetic variability. The present study aims to investigate the association between gene polymorphisms related with obesity on the prevalence of SAH and DM2 in the preoperative period and 1 year after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Subjects and methods In total, 351 obese women in a Brazilian cohort completed the study. The clinical diagnosis of SAH and DM2 was monitored from medical records. Twelve gene polymorphisms (rs26802; rs572169; rs7799039; rs1137101; rs3813929; rs659366; rs660339; rs1800849; rs7498665; rs35874116; rs9701796; and rs9939609) were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction and TaqMan assay. Results In the preoperative period, prevalence of SAH and DM2 was 57% and 22%, respectively. One year postoperatively, 86.8% subjects had remission of DM2 and 99.5% had control of SAH. Subjects with T allele from the serotonin receptor gene (5-HT2C, rs3813929) had five times greater chance of DM2, and the CC genotype from uncoupling protein 3 gene (UCP3, rs1800849) had three times greater chance in the preoperative period. Conclusion These findings indicate that polymorphisms rs3813929 and rs1800849 from 5-HT2C and UCP3 genes were related to DM2 prevalence among the Brazilian obese women candidates for bariatric surgery.

Periodontal status and pathogenic bacteria after gastric bypass: a cohort study.

AIM: The aim this study was to evaluate the influence of gastric bypass surgery (GBS) on periodontal disease and quantify the periodontopathogenic bacteria in patients undergoing this surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective study was composed of 50 patients who underwent bariatric surgery and the data collection was performed in three periods pre-operative, 6 (6M) and 12 months (12 M) postoperative. The oral clinical examination to assess periodontal disease; gingival fluid sample collection for quantification of the periodontopathogenic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Prevotella intermedia using q-PCR; body mass index (BMI) and for collection of the individual's health-related data from medical files. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and glucose levels after surgery. The mean probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) increased significantly in the postoperative period of 6 months (p = 0.001). In the same period, the amount of P. gingivalis increased (p = 0.028) and the other bacteria decreased slightly (p > 0.050). In the presence of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, T. denticola and P. intermedia, a poor periodontal condition was observed. CONCLUSION: The periodontal disease increased in severity and P. gingivalis increased after GBS. A systemic inflammation resolution due to bariatric surgery in obese subjects does not seem to affect the course of periodontal disease.

Ferritin in hypertensive and diabetic women before and after bariatric surgery.

UNLABELLED: In addition to its important role as marker of iron stores, serum ferritin is a marker of systemic inflammation, and obesity has been associated with chronic inflammation. OBJECTIVE: To verify, six months after surgery, the effect of bariatric surgery on the serum ferritin of women who were hypertensive, diabetic, or comorbidity free before surgery. SAMPLE AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 200 women aged 20 to 45 years, with a body mass index (BMI) equal to or greater than 35 kg/m2, submitted to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Seventy of these women were hypertensive, forty had type 2 diabetes (T2D), and ninety were comorbidity free (CF). They were assessed before and six months after surgery. Anthropometric, laboratory (serum ferritin and hemoglobin), and comorbidity- related data were collected from their medical records. RESULTS: Before surgery, women with comorbidities were older, the hypertensives had higher BMI, and the diabetics had higher serum ferritin levels than the CF women. The study comorbidities had resolved in 68% of the hypertensive women and 86% of the diabetic women six months after RYGB. Also at this time, the serum ferritin of hypertensive women decreased from 110.1±86.3 to 88.7±80.5 ng/dL and of diabetic women, from 164.8±133.4 to 101.2±97.7 ng/dL (p0.05). CONCLUSION: High ferritin in premenopausal obese women was associated with the main obesity-related comorbidities, and these comorbidities determined the reduction of serum ferritin after bariatric surgery.

Además de importante marcador de las reservas de hierro, la ferritina sérica es un marcador de la inflamación sistémica, mientras que la obesidad se ha asociado con la inflamación crónica. Objetivo: Identificar, después de 6 meses, el efecto de la cirugía bariátrica sobre los niveles de ferritina sérica en hipertensos, diabéticos o sin estas comorbilidades preoperatorias mujeres. Pacientes y métodos: Los autores realizaron un estudio retrospectivo de 200 mujeres sometidas a bypass gástrico en Y de Roux (BGYR), con edades comprendidas entre 20 y 45 años, con un índice de masa corporal (IMC) superior a 35 kg/m2, con hipertensión arterial (HA, n = 70), la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2, n = 40) y sin comorbilidades (SC, n = 90) fueron evaluados antes y 6 meses después de BGYR. Antropométricas, de laboratorio (ferritina sérica y hemoglobina) y la información de comorbilidad se recogió de la historia clínica electrónica. Resultados: Antes de la cirugía, las mujeres con comorbilidades eran mayores, tenían mayores hipertensos IMC, niveles más altos de ferritina diabéticos en relación con el grupo SC. La resolución de las comorbilidades después de 6 meses de DGYR ocurrió en el 68 % de las mujeres con hipertensión y el 86 % de los diabéticos. 6 meses después de la cirugía, se observó una disminución de la ferritina sérica en mujeres con comorbilidades de 110,1 ± 86,3 a 88,7 ± 80,5 ng/dl en el grupo con hipertensión y 164,8 ± 133,4 a 101 2 ± 97,7 ng/dl en DM2 (p < 0,05) y la hemoglobina, excepto en los pacientes diabéticos (p > 0,05). Conclusión: El aumento de la ferritina en mujeres obesas en el periodo de premenopausia se relacionan con las principales comorbilidades de la obesidad, y la presencia de estas comorbilidades fue fundamental en la reducción de la ferritina sérica después de la cirugía bariátrica.

Evaluation of obstructive sleep apnea in obese patients scheduled for bariactric surgery.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the frequency of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in obese patients scheduled for bariatric surgery and their identification for risk of OSA by Berlin Questionnaire (BQ) and excessive daytime sleepiness by Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). METHODS: Fifty nine patients were evaluated by BQ and ESS. Out of these individuals, 35 performed a full-night sleep study using a type 3 portable monitoring (PM). The questionnaire results were compared for gender and BMI. The presence and severity of OSA was correlated with gender and both questionnaires. RESULTS: 94.75% of the respondents presented high risk for OSA by BQ and 59.65% presented positivity by ESS. Taking into account the AHI> 5 per hour for OSA diagnosis, all of them presented OSA, average AHI of 45.31 ± 26.3 per hour and 68.6% have severe OSA (AHI>30). The male patients had a higher AHI (p<0.05). There was a positive correlation between the positivity in both questionnaires as well as the severity of OSA measured by AHI (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The frequency and severe obstructive sleep apnea in the studied group is high. The Berlin Questionnaire and Epworth Sleepiness Scale had a positive correlation with the diagnosis of OSA in the group studied.

Evaluation of obstructive sleep apnea in obese patients scheduled for bariactric surgery

PURPOSE: To evaluate the frequency of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in obese patients scheduled for bariatric surgery and their identification for risk of OSA by Berlin Questionnaire (BQ) and excessive daytime sleepiness by Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). METHODS: Fifty nine patients were evaluated by BQ and ESS. Out of these individuals, 35 performed a full-night sleep study using a type 3 portable monitoring (PM). The questionnaire results were compared for gender and BMI. The presence and severity of OSA was correlated with gender and both questionnaires. RESULTS: 94.75% of the respondents presented high risk for OSA by BQ and 59.65% presented positivity by ESS. Taking into account the AHI> 5 per hour for OSA diagnosis, all of them presented OSA, average AHI of 45.31±26.3 per hour and 68.6% have severe OSA (AHI>30). The male patients had a higher AHI (p<0.05). There was a positive correlation between the positivity in both questionnaires as well as the severity of OSA measured by AHI (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The frequency and severe obstructive sleep apnea in the studied group is high. The Berlin Questionnaire and Epworth Sleepiness Scale had a positive correlation with the diagnosis of OSA in the group studied.

A influência do anel na evolução ponderal após quatro anos da derivação gástrica em y-de-roux laparoscópica / Ring influence on ponderal evolution after four years of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

RACIONAL: A utilização de anel nas derivações gástricas em Y-de-Roux ainda é motivo de polêmica entre os cirurgiões bariátricos. Não há consenso quanto às suas repercussões em relação à perda ponderal e à manutenção do peso em longo prazo. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência do anel sobre a evolução do peso corporal no decorrer de quatro anos após operação bariátrica. MÉTODO: Foram analisadas retrospectivamente 143 mulheres submetidas à derivação gástrica em Y-de-Roux videolaparoscópica pareadas pela utilização ou não do anel de Silastic®. O tempo de seguimento foi de até 48 meses. Os critérios de inclusão foram idade superior a 18 anos, operação bariátrica primária e frequência regular à clínica no período de interesse para a pesquisa. A técnica manteve reservatório gástrico de pequena curvatura, volume estimado em 30 ml. A alça alimentar media 150 cm e a biliar 40 cm a partir do ângulo duodenojejunal. O grupo "com anel" utilizou anel tubular de Silastic® com comprimento de 6,5 cm, colocado à 2 cm da anastomose gastrojejunal. O anel era fechado por cinco nós com fio de polipropileno em seu interior. Na manhã seguinte ao procedimento cirúrgico as pacientes recebiam líquidos isotônicos; no segundo dia dieta líquida salgada sem resíduos e alta hospitalar no terceiro dia. Dieta pastosa iniciava a partir do 20o dia e sólida no 30o, juntamente com uma drágea diária de polivitamínico. RESULTADOS: O emagrecimento do grupo com anel foi maior que o sem anel em todos os períodos analisados a nível de 10% e de 5% apenas no 3o ano pós-operatório. A proporção das operadas que não atingiram perda do excesso de peso de 50% foi significativamente maior no grupo sem anel que no grupo com anel (31% entre as sem anel e 8% das com anel no 4o ano). Não houve diferença entre os grupos na recuperação tardia do peso perdido na operação. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados foram favoráveis à utilização do anel ao se analisar exclusivamente a perda de peso.

BACKGROUND: Use of ring in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is still a matter of controversy among bariatric surgeons. There is no consensus on its impact in relation to weight loss and weight maintenance in the long term. AIM: To evaluate the influence of the ring on the evolution of body weight over four years after bariatric surgery. METHODS: Retrospective analyzis of 143 women who underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass paired on the use or not use of Silastic® ring. Follow-up time was 48 months. Inclusion criteria were age over 18 years, primary bariatric operation and regular attendance at the clinic during the period of interest for research. The technique kept small gastric reservoir estimated in a volume of 30 ml. The food limb had in average 150 cm and the bile one 40 cm from the duodenojejunal angle. The group "ring" used Silastic® device with length of 6.5 cm, placed 2 cm from gastrojejunal anastomosis. The ring was closed for five polypropylene surgical thread sutures. In the morning after surgery the patients received isotonic fluids; on the second day salty liquid diet and were discharged on the third day. Semisolid diet started from the 20th day and solid on the 30th, with daily tablet of polivitamins. RESULTS: The weight loss was larger on the ring than without ring groups in all periods, respectively 10% and only 5% in the third postoperative year. The proportion of not having reached the 50% excess weight loss expectative was significantly higher in the group without ring than in the group with the ring (31% and 8% respectively in the fourth year). There was no difference between groups in delayed recovery of weight lost with the operation. CONCLUSIONS: The results were favorable to use the ring exclusively when it is analyzed only the weight loss.

Food intake in women two years or more after bariatric surgery meets adequate intake requirements.

Restricted food intake after bariatric surgery can be an important factor both in the long-term control of body weight and in the onset of nutritional deficiencies. The objective of this study was to assess the adequacy of food intake in women two or more years after bariatric surgery according to the excess weight lost. A group of 141 women who underwent banded Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) was divided according to the percentage of excess weight they lost (%EWL)<50; 50┤75; = 75. The habitual energy and nutrient intakes were determined by a 24-hour recall over two days and the probability of adequate intake was based on the Dietary Reference Intake. The mean total estimated energy requirement (EER) as well as energy, macronutrient and cholesterol intakes did not differ among the groups. Only the %EWL<50 group had an intake equal to their EER, but they presented a higher number of inadequacies, such as low levels of magnesium, folic acid and vitamins C and E. Calcium and dietary fiber intakes were extremely low in all three groups. In conclusion, weight loss after surgery is associated with food habits that favor energy intake over micronutrient intake.

Ring influence on ponderal evolution after four years of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

BACKGROUND: Use of ring in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is still a matter of controversy among bariatric surgeons. There is no consensus on its impact in relation to weight loss and weight maintenance in the long term. AIM: To evaluate the influence of the ring on the evolution of body weight over four years after bariatric surgery. METHODS: Retrospective analyzis of 143 women who underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass paired on the use or not use of Silastic® ring. Follow-up time was 48 months. Inclusion criteria were age over 18 years, primary bariatric operation and regular attendance at the clinic during the period of interest for research. The technique kept small gastric reservoir estimated in a volume of 30 ml. The food limb had in average 150 cm and the bile one 40 cm from the duodenojejunal angle. The group "ring" used Silastic® device with length of 6.5 cm, placed 2 cm from gastrojejunal anastomosis. The ring was closed for five polypropylene surgical thread sutures. In the morning after surgery the patients received isotonic fluids; on the second day salty liquid diet and were discharged on the third day. Semisolid diet started from the 20th day and solid on the 30th, with daily tablet of polivitamins. RESULTS: The weight loss was larger on the ring than without ring groups in all periods, respectively 10% and only 5% in the third postoperative year. The proportion of not having reached the 50% excess weight loss expectative was significantly higher in the group without ring than in the group with the ring (31% and 8% respectively in the fourth year). There was no difference between groups in delayed recovery of weight lost with the operation. CONCLUSIONS: The results were favorable to use the ring exclusively when it is analyzed only the weight loss.

Abordagem psicológica em cirurgia plástica pós-bariátrica / Psychological approach for post-bariatric plastic surgery

Atualmente, a cirurgia plástica vem se firmando cada vez mais como parte integrante do tratamento cirúrgico da obesidade mórbida, na medida em que visa a devolver as melhores condições de contorno corporal ao enorme contingente de pacientes submetidos a grandes perdas ponderais. Os aspectos peculiares que acompanham essa nova trajetória do paciente obeso exigem abordagem interdisciplinar, com cuidadoso acompanhamento psicológico, antes e depois da cirurgia bariátrica, que deverá prepará-lo continuamente para as grandes transformações impostas a sua imagem corporal. Com a popularização das gastroplastias e a crescente demanda por procedimentos de contorno corporal após grandes emagrecimentos, é cada vez mais comum a presença desses pacientes nos consultórios de cirurgiões que não estão ligados aos serviços multidisciplinares, e que, portanto, precisam conhecer, avaliar e lidar também com os aspectos psicológicos envolvendo candidatos a cirurgia plástica pós-bariátrica. Este trabalho estabelece uma revisão da literatura acerca do complexo ambiente psicológico na obesidade, voltada para o cirurgião plástico, com ênfase na identificação e no controle das condições psíquicas desfavoráveis, possibilitando o melhor planejamento operatório em pacientes com perda significativa de peso após cirurgia bariátrica.

Nowadays, plastic surgery plays an important role in the surgical treatment of morbid obesity, and it is used to restore optimal body contour in a large number of patients with massive weight loss. The outcome of surgery may affect the patient's psychological behavior, and a multispecialty approach should be adopted, before and after the gastric bypass, to better educate and prepare patients for the dramatic changes they will experience in their body image. The increase in bariatric surgery has also resulted in a greater demand for plastic surgery. In addition to the multispecialty services, patients are seeking out private practice surgeons who will need to recognize and manage the psychological aspects of candidates who undergo body reshaping. This paper reviews the literature on the complex psychological environment of obese patients, emphasizing the identification and management of psychological disorders, and providing plastic surgeons with tools for safer planning and superior outcomes in body contouring after massive weight loss.

Comparative study between two techniques of incisional hernia repair with polypropylene mesh in rabbits / Estudo comparativo entre duas técnicas de tratamento da hérnia incisional em coelhos utilizando a tela de polipropileno

PURPOSE: To compare two different incisional hernia repair techniques (repair with a polypropylene mesh reinforcement on the peritonium-aponeurosis versus polypropylene mesh sutured to the borders of the hernial ring as a bridge) in rabbits. METHODS: Incisional hernia was experimentally developed through a 4-cm median incision in 60 rabbits. After 30 days, half of the animals were operated for primary wall closure and placement of a polypropylene mesh reinforcement, while the other half had a polypropylene mesh sutured to the borders of the hernial ring as a bridge. Clinical development, scar breaking strength, as well as gross, microscopic and morphometric parameters were evaluated in all animals 30, 60, and 90 days after repair. RESULTS: No significant differences in breaking strength or histological parameters were observed between groups at any time point studied. No statistical difference regarding complications was detected, although denser and firmer adhesions to the abdominal wall were seen after the mesh was placed as a " bridge" . CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences between the incisional hernia repair techniques assessed were observed regarding breaking strength, and histological and morphometric parameters. The number of complications was similar in both study groups. However, adhesion of abdominal cavity organs to the scar area was much denser after the placement of a mesh to bridge the defect.

OBJETIVO: Comparar duas técnicas de tratamento da hérnia incisional em coelhos utilizando a tela de polipropileno apoiando um reforço peritônio - aponeurótico ou suturada nas bordas do anel herniário 'em ponte" . MÉTODOS: Foram operados 60 coelhos para a produção de hérnia incisional, em uma incisão mediana de 4 centímetros. Após 30 dias, metade dos animais foram operados com o fechamento primário da parede, com colocação de uma tela de polipropileno apoiando o reforço e a outra metade dos animais com a colocação da tela suturada nas bordas do anel herniário " em ponte" . Os animais foram avaliados com 30 (M1), 60 (M2)e 90 (M3) dias de pós-operatório. Os parâmetros analisados foram a evolução clínica, análise da força de ruptura da cicatriz, estudo macroscópico, análise microscópica e morfométrica. RESULTADOS: Não foram observadas diferenças significantes com relação a força de ruptura e estudos histológicos nos dois grupos e vários momentos estudados. Não houve diferença estatística com relação às complicações, embora os animais que receberam a tela " em ponte" tiveram aderências mais firmes e intensas à parede abdominal. CONCLUSÕES: As duas técnicas utilizadas para correção da hérnia incisional em coelhos não mostraram diferenças significantes quanto a força de ruptura, análise histológica e morfométrica. O número de complicações foi semelhante, porém a aderência de órgãos da cavidade abdominal à área de cicatriz foi muito mais intensa no grupo em que a tela foi colocada " em ponte" .

Comparative study between two techniques of incisional hernia repair with polypropylene mesh in rabbits.

PURPOSE: To compare two different incisional hernia repair techniques (repair with a polypropylene mesh reinforcement on the peritonium-aponeurosis versus polypropylene mesh sutured to the borders of the hernial ring as a bridge) in rabbits. METHODS: Incisional hernia was experimentally developed through a 4-cm median incision in 60 rabbits. After 30 days, half of the animals were operated for primary wall closure and placement of a polypropylene mesh reinforcement, while the other half had a polypropylene mesh sutured to the borders of the hernial ring as a bridge. Clinical development, scar breaking strength, as well as gross, microscopic and morphometric parameters were evaluated in all animals 30, 60, and 90 days after repair. RESULTS: No significant differences in breaking strength or histological parameters were observed between groups at any time point studied. No statistical difference regarding complications was detected, although denser and firmer adhesions to the abdominal wall were seen after the mesh was placed as a " bridge" . CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences between the incisional hernia repair techniques assessed were observed regarding breaking strength, and histological and morphometric parameters. The number of complications was similar in both study groups. However, adhesion of abdominal cavity organs to the scar area was much denser after the placement of a mesh to bridge the defect.

[Body weight evolution and classification of body weight in relation to the results of bariatric surgery: roux-en-Y gastric bypass]. / Evolução e classificação do peso corporal em relação aos resultados da cirurgia bariátrica: derivação gástrica em Y de Roux.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the evolution and classification of body weight in relation to the results of bariatric surgery in women who underwent the procedure more than two years ago. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A total of 141 women underwent banded Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The participants were divided according to the time elapsed since surgery and the percentage of excess weight lost (%EWL): < 50; 50 upper and lower left quadrants 75; and > 75. RESULTS: The women in the group with %EWL < 50 (15.6%) remained obese, while those with %EWL > 75 (36.2%) ranged from normal to pre-obese and presented lower late weight gain than the women in the other groups. CONCLUSION: Weight evolution two or more years after surgery showed the expected reductions, with some individuals responding better to surgery than others. This shows that it is necessary to monitor, investigate and intervene to obtain the desired results.

Evolução e classificação do peso corporal em relação aos resultados da cirurgia bariátrica: derivação gástrica em Y de Roux / Body weight evolution and classification of body weight in relation to the results of bariatric surgery: roux-en-Y gastric bypass

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a evolução e a classificação do peso corporal em relação aos resultados da cirurgia bariátrica em mulheres submetidas ao procedimento cirúrgico há mais de dois anos. SUJEITOS E MÉTODO: Foram avaliadas 141 mulheres submetidas à derivação gástrica em Y de Roux (DGYR) com anel de contenção. As participantes foram divididas de acordo com o tempo de pós-operatório e conforme o percentual da perda do excesso de peso ( por centoPEP): < 50; 50 ┤ 75; e, > 75. RESULTADOS: As mulheres do grupo com por centoPEP < 50 (15,6 por cento) se mantiveram obesas, enquanto aquelas que apresentaram por centoPEP > 75 (36,2 por cento) situaram-se entre a eutrofia e préobesidade e tiveram menor índice de recuperação tardia de peso em relação aos demais grupos. CONCLUSÃO: A evolução de peso após dois ou mais anos da cirurgia mostrou sua esperada redução com variados graus de resposta, apontando a necessidade de monitoramento, investigação e intervenção para obtenção dos resultados esperados.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the evolution and classification of body weight in relation to the results of bariatric surgery in women who underwent the procedure more than two years ago. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A total of 141 women underwent banded Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The participants were divided according to the time elapsed since surgery and the percentage of excess weight lost ( percentEWL): < 50; 50 ┤ 75; and > 75. RESULTS: The women in the group with percentEWL < 50 (15.6 percent) remained obese, while those with percentEWL > 75 (36.2 percent) ranged from normal to pre-obese and presented lower late weight gain than the women in the other groups. CONCLUSION: Weight evolution two or more years after surgery showed the expected reductions, with some individuals responding better to surgery than others. This shows that it is necessary to monitor, investigate and intervene to obtain the desired results.

Helicobacter pylori and EBV in gastric carcinomas: methylation status and microsatellite instability.

AIM: To verify the methylation status of CDH1, DAPK, COX2, hMLH1 and CDKN2A genes and to evaluate their association with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-cagA(+) and Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infections in gastric adenocarcinomas. METHODS: Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) assay was performed in 89 primary gastric carcinomas (intestinal and diffuse types). Microsatellite instability (MSI) analysis was performed using the BAT26 primer set and PCR products were analyzed with the ABI PRISM 3100 Genetic Analyzer using Genescan 3.7 software (Applied Biosystems). Detection of H. pylori and genotyping were performed by PCR, using specific primers for ureaseC and cagA genes. The presence of EBV was assessed by in situ hybridization. Statistical analyses were performed using the chi(2) or Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: The most frequent hypermethylated gene was COX-2 (63.5%) followed by DAPK (55.7%), CDH1 (51%), CDKN2A (36%) and hMLH1 (30.3%). Intestinal and diffuse adenocarcinomas showed different methylation profiles and there was an association between methylation of E-CDH1 and H. pylori-cagA(+) in the intestinal adenocarcinoma type. MSI was correlated with hMLH1 methylation. There was an inverse correlation between DAPK hypermethylation and MSI. CONCLUSION: We found a strong association between CDH1 methylation and H. pylori-cagA(+) in intestinal-type gastric cancer, association of MSI and better prognosis and an heterogeneous COX-2 overexpression.

Alterations in the intestinal wall due to protein malnutrition in rats: Evaluation of the rupture strength and the tissue's collagen / Alterações da parede intestinal na carência de proteína no rato: Avaliação da força de ruptura e do colágeno tecidual

PURPOSE: To study the effect of protein malnutrition on the intestinal wall of rats by evaluating alterations in the rupture force and dosing tissue collagen in the ileum and distal colon. METHODS: One hundred and twenty rats, that had an average weight of 100g, were used. They received water and a standard diet with 20 percent protein during 7 days for adaptation to the diet itself and to environmental conditions. After that period, the animals were randomly distributed in two groups of 60 rats each: Group 1 - the animals received a control diet with 20 percent casein for 21 days; Group 2 - hypoprotein diet with 2 percent casein for 21 days. After the adaptation period, 12 animals of each group were sacrificed at 5 moments: the beginning of experimental period (M0), 4° day (M1), 7° day (M2), 14° day (M3) and 21° day (M4). The diet to the other rats was maintained until the last sacrifice. The following variables were evaluated: body weight, blood albumin rate, tissue's hydroxyproline, hydroxyproline/total protein ratio and rupture strength in the intestinal wall of the ileum and the distal colon. RESULTS: It was observed that the rupture strength in the ileum segment and distal colon was lower in malnourished animals (Group 2); the loss of mechanical resistance was higher in the distal colon segment than in the ileum probably due to the smaller concentration of tissue collagen in the distal colon. CONCLUSION: Protein malnutrition induces the loss of mechanical resistance of the ileum and distal colon and may be associated with a smaller percentage of collagenous tissue formation in the intestinal wall.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da desnutrição protéica na parede intestinal do rato através da medida de força de ruptura e dosagem do colágeno tecidual no íleo e cólon distal. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 120 ratos, pesando em média 100g, que receberam durante 07 dias uma dieta padrão, contendo 20 por cento de caseína para adaptação dos animais as condições do biotério. Após esse período os animais foram divididos em dois grupos de 60, o controle denominado grupo um que recebeu a dieta padrão, e o grupo teste denominado grupo dois, que recebeu dieta hipoprotéica contendo 2 por cento de caseína. Os dois grupos receberam suas respectivas dietas por um período de 21 dias. Após esse período iniciou-se o sacrifício seqüencial dos animais em ambos os grupos, em número de 12 animais em cada momento, correspondendo ao dia Zero (MO), 4º dia (M1), 7º dia (M2), 14º dia (M3), e 21º dia (M4) sendo mantida a mesma dieta até o final do sacrifício. Em cada momento foram avaliados o peso corpóreo, albumina sanguínea, hidroxiprolina tecidual, relação hidroxiprolina/proteína tecidual e a força de ruptura no segmento ileal e cólico dos animais. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que a força de ruptura do segmento ileal e do cólon distal foi menor nos animais desnutridos (Grupo 2). A perda da resistência mecânica foi maior no segmento do cólon distal do que no segmento ileal, provavelmente pela menor concentração do colágeno tecidual no cólon distal. CONCLUSÃO: A desnutrição protéica induz a diminuição da resistência mecânica no íleo e no cólon distal associado a diminuição do colágeno tecidual na parede intestinal.

Efeito do diclofenaco de sódio na cicatrizaçäo da parede abdominal de ratos. Estudo histopatológico, da força de ruptura e do colágeno tecidual / Sodium diclofenac effect in abdominal wall cicatrization in rats: histological, breaking strength and tissue collagen studies

Com o objetivo de estudar os efeitos do diclofenaco sódico sobre a cicatrizaçäo da parede abdominal de ratos, foram utilizados 80 animais da linhagem Wistar divididos em dois grupos: Grupo 1: formado por 40 animais submetidos à laparotomia mediana e à injeçäo intramuscular de soro fisiológico durante quatro dias. Grupo 2: formado por 40 animais submetidos à laparotomia mediana e à injeçäo intramuscular de diclofenaco sódico durante quatro dias. Animais de ambos os grupos foram analisados no 5§, 7§, 14§ e 21§ dias de pós-operatório, correspondendo, respectivamente à M1, M2, M3 e M4. Em cada momento foram estudados 10 animais e os parâmetros analisados foram a evoluçäo clínica, a força de ruptura, estudo histológico e o conteúdo de colágeno tecidual da parede abdominal. Os animais do grupo tratado apresentaram como complicaçöes, deiscência e/ou hérnia incisional, perda ponderal e taxa de mortalidade, complicaçöes estas näo evidenciadas no grupo controle. Observamos também neste grupo, diminuiçäo da força de ruptura no 7§ e 14§ dia de pós-operatório e diminuiçäo da concentraçäo de colágeno tecidual no 5§, 7§ e 14§ dia de pós-operatório. Ambos os parâmetros retornaram a valores normais no 21§ dia de pós-operatório. Quanto ao estudo histológico, concluímos que a cicatriz da parede abdominal dos animais tratados com D.S. apresentam retardo do processo cicatricial em relaçäo aos seus controles, caracterizado por uma menor fibrogênese, menor densidade de fibras colágenas, além de um número maior de complicaçöes, como microabscessos, em torno dos fios de sutura.

Açäo do diclofenaco de sódio em anastomoses realizadas no intestino delgado em ratos / Sodium diclofenac effect on small bowel in rats submitted to anastomosis

Este trabalho avaliou a açäo do Diclofenaco de Sódio (DS) na cicatrizaçäo de anastomoses realizados no íleo terminal de ratos, tendo sido analisados os seguintes parâmetros evoluçäo clínica, resistência mecânica, colágeno e alteraçöes histopatológicas. Foram utilizados 519 ratos Wistar divididos em 4 grupos experimentais. O Grupo 1: Controle sem anastomose, 52 ratos tratados com soluçäo fisiológica (SF)3 ml/kg de peso, administrada por via intra-muscular (IM) por 4 dias: Grupo 2: 110 ratos submetidos à anastomose no íleo terminal + SF; Grupo 3: 52 ratos tratados com DS na dose de 3 mg/kg de peso por dia, IM, por 4 dias e o Grupo 4: 295 ratos tratados com DS e submetidos à anastomose no íleo terminal, recebendo DS de maneira idêntica ao grupo anterior. Dez animais sem manipulaçäo, foram utilizados para medidas da força de ruptura e dosagens bioquímicas, com obtençäo de parâmetros caracterizados como MO. Os parâmetros foram analisados no 4§, 7§, 14§ e 21§ dia de pós-operatório. Os animais do Grupo 1 näo apresentaram alteraçoes clínicas durante o período de acompanhamento. No Grupo 3, 15,4 por cento dos animais apresentaram diarréia. Neste grupo houve uma diminuiçäo do colágeno tecidual e da força de ruptura quando comparados com o grupo 1. Entre os animais submetidos à anastomoses no íleo terminal, observou-se taxa de mortalidade maior nos animais que receberam DS, além de retardo na cicatrizaçäo, caracterizado por uma maior reaçäo inflamatória polimorfonuclear, retardo na regeneraçäo da mucosa, diminuiçao de macrófagos e do colágeno tecidual. Pelos resultados obtidos concluiu-se que o DS é deletério à evoluçäo cicatricial de anastomoses realizadas no íelo terminal de ratos.

Açäo do diclofenado de sódio em anatomoses realizadas no cólon distal de ratos / Action of sodium diclofenac on the colon anastomosis healing in the rat

Este trabalho avaliou a açao do diclofenaco de sódio (DS) na cicatrizaçao de anastomoses realizadas no cólon distal de ratos, tendo analisado a evoluçao clínica, resistência mecânica, colágeno tecidual e alteraçoes histopatológicas. Foram utilizados 266 ratos Wistar divididos em 4 grupos experimentais; o Grupo 1, laparotomia; Grupo 2, anastomose no cólon distal; o Grupo 3, laparotomia e DS, na dose de 3 mg/Kg de peso por dia, IM, por 4 dias e o Grupo 4 submetido à anastomose do cólon distal e DS administrado de maneira idêntica ao grupo anterior. Os parâmetros foram analisados no 4 , 7 , 14 e 21 dias de pós-operatório. Os animais do grupo 1 nao apresentaram alteraçoes clínicas durante o período de acompanhamento. No Grupo 3, 15 por cento dos animais apresentaram diarréia, diminuiçao do colágeno tecidual e da força de ruptura. Entre os animais submetidos à anastomose do cólon, observou-se taxa de mortalidade maior nos animais que receberam DS, além de retardo na cicatrizaçao caracterizada por uma maior reaçao inflamatória polimorfonuclear, retardo na regeneraçao da mucosa, diminuiçao de macrófagos e do colágeno tecidual. Pelos resultados obtidos conclui-se que o diclofenaco sódico é deletério à evoluçao cicatricial de anastomoses realizadas no cólon distal de ratos.

Action of diclofenac sodium on the small intenstine of the rat after interruption of fecal peritonitis. Study of breaking strenth and of tissue collagen concentration

The objective of the present study was to investigate the biomechanical changes of the small intestinal wall occurring in fecal peritonitis associated with diclofenac sodium (DS). Wistar rats were divided at random into the following groups: Group 1 (DS), 60 animals that received an intramuscular injection of diclofenac sodium at the dose of 2 mg/kg body weight; Group 2 (Per), 60 animals that received an intraperitoneal injection of a suspension of human feces, with interruption of peritonitis after 6 hours; Group 3 (Per+DS), 60 animals that received an intraperitoneal injection of a suspension of human feces and DS according to the same scheme as used for Groups 1 and 2; Control Group, 12 animals injected intramusculary. The animals in Groups 1, 2 and 3 were successively sacrificed on the 2nd, 7th and 14th days after the interruption of peritonitis and/or the beginning of treatment, when breaking strength was determined and tissue hydroxyproline was measured. No deaths occured among DS animals, two deaths occurred in the Per group and six the Per+DS group between the 2nd and 12th postoperative day. The breaking strength of the DS group returned to normal levels on the 14th day of treatment, whereas in the Per and Per+DS groups the breaking strength continued to be below normal levels. On the basis of the experimental conditions and methods used, we conclude that diclofenac sodium and peritonitis decrease the breaking strenght and the tissue collagen of the small intestine. When peritonitis was associated with diclofenac sodium there was a summation of the deleterious effects observed separately in the Per and DS groups.