[Immune-related severe pneumonia: A case report].

With the continuous development and maturity of anti-tumor immunotherapy technology, immune checkpoint inhibitors as one of the main methods of immunotherapy were increasingly widely used in clinical tumor cases, bringing new hope for many advanced cancer patients with poor response to traditional treatment, but at the same time, reported on adverse reactions of various organs related to this were also increasing, and the immune damage caused by them was harmful to patients, especially immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated pneumonia, immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis and immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated encephalitis, which could even seriously endangered the lives of patients. Therefore, it was necessary for clinicians to fully understand and master the mechanism, clinical characteristics, laboratory and imaging examination characteristics, diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis conditions, and treatment principles of adverse reactions that may be caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors, so as to find a more optimized anti-tumor treatment regimen and actively prepared for the treatment of possible immune-related adverse reactions. In this paper, we reported a case of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated severe pneumonia, referred to the relevant guidelines, introduced its clinical features, laboratory and imaging findings, difficulties encountered in the diagnosis and treatment process, briefly analyzed the causes, and reviewed the possibility of immune-related pneumonia should be considered when respiratory symptoms occurred in patients receiving immunotherapy; the increased ratio of blood neutrophil count to lymphocyte count, and the increased ratio of eosinophil count to lymphocyte count could be used as indicators to indicate immune-related adverse reactions in patients; bronchoalveolar lavage fluid examination and bronchoscopy and lung biopsy were helpful for the diagnosis; when immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated severe pneumonia occurred, in addition to symptomatic and sup-portive treatment, adequate glucocorticoid-based immunosuppressive therapy should be given in time, and combined with cytokines monoclonal antibodies and other biological agents, immunoglobulin co-therapy, but the current indications for the use of biological agents were not fully clear, and the use of high-dose immunosuppressive drugs might cause the risk of severe infection. Therefore, according to the relevant literature and the findings in the process of clinical diagnosis and treatment, this paper proposed that the serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, CRP and other inflammatory mediators in patients may be used as a quantitative indication to initiate biological agent therapy and accumulate experience for better solving similar problems in the future.

Impact of different CEBPA mutations on therapeutic outcome in acute myeloid leukemia.

Biallelic mutations of the CEBPA gene (CEBPAbi) are generally associated with favorable prognosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Monoallelic mutations of the CEBPA gene in carboxy-terminal DNA-binding region (CEBPAsmbZIP) and amino-terminal transactivation domains (CEBPAsmTAD) indicate distinct clinical characteristics and therapeutic outcomes. However, further investigation is required to fully understand these differences. In this retrospective study, we enrolled 77 AML patients with CEBPA mutations, including 53 with CEBPAbi, 12 with CEBPAsmbZIP and 12 with CEBPAsmTAD. The clinical characteristics of the three CEBPAmut groups presented significant differences in age, FAB classification, hemoglobin level and platelet count at diagnosis. The CEBPAsmTAD group exhibited shorter 2-year overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) compared to the CEBPAbi group and CEBPAsmbZIP group in AML patients. The most common co-mutations observed in CEBPAmut AML patients were TET2 and GATA2, which had no effect on prognosis. 2-year RFS of 27 CEBPAmut AML patients who underwent allo-HSCT was better than those who did not. MRD3 positive was identified as an influencing factor for 2-year OS and RFS. Allo-HSCT was found to improve the prognosis of CEPBAmut AML patients with positive MRD3 and adverse co-mutations.

Osteo-immunomodulatory effects of macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles treated with biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics on bone regeneration.

Literature on osteoimmunology has demonstrated that macrophages have a great influence on biomaterial-induced bone formation. However, there are almost no reports clarifying the osteo-immunomodulatory capacity of macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). This study comprehensively investigated the effects of EVs derived from macrophages treated with biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramics (BEVs) on vital events associated with BCP-induced bone formation such as immune response, angiogenesis, and osteogenesis. It was found that compared with EVs derived from macrophages alone (control, CEVs), BEVs preferentially promoted macrophage polarization towards a wound-healing M2 phenotype, enhanced migration, angiogenic differentiation, and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Analysis of 15 differentially expressed microRNAs (DEMs) related to immune, angiogenesis, and osteogenesis suggested that BEVs exhibited good immunomodulatory, pro-angiogenic, and pro-osteogenic abilities, which might be attributed to their specific miRNA cargos. These findings not only deepen our understanding of biomaterial-mediated osteoinduction, but also suggest that EVs derived from biomaterial-treated macrophages hold great promise as therapeutic agents with desired immunomodulatory capacity for bone regeneration.

The Effect of Low HBV-DNA Viral Load on Recurrence in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients Who Underwent Primary Locoregional Treatment and the Development of a Nomogram Prediction Model.

(1) Background: HBV-DNA is an essential clinical indicator of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) prognosis. Our study aimed to investigate the prognostic implication of a low load of HBV-DNA in HCC patients who underwent local treatment. Additionally, we developed and validated a nomogram to predict the recurrence of patients with low (20-100 IU/mL) viral loads (L-VL). (2) Methods: A total of 475 HBV-HCC patients were enrolled, including 403 L-VL patients and 72 patients with very low (<20 IU/mL) viral loads (VL-VL). L-VL HCC patients were randomly divided into a training set (N = 282) and a validation set (N = 121) at a ratio of 7:3. Utilizing the Lasso-Cox regression analysis, we identified independent risk factors for constructing a nomogram. (3) Results: L-VL patients had significantly shorter RFS than VL-VL patients (38.2 m vs. 23.4 m, p = 0.024). The content of the nomogram included gender, BCLC stage, Glob, and MLR. The C-index (0.682 vs. 0.609); 1-, 3-, and 5-year AUCs (0.729, 0.784, and 0.783, vs. 0.631, 0.634, the 0.665); calibration curves; and decision curve analysis (DCA) curves of the training and validation cohorts proved the excellent predictive performance of the nomogram. There was a statistically significant difference in RFS between the low-, immediate-, and high-risk groups both in the training and validation cohorts (p < 0.001); (4) Conclusions: Patients with L-VL had a worse prognosis. The nomogram developed and validated in this study has the advantage of predicting patients with L-VL.

eEF1A2 promotes PTEN-GSK3ß-SCF complex-dependent degradation of Aurora kinase A and is inactivated in breast cancer.

The translation elongation factor eEF1A promotes protein synthesis. Its methylation by METTL13 increases its activity, supporting tumor growth. However, in some cancers, a high abundance of eEF1A isoforms is associated with a good prognosis. Here, we found that eEF1A2 exhibited oncogenic or tumor-suppressor functions depending on its interaction with METTL13 or the phosphatase PTEN, respectively. METTL13 and PTEN competed for interaction with eEF1A2 in the same structural domain. PTEN-bound eEF1A2 promoted the ubiquitination and degradation of the mitosis-promoting Aurora kinase A in the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. eEF1A2 bridged the interactions between the SKP1-CUL1-FBXW7 (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complex, the kinase GSK3ß, and Aurora-A, thereby facilitating the phosphorylation of Aurora-A in a degron site that was recognized by FBXW7. Genetic ablation of Eef1a2 or Pten in mice resulted in a greater abundance of Aurora-A and increased cell cycling in mammary tumors, which was corroborated in breast cancer tissues from patients. Reactivating this pathway using fimepinostat, which relieves inhibitory signaling directed at PTEN and increases FBXW7 expression, combined with inhibiting Aurora-A with alisertib, suppressed breast cancer cell proliferation in culture and tumor growth in vivo. The findings demonstrate a therapeutically exploitable, tumor-suppressive role for eEF1A2 in breast cancer.

The antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Armillaria gallica.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of Armillaria gallica polysaccharides. It explored whether Armillaria gallica polysaccharides (AgP) could prevent HepG2 cells from H2O2-induced oxidative damage. The results demonstrated that HepG2 cells were significantly protected by AgP, and efficiently suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HepG2 cells. Additionally, AgP significantly decreased the abnormal leakage of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) caused by H2O2, protecting cell membrane integrity. It was discovered that AgP was also found to regulate the activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), while reducing malondialdehyde (MDA), thus protecting cells from oxidative damage. According to the flow cytometry analysis and measurement of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activities, AgP could modulate apoptosis-related proteins and attenuate ROS-mediated cell apoptosis.

Tick salivary protein Cystatin: structure, anti-inflammation and molecular mechanism.

Ticks are blood-sucking ectoparasites that secrete immunomodulatory substances in saliva to hosts during engorging. Cystatins, a tick salivary protein and natural inhibitor of Cathepsins, are attracting growing interest globally because of the immunosuppressive activities and the feasibility as an antigen for developing anti-tick vaccines. This review outlines the classification and the structure of tick Cystatins, and focuses on the anti-inflammatory effects and molecular mechanisms. Tick Cystatins can be divided into four families based on structures and cystatin 1 and cystatin 2 are the most abundant. They are injected into hosts during blood feeding and effectively mitigate the host inflammatory response. Mechanically, tick Cystatins exert anti-inflammatory properties through the inhibition of TLR-NF-κb, JAK-STAT and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Further investigations are crucial to confirm the reduction of inflammation in other cell types like neutrophils and mast cells, and fully elucidate the underlying mechanism (like the structural mechanism) to make Cystatin a potential candidate for the development of novel anti-inflammation agents.

Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the first local monkeypox virus cluster in Guangdong Province, China.

The first local mpox outbreak in Guangdong Province, China occurred in June 2023. However, epidemiological data have failed to quickly identify the source and transmission of the outbreak. Here, phylogeny and molecular evolution of 10 monkeypox virus (MPXV) genome sequences from the Guangdong outbreak were characterized, revealing local silent transmissions that may have occurred in Guangdong whose mpox outbreaks suggested a molecular epidemiological correlation with Portugal and several regions of China during the same period. The lineage IIb C.1, which includes all 10 MPXV from Guangdong, shows consistent temporal continuity in both phylogenetic characteristics and unique molecular evolutionary mutation spectrum, reflected in the continuous increase of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and shared mutations over time. Compared with the Japan MPXV, the Guangdong MPXV showed higher genomic nucleotide differences and separated 14 shared mutations from the B.1 lineage, comprising 6 non-synonymous mutations in genes linked to host regulation, virus infection, and virus life cycle. The unique mutation spectrum with temporal continuity in IIb C.1, related to apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide-like 3, promotes rapid viral evolution and diversification. The findings contribute to understanding the ongoing mpox outbreak in China and offer insights for developing joint prevention and control strategies.

Polyphyllin VII induces CTC anoikis to inhibit lung cancer metastasis through EGFR pathway regulation.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cells that detach from the primary tumor and enter the bloodstream, playing a crucial role in the metastasis of lung cancer. Unfortunately, there is currently a lack of drugs specifically designed to target CTCs and prevent tumor metastasis. In this study, we present evidence that polyphyllin VII, a potent anticancer compound, effectively inhibits the metastasis of lung cancer by inducing a process called anoikis in CTCs. We observed that polyphyllin VII had significant cytotoxicity and inhibited colony formation, migration, and invasion in both our newly established cell line CTC-TJH-01 and a commercial lung cancer cell line H1975. Furthermore, we found that polyphyllin VII induced anoikis and downregulated the TrkB and EGFR-MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Moreover, activation of TrkB protein did not reverse the inhibitory effect of polyphyllin VII on CTCs, while upregulation of EGFR protein effectively reversed it. Furthermore, our immunodeficient mouse models recapitulated that polyphyllin VII inhibited lung metastasis, which was associated with downregulation of the EGFR protein, and reduced the number of CTCs disseminated into the lungs by inducing anoikis. Together, these results suggest that polyphyllin VII may be a promising compound for the treatment of lung cancer metastasis by targeting CTCs.

The association of central and extremity circumference with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality: a cohort study.

Background: Central obesity increases the risk of several diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer. However, the association between extremity obesity and mortality has not been extensively evaluated. The objective of this study was to investigate the quantitative effects of waist circumference (WC), arm circumference (AC), calf circumference (CC), and thigh circumference (TC) on all-cause mortality and CVD mortality. Methods: The study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) sample survey from 1999 to 2006. A total of 19,735 participants were included in the study. We divided the participants into four groups (Q1-Q4) and used Q1 as a reference to compare the risk of all-cause mortality and CVD mortality in Q2-Q4. COX proportional hazard regression model was used to analyze the relationship between WC, AC, CC and TC on all-cause and CVD mortality. In addition, we conducted a stratified analysis of gender. Results: After a mean follow-up of 11.8 years, we observed a total of 3,446 deaths, of which 591 were due to cardiovascular disease. The results showed that for both men and women, compared to the first group, the risk of all-cause mortality was significantly higher in the other three groups of WC and significantly lower in the other three groups of AC, CC, and TC. Similar results were observed after adjusting for confounding factors such as demographics. Conclusions: Our results show that all-cause and CVD mortality are positively associated with measures of central obesity and negatively associated with measures of extremity obesity, and that AC, CC, and TC can be used as potential tools to measure prognosis in the general population.

[Key Prediction Genes of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma:Screening Based on Systematic Bioinformatics and Validation by Cell Experiments].

Objective To screen out the potential prediction genes for nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC)from the gene microarray data of NPC samples and then verify the genes by cell experiments.Methods The NPC dataset was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus,and limma package was employed to screen out the differentially expressed genes.Weighted correlation network analysis package was used for weighted gene co-expression network analysis,and Venn diagram was drawn to find the common genes.The gene ontology annotation and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway enrichment were then performed for the common genes.The biomarkers for NPC were further explored by protein-protein interaction network,LASSO regression,and non-parametric tests.Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting were employed to determine the mRNA and protein levels of key predictors of NPC,so as to verify the screening results.Results There were 622 up-regulated genes and 351 down-regulated genes in the GSE12452 dataset.A total of 116 common genes were obtained by limma analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis.The common genes were mainly involved in the biological processes of cell proliferation and regulation and regulation of intercellular adhesion.They were mainly enriched in Rap1,Ras,and tumor necrosis factor signaling pathways.Six key genes were screened out,encoding angiopoietin-2(ANGPT2),dual oxidase 2(DUOX2),coagulation factor Ⅲ(F3),interleukin-15(IL-15),lipocalin-2,and retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor B(RORB).Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting showed that the NPC cells had up-regulated mRNA and protein levels of ANGPT2 and IL-15 and down-regulated mRNA and protein levels of DUOX2,F3,and RORB,which was consistent with the results predicted by bioinformatics.Conclusion ANGPT2,DUOX2,F3,IL-15 and RORB are potential predictive molecular markers and therapeutic targets for NPC,which may be involved in Rap1,Ras,tumor necrosis factor and other signaling pathways.

ß-Galactosidase-Activatable Fluorescent and Photoacoustic Imaging of Tumor Senescence.

ß-Galactosidase (ß-gal) is the gold standard marker of cellular senescence, which is linked with various age-related diseases. Therefore, it is essential to develop more excellent probes that can real-time monitor ß-gal activity in cellular senescence in vivo. Fluorescent/photoacoustic (FL/PA) dual-modal imaging possesses excellent sensitivity and spatial resolution. To our knowledge, there has been no tumor-targeted FL/PA probe to image cellular senescence by monitoring the activity of ß-gal in vivo. Therefore, we developed a tumor-targeted FL/PA probe (Gal-HCy-Biotin) for ß-gal-activatable imaging of tumor senescence. Gal-HCy without tumor-targeted biotin is used as a control probe. Gal-HCy-Biotin is superior to Gal-HCy due to the higher kinetic parameter of Gal-HCy-Biotin than Gal-HCy in vitro. Moreover, biotin could help Gal-HCy-Biotin enter and accumulate in tumor cells with higher FL/PA signal. In detail, Gal-HCy-Biotin or Gal-HCy could image senescent tumor cells with 4.6-fold or 3.5-fold FL enhancement and 4.1-fold or 3.3-fold PA enhancement. Gal-HCy-Biotin or Gal-HCy could image tumor senescence with 2.9-fold or 1.7-fold FL enhancement and 3.8-fold or 1.3-fold PA enhancement. We envision that Gal-HCy-Biotin will be applied for FL/PA imaging of tumor senescence in clinic.

Caspase-3-Responsive Fluorescent/Photoacoustic Imaging of Tumor Apoptosis.

Caspase-3 is an essential executor in apoptosis, and its activation has been regarded as a biomarker of cell apoptosis. The development of Caspase-3-responsive multimodal probes is a promising research prospect. Fluorescent/photoacoustic (FL/PA) imaging has attracted considerable attention due to the high sensitivity of FL as well as the high spatial resolution and penetration depth of PA. To our knowledge, there has been no tumor-targeted FL/PA probe to monitor the activity of Caspase-3 in vivo. Therefore, we developed a tumor-targeted FL/PA probe (Bio-DEVD-HCy) for Caspase-3-responsive imaging of tumor apoptosis. Ac-DEVD-HCy without tumor-targeted biotin is used as a control probe. In vitro experiments indicated that Bio-DEVD-HCy is superior to Ac-DEVD-HCy because of the higher kinetic parameter of Bio-DEVD-HCy in comparison to Ac-DEVD-HCy. Cell and tumor imaging results suggested that Bio-DEVD-HCy could enter and accumulate in tumor cells with higher FL/PA signal with the help of tumor-targeted biotin. In detail, Bio-DEVD-HCy or Ac-DEVD-HCy could image apoptotic tumor cells with 4.3-fold or 3.5-fold FL enhancement and 3.4-fold or 1.5-fold PA enhancement. Bio-DEVD-HCy or Ac-DEVD-HCy could image tumor apoptosis with 2.5-fold or 1.6-fold FL enhancement and 4.1-fold or 1.9-fold PA enhancement. We envision that Bio-DEVD-HCy will be applied for FL/PA imaging of tumor apoptosis in clinical settings.

Combining virtual screening with cis-/trans-cleavage enzymatic assays effectively reveals broad-spectrum inhibitors that target the main proteases of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV.

The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 is essential for viral replication, which suggests that the Mpro is a critical target in the development of small molecules to treat COVID-19. This study used an in-silico prediction approach to investigate the complex structure of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro in compounds from the United States National Cancer Institute (NCI) database, then validate potential inhibitory compounds against the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro in cis- and trans-cleavage proteolytic assays. Virtual screening of ∼280,000 compounds from the NCI database identified 10 compounds with highest site-moiety map scores. Compound NSC89640 (coded C1) showed marked inhibitory activity against the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro in cis-/trans-cleavage assays. C1 strongly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 Mpro enzymatic activity, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 2.69 µM and a selectivity index (SI) of >74.35. The C1 structure served as a template to identify structural analogs based on AtomPair fingerprints to refine and verify structure-function associations. Mpro-mediated cis-/trans-cleavage assays conducted with the structural analogs revealed that compound NSC89641 (coded D2) exhibited the highest inhibitory potency against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro enzymatic activity, with an IC50 of 3.05 µM and a SI of >65.57. Compounds C1 and D2 also displayed inhibitory activity against MERS-CoV-2 with an IC50 of <3.5 µM. Thus, C1 shows potential as an effective Mpro inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV. Our rigorous study framework efficiently identified lead compounds targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and MERS-CoV Mpro.

CMV infection is a risk factor for hemorrhagic cystitis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is a common complication after transplantation. The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence and risk factors for HC after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The records of patients who underwent allogenic HSCT from January 2012 to December 2018 at our institution were retrospectively reviewed. Cox proportional regression and Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed to determine independent risk factors for HC. The statistical analysis was performed in May 2020. A total of 173 patients underwent HSCT, and 53 (30.6%) developed grade 2 or 3 HC cystitis at a median of 37 days (range - 5 to 98 days) after transplantation. Thirty-two patients developed moderate (grade 2) cystitis and 21 severe (grade 3) cystitis. Of the 173 patients, 61 developed acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (median onset day 24) and 79 experienced cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation (median onset day 35). The relative risk (RR) of developing a CMV infection for patients with acute GVHD was 2.77 times that of patients without acute GVHD (P < 0.001). CMV infection was the only independent variable significantly associated with HC in both univariate and multivariate analyses. The estimated hazard ratio (HR) of CMV infection for the development of HC was 5.57 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.52 to 12.33, P < 0.001). CMV infection is an independent risk factor for the development of HC after HSCT, and acute GVHD is a risk factor for CMV reactivation. Decreasing the frequency of GVHD after HSCT may result in a lower frequency of HC.

Circvrk1 downregulation attenuates brain microvascular endothelial cell damage induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation through modulating the miR-150-5p/MLLT1 axis.

The pivotal regulatory role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in ischemic stroke (IS) has been expounded. The study aimed to probe the exact role and underlying mechanism of circVRK1 in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) injury. HBMECs challenged by OGD were used as in vitro models of IS. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to examine the levels of circVRK1, vaccinia-related kinase 1 (VRK1), miR-150-5p and MLLT1 mRNA. Cell viability, migration angiogenesis ability and death were evaluated by Cell counting kit-8 assay, transwell assay, wound-healing assay, tube formation assay and flow cytometry analysis. All the protein levels were monitored by western blot assay. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was conducted for examining cell oxidative stress. Dual-luciferase reporter assay, RIP assay and RNA pull-down assay were performed to verify the combination between miR-150-5p and circVRK1 or MLLT1. CircVRK1 was upregulated in OGD-treated HBMECs. CircVRK1 knockdown alleviated OGD-caused effects on HBMECs migration, angiogenesis, death, inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Furthermore, circVRK1 could sponge miR-150-5p, and miR-150-5p silencing also mitigated the impact of circVRK1 deficiency on OGD-evoked injury. Besides, MLLT1 acted as a molecular target of miR-150-5p, and the protective influence of miR-150-5p on OGD-induced cell damage was overturned by MLLT1 introduction. CircVRK1 knockdown weakened OGD-evoked injury in HBMECs through modulating miR-150-5p/MLLT1 pathway, and this might supply new insights and probable targets for IS treatment.

Changes in Retinal Sensitivity Associated With Cotoretigene Toliparvovec in X-Linked Retinitis Pigmentosa With RPGR Gene Variations.

Importance: X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) is a severe cause of early-onset RP in male individuals, characterized by degeneration of photoreceptors, an extinguished electroretinogram, and vision loss. Objective: To assess the duration of improvements in retinal sensitivity associated with a single, subretinal injection of cotoretigene toliparvovec (BIIB112/AAV8-RPGR) gene therapy after vitrectomy surgery in the dosed eye over 12 months in part 1 of the Clinical Trial of Retinal Gene Therapy for X-linked Retinitis Pigmentosa Using BIIB112 (XIRIUS) study, compared with untreated fellow eyes and eyes from the untreated subgroup from the Natural History of the Progression of X-Linked Retinitis Pigmentosa (XOLARIS) study. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a post hoc analysis of the XIRIUS and XOLARIS studies. Part 1 of the XIRIUS study was a phase 1, dose-escalation study of 18 male participants 18 years or older enrolled between March 8, 2017, and October 16, 2018, with genetically confirmed RPGR-variant XLRP with active disease and best-corrected visual acuity better than or equal to light perception (cohort 1), 34 to 73 letters (20/40 to 20/200 Snellen equivalent; cohorts 2-3), or greater than or equal to 34 letters (better than or equal to 20/200 Snellen equivalent; cohorts 4-6). Participants from the noninterventional, multicenter, global, prospective XOLARIS clinical study who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria of part 1 of XIRIUS were included as a comparator group (n = 103). Safety assessments included all XIRIUS participants; post hoc associations of retinal sensitivity assessments in XIRIUS only included the 12 participants receiving the 4 highest doses of cotoretigene toliparvovec. Data were analyzed on June 30, 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures: Incidence of dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), treatment-emergent adverse events, changes from baseline in retinal sensitivity (as assessed by macular integrity assessment microperimetry), retinal sensitivity response (achievement of ≥7-dB improvement from baseline at ≥5 of 16 central loci), and low-luminance visual acuity were assessed over 24 months. Results: A total of 18 participants (mean [SD] age, 31.9 [9.4] years; male, 100%) were enrolled and completed the XIRIUS study. A subgroup of 103 participants (mean [SD] age, 30.8 [11.4] years; male, 100%) from the XOLARIS study was included. Administration of the 4 highest doses of cotoretigene toliparvovec (n = 12) among the 18 XIRIUS participants was associated with early improvements in retinal sensitivity. One of 103 untreated participants (1%) in the XOLARIS subgroup achieved improved retinal sensitivity at month 12. No DLTs were noted at any dose, and serious adverse events of reduced visual acuity (n = 2) and noninfective retinitis (n = 1) occurred. Conclusions and Relevance: Results suggest that early and sustained improvements in retinal sensitivity and low-luminance visual acuity in some participants through 12 months support consideration of additional clinical trials. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: XIRIUS: NCT03116113; XOLARIS: NCT04926129.