Multi-Objective Optimization of The Low-Pressure Casting of Large-Size Aluminum Alloy Wheels through a Systematic Optimization Idea.

The process parameters in the low-pressure casting of large-size aluminum alloy wheels are systematically optimized in this work using numerical casting simulation, response surface methodology (RSM), and genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). A nonlinear input-output relationship was established based on the Box-Behnken experimental design (BBD) for the crucial casting parameters (pouring temperature, mold temperature, holding pressure, holding time), and response indicators (defect volume fraction, spokes large plane mean secondary dendrite spacing (SDAS)), and a mathematical model was developed by regression analysis. The Isight 2017 Design Gateway and NSGA-II algorithm were used to increase the population and look for the best overall solution for the casting parameters. The significance and predictive power of the model were assessed using ANOVA. Casting numerical simulation was used to confirm the best option. To accomplish systematic optimization in its low-pressure casting process, the mold cooling process parameters were adjusted following the local solidification rate. The results showed that the mathematical model was reliable. The optimal solutions were a pouring temperature of 703 °C, mold temperature of 409 °C, holding pressure of 1086 mb, and holding time of 249 s. The mold cooling process was further optimized, and the sequence solidification of the optimal solution was realized under the optimized cooling process. Finally, the wheel hub was manufactured on a trial basis. The X-ray detection, mechanical property analysis, and metallographic observation showed that the wheel hub had no X-ray defects and its mechanical properties were well strengthened. The effectiveness of the system optimization process scheme was verified.

Safety evaluation of human umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cells in type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment: A phase 2 clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Progressive pancreatic ß cell dysfunction is a fundamental aspect of the pathology underlying type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recently, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation has emerged as a new therapeutic method due to its ability to promote the regeneration of pancreatic ß cells. However, current studies have focused on its efficacy, and there are few clinical studies on its safety. AIM: To evaluate the safety of human umbilical cord (hUC)-MSC infusion in T2DM treatment. METHODS: An open-label and randomized phase 2 clinical trial was designed to evaluate the safety of hUC-MSC transplantation in T2DM in a Class A hospital. Ten patients in the placebo group received acellular saline intravenously once per week for 3 wk. Twenty-four patients in the hUC-MSC group received hUC-MSCs (1 × 106 cells/kg) intravenously once per week for 3 wk. Diabetic clinical symptoms and signs, laboratory findings, and imaging findings were evaluated weekly for the 1st mo and then at weeks 12 and 24 post-treatment. RESULTS: No serious adverse events were observed during the 24-wk follow-up. Four patients (16.7%) in the hUC-MSC group experienced transient fever, which occurred within 24 h after the second or third infusion; this did not occur in any patients in the placebo group. One patient from the hUC-MSC group experienced hypoglycemic attacks within 1 mo after transplantation. Significantly lower lymphocyte levels (weeks 2 and 3) and thrombin coagulation time (week 2) were observed in the hUC-MSC group compared to those in the placebo group (all P < 0.05). Significantly higher platelet levels (week 3), immunoglobulin levels (weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4), fibrinogen levels (weeks 2 and 3), D-dimer levels (weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, and 24), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios (weeks 2 and 3) were observed in the hUC-MSC group compared to those in the placebo group (all P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups for tumor markers (alpha-fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen, and carbohydrate antigen 199) or blood fat. No liver damage or other side effects were observed on chest X-ray. CONCLUSION: Our study suggested that hUC-MSC transplantation has good tolerance and high safety in the treatment of T2DM. It can improve human immunity and inhibit lymphocytes. Coagulation function should be monitored vigilantly for abnormalities.

Purinergic signaling in thyroid disease.

It is known that thyroid hormones play pivotal roles in a wide variety of pathological and physiological events. Thyroid diseases, mainly including hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and thyroid cancer, are highly prevalent worldwide health problems and frequently associated with severe clinical manifestations. However, etiology of hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and thyroid cancer is not fully understood. Purinergic signaling accounts for a complex network of receptors and extracellular enzymes responsible for the recognition and degradation of extracellular nucleotides and adenosine. It has been established that purinergic signaling modulates pathways in a wide range of physiopathological conditions including hypertension, diabetes, hepatic diseases, psychiatric and neurodegeneration, rheumatic immune diseases, and cancer. More recently, the purinergic system is found to exist in thyroid gland and play an important role in the pathophysiology of thyroid diseases. Therefore, throughout this review, we focus on elaborating the changes in purinergic receptors, extracellular enzymes, and extracellular nucleotides and adenosine in hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and thyroid cancer. Profound understanding of the relationship between the purinergic signaling with thyroid diseases provides a promising research area for insights into the molecular basis of thyroid diseases and also develops new and exciting insights into the treatment of thyroid diseases, especially thyroid cancer.

USP18 contributes to the proliferation and migration of ovarian cancer cells by regulating the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

Ubiquitin-specific peptidase (USP)18 is elevated in tumor tissues and is associated with tumor malignancy. USP18 functions as an oncogene in different cancers. However, the role of USP18 in ovarian cancer was poorly understood. TCGA database showed that USP18 was elevated in ovarian cancer tissues. Additionally, USP18 mRNA and protein expression was also up-regulated in tumor tissues. The functional assays were then designed via siRNA-mediated knockdown of USP18. The results showed that knockdown of USP18 reduced cell viability and ovarian cancer proliferation. Furthermore, cell apoptosis was promoted by USP18 silencing, and interference of USP18 suppressed cell migration and invasion. The expression of phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) and p-mTOR protein was decreased in ovarian cancer cells by USP18 knockdown. Inhibition of AKT attenuated the decrease in cell apoptosis induced by USP18 overexpression and increased cell viability and migration. In conclusion, USP18 promoted the proliferation and migration of ovarian cancer cells by activating AKT/mTOR signaling.

Different isoforms of growth hormone (20 kD-GH and 22 kD-GH) shows different biological activities in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC).

There are two main types of growth hormone (GH) in the circulatory system. One is 22 kD-GH, which is the predominant isoform in the circulating system, 90% GH is present as a 22 kD protein, and 10% of GH is present as a 20 kD protein. Amino acid sequences are identical between 20 kD-GH and 22 kD-GH protein, except that 20 kD-GH lacks 15 amino acid residues 32 to 46. Studies have shown that GH has many important biological effects on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, so far, the cellular characteristics of the two types of GH have not been studied in BM-MSCs. Furthermore, the biological activity of 20 kD-GH has not been explored in BM-MSCs. For this, in the current work, BM-MSCs were used as in vitro cell model. We have carried out the current research using a series of experimental techniques (such as Western-blot and indirect immunofluorescence). Firstly, we explored the cell behavior of two types of GH in the Bm-MSC model and found that they showed different biological characteristics; Secondly, we investigated the biological characteristics of 20 kD-GH and 22 kD-GH, and results showed that 22 kD-GH and 20 kD-GH exhibited different signaling profiles; Thirdly, we found that the 20 kD-GH and 22 kD-GH Gexhibited different regulatory effects on the osteogenic differentiation of BM-MSCs. The current research lays a solid foundation for further studies on the regulatory effects of GH on MSCs.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress promotes sorafenib resistance via miR-188-5p/hnRNPA2B1-mediated upregulation of PKM2 in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Emerging evidence has shown that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress promotes sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanism by which ER stress promotes sorafenib resistance in HCC. We found that pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2) was highly expressed in human HCC tissues and co-related with worse clinicopathologic features and overall survival. Activation of ER stress positively correlated with PKM2 expression both in HCC tissue samples and tunicamycin (TM)-induced HCC cell lines. PKM2 knockdown increased sorafenib-induced apoptosis and decreased the ability of colony formation, while upregulation of PKM2 reverses this phenomenon. Furthermore, high-throughput sequencing identified that activation of ER stress significantly downregulated the expression of miR-188-5p in HCC cells. According to bioinformatics analysis and dual-luciferase assays, we further confirmed that hnRNPA2B1 is the target gene of miR-188-5p. Downregulating the expression of hnRNPA2B1 with siRNA could decrease the expression of PKM2 and enhance sorafenib-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Our study demonstrated that ER stress could promote sorafenib resistance through upregulating PKM2 via miR-188-5p/hnRNPA2B1. Therefore, targeting the miR-188-5p/hnRNPA2B1/PKM2 pathway and ER stress may prove instrumental in overcoming sorafenib resistance in HCC treatment.

Effectiveness and safety of low-dose apatinib in advanced gastric cancer: A real-world study.

Apatinib has been demonstrated to be effective and safe among patients with gastric cancer failing after at least two lines chemotherapy. This study aimed to evaluate its effectiveness and safety of low-dose apatinib for the treatment of gastric cancer in real-world practice. We performed a prospective, multicenter observation study in a real-world setting. Patients with advanced gastric cancer more than 18 years old were eligible and received low-dose apatinib (500 mg or 250mg per day) therapy. The median progression-free survival (PFS), median overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and safety were assessed. Between September 2017 and April 2019, a total of 747 patients were enrolled. The mPFS was 5.56 months (95% CI 4.47-6.28), and mOS was 7.5 months (95% CI 6.74-8.88). Four patients achieved complete response, 47 achieved partial response, and 374 patients achieved stable disease. The ORR was 6.83% and DCR was 56.89%. In addition, multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that hand-foot syndrome was one independent predictor for PFS and OS. The most common adverse events (AEs) at any grade were hypertension (36.55%), proteinuria (10.26%), hand-foot syndrome (33.53%), fatigue (24.9%), anemia (57.35%), leukopenia (44.49%), thrombocytopenia (34.21%), and neutropenia (53.33%). Grade 3-4 AEs with incidences of 5% or greater were anemia (13.97%), thrombocytopenia (7.14%), and neutropenia (6.67%). No treatment-related death was observed during the treatment of apatinib. The prospective study suggested that low-dose apatinib was an effective regimen for the treatment of advanced gastric cancer with tolerable or controlled toxicity in real world. Trial registration: NCT03333967.

Survival value of primary tumour resection for stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer: A population-based study of 6466 patients.

INTRODUCTION: For stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, surgical resection of primary tumour was rarely recommended. OBJECTIVES: We conducted this population-based study to demonstrate the survival value of primary tumour resection (PTR) for stage IV (NSCLC). METHODS: The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database was searched for selecting stage IV NSCLC patients. The patients were matched according to age, gender, grade, primary tumour site, histopathological type, tumour size and regional lymph nodes metastasis by propensity score matching (PSM) analysis. Kaplan-Meier curves were presented to show the survival differences between resection group and non-resection group. Risk factors which were supposed to influence survival outcome were investigated using a Cox proportional hazard regression model. And a nomogram was performed to present prognostic factors for stage IV NSCLC patients. RESULTS: 6466 patients diagnosed from 2004 to 2015 were included in survival analyses after PSM. The median overall survival (OS) for overall patients with resection was 27 months, much longer than those without resection (8 months). And this trend remained in subgroup analyses, including different histopathological types and distant metastases (All P values < 0.001). Younger age, race other than white and black, female, grade 1/2 (G1/G2), PTR, chemotherapy, no other distant metastases, smaller tumour size and no regional lymph node metastases were favourable prognostic factors for stage IV NSCLC. A predictive nomogram was conducted based on above risk factors. CONCLUSION: PTR prolonged survival of stage IV NSCLC patients. And PTR should be considered in clinical practice for stage IV NSCLC.

Surgery on primary tumor shows survival benefit in selected stage IV colon cancer patients: A real-world study based on SEER database.

Objectives: Most patients with stage IV colon cancer did not have the opportunity for curative surgery, only selected patients could benefit from surgery. This study aimed to determine whether surgery on the primary tumor (SPT) should be performed in patients with stage IV colon cancer and how to select patients for SPT. Methods: This study included 48,933 patients with stage IV colon cancer who were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database between 1998 and 2015. Propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was adopted to balance baseline differences between SPT and non-surgery groups. Kaplan-Meier (K-M) curves were utilized to compare the overall survival (OS). Prognostic nomograms were generated to predict survival based on pre- and post-operative risk factors. Patients were divided into low, middle, and high mortality risk subsets for OS by X-tile analyses based on scores derived from above nomograms. Results: Patients with SPT had a significantly longer OS than those without surgery, regardless of the metastatic sites and diagnostic years. Nomograms, according to the pre- and post-operative risk factors, showed moderate discrimination (all C-indexes above 0.7). Based on X-tile analyses, low mortality risk subset (post-operative score ≤ 22.3, preoperative score ≤ 9.7) recommended for SPT, and high mortality risk was not. Conclusions: SPT led to prolonged survival in stage IV colon cancer. Our nomograms would help to select suitable patients for SPT.

Soft X-ray spectroscopy with transition-edge sensors at Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource beamline 10-1.

We present results obtained with a new soft X-ray spectrometer based on transition-edge sensors (TESs) composed of Mo/Cu bilayers coupled to bismuth absorbers. This spectrometer simultaneously provides excellent energy resolution, high detection efficiency, and broadband spectral coverage. The new spectrometer is optimized for incident X-ray energies below 2 keV. Each pixel serves as both a highly sensitive calorimeter and an X-ray absorber with near unity quantum efficiency. We have commissioned this 240-pixel TES spectrometer at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource beamline 10-1 (BL 10-1) and used it to probe the local electronic structure of sample materials with unprecedented sensitivity in the soft X-ray regime. As mounted, the TES spectrometer has a maximum detection solid angle of 2 × 10-3 sr. The energy resolution of all pixels combined is 1.5 eV full width at half maximum at 500 eV. We describe the performance of the TES spectrometer in terms of its energy resolution and count-rate capability and demonstrate its utility as a high throughput detector for synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy. Results from initial X-ray emission spectroscopy and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering experiments obtained with the spectrometer are presented.

Palliative resection or radiation of primary tumor prolonged survival for metastatic esophageal cancer.

PURPOSE: We aimed to explore the value of palliative resection or radiation of primary tumor for metastatic esophageal cancer (EC) patients. METHODS: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was used for identifying metastatic EC patients. The patients were divided into resection and nonresection groups. And patients without resection were divided into radiation and nonradiation groups. Propensity score matching (PSM) analyses were adopted to reduce the baseline differences between the groups. Cancer specific survivals (CSSs) and overall survivals (OSs) were compared by Kaplan-Meier (K-M) curves. Multivariable analyses by COX proportion hazards model were performed to identify risk factors for CSS and OS. Predictive nomograms were conducted according to both postoperative factors and preoperative factors. RESULTS: A total of 7982 metastatic EC patients were selected for our analyses. After PSM, 978 patients were included in the survival analyses comparing palliative resection and nonresection. The CSS and OS for patients underwent palliative resection were significantly longer than those without resection (median CSS: 21 months vs 7 months, P < .001; median OS: 20 months vs 7 months, P < .001). In the overall population without resection, 654 patients were matched for radiation and nonradiation groups. And K-M curves showed that patients with radiation had longer CSS and OS than those without radiation (median CSS: 11 months vs 6 months, P < .001; median OS: 10 months vs 6 months, P < .001). Nomograms were generated for prediction of 1-, 2-, and 3-year CSS and OS. All C-indexes implied moderate discrimination and accuracy. And all nomograms had good calibration. CONCLUSION: Palliative resection or radiation of primary tumor could prolong CSS and OS of metastatic EC patients.

Dichotomy of the photo-induced 2-dimensional electron gas on SrTiO3 surface terminations.

Oxide materials are important candidates for the next generation of electronics due to a wide array of desired properties, which they can exhibit alone or when combined with other materials. While SrTiO3 (STO) is often considered a prototypical oxide, it, too, hosts a wide array of unusual properties, including a 2-dimensional electron gas (2DEG), which can form at the surface when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. Using layer-by-layer growth of high-quality STO films, we show that the 2DEG only forms with the SrO termination and not with the TiO2 termination, contrary to expectation. This dichotomy of the observed angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) spectra is similarly seen in BaTiO3 (BTO), in which the 2DEG is only observed for BaO-terminated films. These results will allow for a deeper understanding and better control of the electronic structure of titanate films, substrates, and heterostructures.

Identification and interaction analysis of key miRNAs in medullary thyroid carcinoma by bioinformatics analysis.

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is an endocrine tumor and comprises 5­10% of all primary thyroid malignancies. However, the biomechanical contribution to the development and progression of MTC remains unclear. In this study, To discover the key microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) and their potential roles in the tumorigenesis of MTC, the microarray datasets GSE97070, GSE40807 and GSE27155 were analyzed. The datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) and genes (DEGs) were accessed by R. Targets of DEMs and predicted using starBase, and functional and pathway enrichment analyses were performed using Metascape. A protein­protein interaction (PPI) network and an analysis of modules were constructed using NetworkAnalyst. Finally, a network was constructed to show the regulatory association between transcription factors (TFs), DEMs and downstream genes. A total of 5 DEMs were found both in GSE97070 and GSE40807, including 3 upregulated DEMs and 2 downregulated DEMs. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses from Metascape revealed that the target genes of upregulated DEMs were significantly enriched in adherens junction, kinase and protein binding, while the target genes of downregulated DEMs were mainly involved in non­canonical Wnt signaling pathway and RNA transport. From the PPI network, 13 nodes were screened as hub genes. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the top 5 modules were mostly enriched in the neurotrophin signaling pathway, mRNA surveillance pathway and MAPK signaling pathway. In addition, the TF­DEMs­target gene and DEGs regulatory network revealed that 17 TFs regulated 2 miRNAs, including upregulated or downregulated DEMs, CREB1 regulated all upregulated DEMs, and TGFB1 was an activator of hsa­miR­199a­3p and a repressor of hsa­miR­429. Taken together, the present study identified several miRNAs and potential biological mechanisms involved in the tumorigenesis of MTC. This study identified the key DEMs and potential mechanisms underlying the development of MTC, and provided a series of biomarkers and targets for the management of MTC.

COX-2 induces apoptosis-resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cells via the HIF-1α/PKM2 pathway.

The pyruvate kinase M2 isoform (PKM2) is a key component of aerobic glycolysis and has been reported to regulate apoptosis. However, it is unclear whether PKM2 is involved in cyclooxygenase­2 (COX­2) induced apoptosis­resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. In the present study, it was observed that COX­2 and PKM2 were significantly elevated in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues compared with adjacent liver tissues (P<0.05). Furthermore, their expression was positively associated with worse clinicopathological characteristics, which indicates poor prognosis in patients with HCC. COX­2 knockdown significantly reduced the expression of PKM2 and hypoxia inducible factor­1α (HIF­1α) at the mRNA and protein levels in addition to inhibiting proliferation (P<0.05), whereas apoptosis was notably increased. Furthermore, HIF­1α and PKM2­knockdown increased cell apoptosis without inhibiting COX­2 expression. PKM2 inhibition did not have a marked effect on COX­2 and HIF­1α expression. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that HIF­1α/PKM2 pathway­associated metabolic changes may facilitate COX­2­induced apoptosis resistance in HCC cells.

High PKM2 expression is independently correlated with decreased overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal and malignant types of cancer that affects global human health. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme M2 (PKM2) expression on the clinical features and prognosis of HCC. The present study employed univariate logistic regression to investigate the correlation between PKM2 expression and clinical features. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to estimate the independent effect of PKM2 expression on survival status. The results revealed that patients in the high PKM2 group (≥11.25) exhibited significantly lower creatinine levels (P=0.043), higher fetoprotein levels (P<0.001), advanced stage (P<0.001) and higher grade (P=0.004) compared with patients with low PKM2 expression levels (<11.25). In addition, patients with high PKM2 expression exhibited poor prognosis compared with patients with low PKM2 expression. After correcting the covariates, PKM2 expression remains significantly associated with reduced overall survival (P<0.05). These findings suggested that PKM2 is an independent risk factor for HCC and provides valuable information for future studies on the pathogenesis of HCC and drug discovery.

[Clinical control of different sequential order of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for portal vein tumor thrombus in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of the sequence of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) on the efficacy and toxicity of treatment in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT). METHODS: A total of 65 patients who were diagnosed with primary HCC with PVTT were enrolled in the study from November 2008 to March 2012 and were randomly divided into the following two groups:group A,32 patients treated with 3DCRT followed by TACE; group B,33 patients treated with TACE followed by 3DCRT. RESULTS: The total efficacy rates of groups A and B were 68.8% and 69.7% (x² =0.232, P < 0.793). The survival rates,effective percentage of PVTT and AFP remission rates were not significantly different between group A and group B.The exacerbation rate of liver function was significantly higher for group B than for group A (P < 0.05). No serious complication was found in the follow-up period for either group. CONCLUSION: The combination of 3DCRT and TACE is a relatively effective local treatment for patients with primary HCC and PVTT.Compared with TACE followed by 3DCRT, 3DCRT followed by TACE may have a negative influence on liver function.

A comparison between three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy combined with interventional treatment and interventional treatment alone for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumour thrombosis.

INTRODUCTION: We investigated the therapeutic effects of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation (TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein tumour thrombosis (PVTT). METHODS: Sixty-three HCC patients with PVTT were divided into two groups. Group A (30 patients) was treated with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy followed by 2-3 series of TACE, while group B (33 patients) was only treated with TACE. RESULTS: The 1- and 2-year survival rates of group A were 62.40% and 20.81%, respectively, with a mean survival time of 13.0 months. The 1- and 2-year survival rates of group B were 56.49% and 18.83%, respectively, with a mean survival time of 9.0 months. There were significant differences between the two groups (log-rank chi-square value = 3.950, P = 0.047). CONCLUSION: Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy combined with TACE can significantly improve clinical outcomes in patients with HCC and PVTT compared with TACE alone.

[Castleman disease in head and neck: report of four cases with clinicopathologic analysis].

Castleman's disease(CD) is an uncommon special lymphoproliferative disorder. Four cases of CD in head and neck were reported, which clinical presentations were localized type, histopathological presentation were belong to hyaline vascular variant. The prognosis was good after surgical resection. The clinical symptom, cause, pathology, diagnosis, and trearment of CD were overviewed.

[Application of image processing technique in scoliosis detection].

Scoliosis, the abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, is an idiopathic disease often suffered by teenagers. Normally medical doctors use X-rays to measure the Cobb angle, and then assess the severity of scoliosis with it. In this paper, we point out the superiorities of image processing technique through analyzing the existing methods in the diagnosis of scoliosis. Two kinds of image processing technique are mainly introduced for scoliosis detection. The moiré stripe images show an asymmetric deformation pattern between the left-hand side and the right-hand side of human back, and these associate with Cobb angle to detect scoliosis. In order to check scoliosis through accurate three-dimensional surface features of human back, we in the second technique use different optical imaging methods to reconstruct the three-dimensional surface model of the patient's back, and extract the characteristics of the reconstructive human back to diagnose the disease. Both approaches tried to describe symmetry discrimination of human back and correlated it with the Cobb angles. Finally, we look forward to the future development in the application of image processing technique for scoliosis detection.

[Granulocytic sarcoma of oral cavity: report of two cases].

Granulocytic sarcoma of oral cavity is a kind of isolated tumor constructed by immature myeloid cells. Two cases of granulocytic sarcoma of oral cavity were analyzed. The literatures about granulocytic sarcoma were overviewed.