Large inferior retinectomies for proliferative vitreoretinopathy in silicone oil-filled eyes.

BACKGROUND: To describe the anatomical and functional outcomes and late complications in patients who developed inferior proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) in silicone oil-filled eyes and who required reoperation with large inferior retinectomy. METHODS: This is a single-center, retrospective, interventional case series analysis. The study involved 18 individuals with tractional retinal re-detachment due to PVR development inferiorly in eyes who had undergone prior pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil as a tamponade. All patients included in the study underwent secondary surgery with large inferior retinectomy (from 120° to 270°) and silicone oil filling. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 44.0 ± 31.5 (± SD) months (range: 4 to 96 months. The anatomical success, defined as the complete reattachment of the retina until the last follow-up, was observed in 88.9% of the cases. The postoperative visual acuity ranged from 20/100 to hand motion at 60 cm. Only two cases (11.1%) did not achieve anatomical success at the last follow-up due to recurrent PVR and retinal re-detachment (one including hypotony). All of the patients were pseudophakic. The PVR grade, as well as the presence of PVR prior to primary surgery, showed no statistical correlation with BCVA, the extent of retinectomies, and final macular status. There was a statistically significant correlation between "Final BCVA" and "Initial BCVA" (r = 0.654) and between "Final BCVA" and "Extent of Retinectomy" (r = 0.615). CONCLUSIONS: Reoperation in eyes filled with silicone oil may be required when PVR is developed. Secondary surgery in these cases with large inferior retinectomy and silicone oil implantation may reach good anatomical success with low rates of late complications, besides improving visual acuity. A better BCVA at the time of re-RD diagnosis and cases of retinectomies with greater extensions showed a positive correlation with better functional outcomes. Trial registration Research Ethics Committee of the Suel Abujamra Institute reviewed and approved this study protocol (approval number, 5.404.961).

Enlightening new underpinnings in hydration retinal folds.

PURPOSE: To describe and value a peculiar alteration typically found in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment raising news foundations of its role in the photoreceptors and visual prognosis. DESIGN: Case description and rationale formulation. SUBJECTS: An isolated case. INTERVENTION: We report a case of a 52-year-old male patient complaining of sudden visual acuity (VA) loss in the left eye. Fundoscopic findings revealed rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, macula off, and an isolated horseshoe tear in the infero-temporal periphery. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) evinced prominent hydration retinal folds. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Restructuring of the retinal layers, visual acuity and complaints. RESULTS: The patient underwent scleral buckling surgery with complete re-attachment of the retina and significant improvement of the hydration retinal folds. In addition, there was resolution of visual symptoms, with a final VA of 20/30. CONCLUSIONS: We speculate that the increase in arc length of the outer retina generates a centripetal force towards the fovea. Its association with the higher density of photoreceptors in this region, generates resistance in the water inflow, preventing swelling and cellular damage of the central photoreceptors.

Pain Perception of Patients Undergoing Laser Panretinal Photocoagulation: Comparison of Single-Spot Versus Multispot Techniques.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To compare pain intensity with single-spot versus multispot technique in laser panretinal photocoagulation, using a 532-nm, solid-state laser system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective, interventional, randomized, single-masked comparison trial. Patients received two types of intervention: conventional single-spot technique, with an exposure time of 150 ms, and multispot technique, done with an exposure time of 20 ms, Both techniques used power sufficient to produce visible gray-white burns, and spot size of 20 µm. Participants received both treatments in the same eye, each one in one hemiretina, and were randomized to receive first single- or multispot technique and to the initial site of treatment. We assessed pain intensity using a numerical pain scale immediately after completion of each treatment. RESULTS: A significantly lower pain scale was observed with the multispot when compared with the single-spot technique (coefficient [Coef]: -1.61; 95% CI, -2.49 to -0.74; P < .001), which was not affected by treatment order, the hemiretina treated, or treatment duration (P > .05). Among demographic characteristics, multiracial patients had a pain scale 1.25 greater than that of White patients (Coef: 1.25; 95% CI, 0.47 to 2.04; P = .002), but there is no effect of age or sex on the pain scale (P > .05). Regarding treatment duration, a shorter procedure was also observed in the multispot technique (Coef: -1.13; 95% CI, -1.43 to -0.82; P < .001), and it was not affected by order of treatment (P = .098), hemiretina (P = .327), pain (P = .141), or demographic data, such as age, sex, and race (P > .05). CONCLUSION: The use of the multispot technique, with a short pulse duration (20 ms), is significantly less painful and less time-consuming for patients with proliferative retinopathy compared with the conventional single-spot technique using an exposure time of 150 ms. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2022;53:40-45.].

Pachychoroid disease spectrum: review article.

PURPOSE: The aim of this article is to do a comprehensive literature review about the current understandings of the pachychoroid disease spectrum, describing its multimodal imaging analysis, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, and current types of management. METHODS: This comprehensive literature review was performed based on a search on the PubMed database, of relevant pachychoroid published papers according to our current knowledge. DISCUSSION: The pachychoroid disease spectrum, according to some authors, includes the following: pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy (PPE), central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV), polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV)/aneurysmal type 1 neovascularization (AT1), and more recently focal choroidal excavation (FCE) and peripapillary pachychoroid syndrome (PPS). Each one of these entities will be described and discussed in this article. CONCLUSION: Significant advances in multimodal imaging have enabled a better understanding of the typical choroidal changes in pachychoroid disease spectrum. The clinical knowledge and managing options about this disease significantly increased in the last years. However, it is still unclear why some eyes with typical pachychoroid disease phenotype show no evidence of RPE damage and subretinal fluid (uncomplicated pachychoroid) while others present progressive tissue damage, neovascularization, and atrophy.

Allelic variations in genes belonging to glutathione system increase proliferative retinopathy risk in type 1 diabetes individuals.

AIMS: Given the participation of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, we evaluated, in type 1 diabetes (T1D) individuals, the association between diabetic retinopathy (DR) and functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in regulatory regions of two genes belonging to the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) system: rs17883901 in GCLC and rs713041 in GPX4. METHODS: A cross-sectional case-control study included 288 individuals (61% women, 34[±11] years old, diabetes duration of 22[±9] years, mean [±SD]) sorted according to DR stages: absence of DR (ADR), non-proliferative DR (NPDR) and proliferative DR (PDR). SNPs were genotyped by real-time PCR using fluorescent labelled probes. Logistic regression models with adjustment for confounding covariates were employed. RESULTS: The presence of at least one T-allele of rs17883901 in GCLC was an independent risk factor for PDR (OR 4.13, 95% CI 1.38-13.66, p = 0.014) in a polytomous regression model (PDR versus ADR). The presence of at least one T-allele of rs713041 in GPX4 conferred protection against PDR (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.11-0.80, p = 0.017) in female T1D individuals. CONCLUSION: The functional SNPs rs17883901 and rs713041 modulate the risk for PDR in the studied population of T1D individuals, widening the spectrum of candidate genes for this complication.

Prophylaxis and treatment of cystoid macular edema after cataract surgery / Profilaxia e tratamento do edema macular cistoide após cirurgia de catarata

Macular cystoid edema is one of the major causes of decreased vision after cataract surgery. The inflammatory process appears to be the main causal factor of the edema. The major risk factors are: surgical complications, previous retinal diseases, diabetes, uveitis and use of prostaglandins drops. The diagnosis is clinically, but fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography are also important to detect swelling and assist in differential diagnosis. Although pre-operative prophylaxis do not have scientific evidence, it is recommended especially in cases with risk factors. The initial treatment includes a combination of both topic corticosteroid and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory. Chronic and refractory cases can be managed with alternatives treatment, such as intravitreal triamcinolone and anti-angiogenic. This article aims to discuss various aspects of pseudophakic macular cystoid edema.

O edema macular cistoide é uma das principais causas de baixa de visão após cirurgia de catarata. O processo inflamatório parece ser o principal fator causal do edema. São considerados fatores de risco complicações cirúrgicas, doenças retinianas prévias, diabetes, uveítes e uso de colírios de prostaglandinas. O diagnóstico é feito clinicamente, mas a angiografia fluoresceínica e a tomografia de coerência óptica também são ferramentas importantes para detectar o edema e auxiliar no diagnóstico diferencial. Apesar da profilaxia pré-operatória não ter evidência científica, ela é preconizada especialmente nos casos com fatores de risco. O tratamento inicial é realizado com associação de corticoide e anti-inflamatório não hormonais tópicos. Os casos crônicos e refratários têm diversas alternativas de tratamento, sendo o uso de triancinolona e antiangiogênicos intravítreos as mais utilizadas. Este artigo se propõe a discutir diversos aspectos do edema macular cistoide pseudofácico.

Single intravitreal bevacizumab injection effects on contrast sensitivity in macular edema from branch retinal vein occlusion.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of a single intravitreal bevacizumab injection on visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and optical coherence tomography-measured central macular thickness in eyes with macular edema from branch retinal vein occlusion. METHODS: Seventeen eyes of 17 patients with macular edema from unilateral branch retinal vein occlusion were treated with a single bevacizumab injection. Patients were submitted to a complete evaluation including best corrected visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and optical coherence tomography measurements before treatment and one and three months after injection. Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and optical coherence tomography measurements were compared to baseline values. RESULTS: Mean visual acuity measurement improved from 0.77 logMAR at baseline to 0.613 logMAR one month after injection (P=0.0001) but worsened to 0.75 logMAR after three months. Contrast sensitivity test demonstrated significant improvement at spatial frequencies of 3, 6, 12 and 18 cycles/degree one month after injection and at the spatial frequency of 12 cycles/degree three months after treatment. Mean ± standard deviation baseline central macular thickness (552 ± 150 µm) reduced significantly one month (322 ± 127 µm, P=0.0001) and three months (439 ± 179 µm, P=0.01) after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Bevacizumab injection improves visual acuity and contrast sensitivity and reduces central macular thickness one month after treatment. Visual acuity returns to baseline levels at the 3-month follow-up, but some beneficial effect of the treatment is still present at that time, as evidenced by optical coherence tomography-measured central macular thickness and contrast sensitivity measurements.

Single intravitreal bevacizumab injection effects on contrast sensitivity in macular edema from branch retinal vein occlusion / Efeito de uma única injeção intravítrea de bevacizumabe sobre a sensibilidade ao contraste no edema macular causado por oclusão de ramo venoso da retina

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of a single intravitreal bevacizumab injection on visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and optical coherence tomography-measured central macular thickness in eyes with macular edema from branch retinal vein occlusion. METHODS: Seventeen eyes of 17 patients with macular edema from unilateral branch retinal vein occlusion were treated with a single bevacizumab injection. Patients were submitted to a complete evaluation including best corrected visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and optical coherence tomography measurements before treatment and one and three months after injection. Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and optical coherence tomography measurements were compared to baseline values. RESULTS: Mean visual acuity measurement improved from 0.77 logMAR at baseline to 0.613 logMAR one month after injection (P=0.0001) but worsened to 0.75 logMAR after three months. Contrast sensitivity test demonstrated significant improvement at spatial frequencies of 3, 6, 12 and 18 cycles/degree one month after injection and at the spatial frequency of 12 cycles/degree three months after treatment. Mean ± standard deviation baseline central macular thickness (552 ± 150 µm) reduced significantly one month (322 ± 127 µm, P=0.0001) and three months (439 ± 179 µm, P=0.01) after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Bevacizumab injection improves visual acuity and contrast sensitivity and reduces central macular thickness one month after treatment. Visual acuity returns to baseline levels at the 3-month follow-up, but some beneficial effect of the treatment is still present at that time, as evidenced by optical coherence tomography-measured central macular thickness and contrast sensitivity measurements.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito de uma única injeção intravítrea de bevacizumabe na função visual, sensibilidade ao contraste, em olhos com edema macular causado por oclusão de ramo venoso retiniano. MÉTODOS: Dezessete olhos de 17 pacientes com edema macular unilateral causado por oclusão de ramo venoso retiniano foram tratados com uma única injeção intravítrea de bevacizumabe. Pacientes previamente foram submetidos a exame ocular completo, sensibilidade ao contraste, variável de maior interesse, melhor acuidade visual corrigida e tomografia de coerência óptica e foram reavaliados no 1º e 3º mês de seguimento. RESULTADOS: O teste de sensibilidade ao contraste demonstrou melhora significante nas frequências espaciais 3, 6, 12 e 18 ciclos/grau (c/g) no primeiro mês de seguimento e na frequência espacial 12 c/g após o 3º mês de tratamento. A média da acuidade visual melhorou de 0,77 no pré-tratamento para 0,61 logMAR no 1º mês de seguimento (P=0,0001), com piora ao final do 3º mês, 0,75 logMAR. A média da espessura foveal central (552 ± 150 µm) reduziu significantemente no 1º (322 ± 127 µm, P=0,0001) e 3º (439 ± 179 µm, P=0,01) mês de seguimento. CONCLUSÃO: No edema macular causado por oclusão de ramo venoso retiniano, uma única injeção intravítrea de bevacizumabe melhora a sensibilidade ao contraste, acuidade visual e reduz a espessura foveal central após 1 mês de tratamento. Após 3 meses de seguimento, ainda é possível observar benefício com o tratamento, como foi evidenciado pela sensibilidade ao contraste e a medida da espessura foveal central à tomografia de coerência óptica.

O oftalmologista e o paciente deprimido: situações frequentes e condutas / The ophthalmologist and the depressive patient: common situations and it's management

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram os de alertar o médico oftalmologista para os sintomas da doença depressiva e dos quadros oculares que podem se associar a ela, principalmente, de lembrar a import6ancia do encaminhamento de pacientes deprimidos portadores de cegueira ou com baixa visão para os centros de resdaptaçào. Nesses centros procura-se reabilitar o paciente em sua profissào anterior ou orientá-lo para uma nova atividade visando reintegrá-lo no convívio social. O trabalho revela ainda como a depressão interferena readaptação desses pacientes.

Ferimentos perfurantes oculares no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Säo Paulo. O que mudou nos últimos 27 anos / Ocular penetrating wounds in the Hospital das Clínicas of the University of Säo Paulo. The changes in the last 27 years

Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de 95 olhos de 92 pacientes com ferimento perfurante ocular admitidos na Clínica Oftalmológica do Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP entre maio de 1996 a março de 1997.77.2 por cento dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino, a faixa etária mais acometida foi de zero a 40 anos (85.9 por cento). O principal agente causador foi o acidente automobilístico(29.5 por cento), seguido pelos acidentes domésticos, pelos ferimentos causados pela violência e pelos acidentes de trabalho(22.1 por cento,22.1 por cento e 20 por cento respectivamente). Medidas preventivas parecem ter modificado pouco o perfil das causas desses ferimentos no nosso serviço nas últimas décadas, embora sua incidência total tenha diminuído nos últimos cinco anos.

Telangiectasias retinianas justafoveolares idiopáticas: padräo clínico e fundoscópico em 19 casos / Idiopathic juxtafoveal retinal telangiectasis: clinic and fundoscopic pattern in 19 cases

A telangiectasia justafoveolar idiopática (TJI) é uma vasculopatia retiniana da idade adulta, pode causar baixa acuidade visual e ser de difícil diagnóstico. Estudou-se os prontuários de 19 pacientes com TJI usando-se a classificaçäo de GASS & BLODI. Observou-se 8 pacientes no grupo 1 (42 p/c), 11 no grupo 2 (58 p/c) e nenhum no grupo 3. Todos os do grupo 1 apresentaram doença unilateral, com as telangiectasias facilmente visíveis, depósitos lipídicos e edema cistóide de mácula. A idade média foi de 55,8 anos, com cinco pacientes do sexo masculino (63 p/c) e três do feminino (37 p/c). Todos os do grupo 2 tinham doença bilateral com telangiectasias evidenciadas apenas à angiofluoresceinografia. A idade média foi de 54,5 anos, com dois

Artefatos acústicos em pseudofacia / Acoustic artifacts in pseudophakia

Os autores estudaram 37 olhos pseudofácicos (37 pacientes) submetidos ao exame de ultra-sonografia ocular devida a baixa acuidade visual associada a diminuiçäo de transparência dos meios. Foram descritos os principais artefatos acústicos criados pela passagem do som através da lente intra-ocular (LIO), bem como suas implicaçöes nos diagnósticos das patologias intra-oculares. O objetivo do trabalho foi alertar os erros mais comuns de interpretaçäo e desse modo, contribuir para a eliminaçäo dos mesmos. Os autores recomendam que os exames ultra-sonográficos dos olhos pseudofácicos sejam realizados evitando-se a transmissäo do som através da LIO

Crises glaucomatociclíticas: relato de seis casos / Glaucomatocyclitic crisis: six cases report

Esse trabalho apresenta seis pacientes portadores de crises glaucomatociclíticas. Cada paciente apresentou crises recorrentes e unilaterais de elevaçäo aguda da PIO associada a discreta ciclite. os sintomas em cada crise foram desproporcionalmente pequenos para os níveis pressóricos medidos e os sinais congestivos eram discretos. A duraçäo de cada crise variou de dois dias a três semanas e todos os episódios responderam a medicaçäo antiglaucomatosa e antiinflamatória. A despeito das múltiplas crises os pacientes näo desenvolveram defeitos de campo visual e a escavaçäo do disco óptico aumentou em apenas dois pacientes. Num destes foi documentada a associaçäo com glaucoma crônicodddddd simples. Uma particularidade observada foi a presença de dois alcoólatras na casuística sendo que um referia que suas crises eram desencadeadas por grandes ingestöes alcoólicas. Foi utilizada em alguns pacientes a profilaxia com indometacina ou tropicamida tópica, mas a efetividade dessas drogas em prevenir novas crises foi duvidosa.

Revisäo cirúrgica de bolhas filtrantes näo funcionantes: relatos de dois casos / Surgical revision of filtering bleds

Este trabalho descreve dois pacientes submetidos com sucesso `a revisäo cirúrgica da bolha conjuntival filtrante näo funcionante. Em ambos os casos as cirurgias filtrantes prévias mostraram-se ineficazes apesar de apresentarem abertura escleral prévia. A remoçäo de um cisto de Tenon num caso é a de tecido fibrótico subconjuntival no outro, evitou uma nova cirurgia filtrante em ambos os casos