Automated pressure-controlled cerebrospinal fluid drainage during open thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

OBJECTIVE: Perioperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage is a well-established technique for spinal cord protection during thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) open repair and is usually performed using dripping chamber-based systems. A new automated device for controlled and continuous CSF drainage, designed to maintain CSF pressure around the desired set values, thus avoiding unnecessary drainage, is currently available. The aim of our study was to determine whether the use of the new LiquoGuard automated device (Möller Medical GmbH, Fulda, Germany) during TAAA open repair was safe and effective in maintaining the desired CSF pressure values and whether the incidence of complications was reduced compared with a standard catheter connected to a dripping chamber. METHODS: Data of patients who underwent surgical TAAA open repair using perioperative CSF drainage at our institution between October 2012 and October 2014 were recorded. The difference in CSF pressure values between patients who underwent CSF drainage with a conventional dripping chamber-based system (manual group) and patients who underwent CSF drainage with the LiquoGuard (automated group) was measured at the beginning of the intervention (T1), 15 minutes after aortic cross-clamping (T2), just before unclamping (T3), at the end of surgery (T4), and 4 hours after the end of surgery (T5). The choice of the draining systems was randomly alternated with one-to-one rate until the last six patients consecutively treated with LiquoGuard were enrolled. Primary outcomes were occurrence of spinal cord ischemia, intracranial hemorrhage, postdural puncture headache, and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: The study included 152 patients who underwent open surgical TAAA repair during the study period: 73 patients underwent CSF drainage with the traditional system and 79 with LiquoGuard. The CSF pressure values at T1 and T5 were not considerably different in the two groups. By repeated-measures analysis of variance, a significant upward trend of perioperative CSF pressure was observed in the automated group at T2, T3, and T4 (group × time interaction = F3,66; P < .001). No difference was reported in the occurrence of spinal cord ischemia, intracranial hemorrhage, or mortality. The LiquoGuard group reported significantly reduced postdural puncture headache (3.3% vs 16.9%; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative use of LiquoGuard during TAAA open repair was safe and effective. Despite slightly higher intraoperative CSF pressures, the rate of spinal cord ischemia did not increase in the LiquoGuard group, and postdural puncture headache significantly decreased.

Examination of regional anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy.

OBJECTIVE: Carotid endarterectomy is the most effective treatment for reducing the risk of stroke in patients with significant carotid stenosis. Few studies have focused on the failure rate of regional anesthesia. METHODS: Data of all patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (June 2009 to December 2014) in a single center were collected. Combined deep and superficial cervical plexus block or superficial plexus block alone was used according to the attending anesthesiologist's choice and the patient's characteristics (eg, dual antiplatelet or anticoagulation therapy). Intraoperative remifentanil (0.025-0.05 µg/kg/min) was administered to maintain an adequate level of comfort, responsiveness, and cooperation. General anesthesia was planned only in the case of major contraindications or the patient's refusal of locoregional anesthesia. The primary end point of our study was the incidence of intraoperative conversion from locoregional to general anesthesia. RESULTS: A total of 2463 carotid endarterectomies were included in the analysis. Regional anesthesia was initially chosen in 2439 patients, whereas 24 patients received planned general anesthesia. In seven cases, regional anesthesia was converted to general anesthesia because of severe agitation of the patient (before clamping in four cases, after carotid clamping in two cases, and after declamping in one case). A shunt was used in 302 patients (12.3%) because of neurologic deterioration at the carotid clamping test. Intraoperative complications were emergent repeated surgical procedures in 13 cases (0.53%) because of acute neurologic deterioration, 1 intraoperative acute myocardial infarction (0.04%), and 3 cases (0.04%) of hemodynamically relevant supraventricular tachyarrhythmia. No intraoperative death occurred. In-hospital mortality was 0.12% (three patients). Major stroke occurred in 23 patients (0.93%); minor stroke occurred in 16 patients (0.65%). The combined stroke and death rate was 1.62% (40 patients). CONCLUSIONS: In our practice, carotid endarterectomy under regional anesthesia is safe and associated with a very low rate of conversion to general anesthesia.

A clinical evaluation of near-infrared cerebral oximetry in the awake patient to monitor cerebral perfusion during carotid endarterectomy.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between continuous noninvasive monitoring of cerebral saturation (regional cerebral oxygen saturation [rSo2]) and occurrence of clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) signs of cerebral ischemia during carotid cross-clamping. DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: Fifty ASA physical status II and III inpatients undergoing elective carotid endarterectomy with a cervical plexus block. INTERVENTIONS: rSo2 was continuously monitored throughout surgery, while an independent neurologist evaluated the occurrence of both clinical and EEG signs of cerebral ischemia induced during carotid cross-clamping. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: rSo2 was recorded 1 and 3 minutes after clamping the carotid artery during a 3-minute clamping test. In 5 patients (10%), the carotid clamping test was associated with the occurrence of clinical and EEG signs of cerebral ischemia. All these patients were treated with the placement of a Javid shunt, which completely resolved the symptoms. In no patient was permanent neurological injury reported at hospital discharge. In 4 of these patients, EEG signs of cerebral ischemia were present at both observation times, and in one of them, the duration of cerebral ischemia was less than 2 minutes. The percentage rSo2 reduction from baseline during the carotid clamping test was 17% +/- 4% in patients requiring shunt placement and only 8% +/- 6% in those who did not require it (P = .01). A decrease in rSo2 15% or greater during the carotid clamping test was associated with a 20-fold increase in the odd for developing severe cerebral ischemia (odds ratio, 20; 95% confidence interval, 6.7-59.2) (P = .001); however, this threshold had a 44% sensitivity and 82% specificity, with only 94% negative predictive value. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous rSo2 monitoring is a simple and noninvasive method that correlates with the development of clinical and EEG signs of cerebral ischemia during carotid cross-clamping; however, we could not identify an rSo2 threshold that can be used alone to predict the need for shunt placement because of the low sensitivity and specificity.

Surgical treatment of thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms: technical notes and the use of left heart bypass / Surgical treatment of thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms: technical notes and the use of left heart bypass

Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi ode analisar morbidade e mortalidade p6s-cirúrgicas em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de aneurisma da aorta torácica e aneurisma toracoabdominal no Departamento de Cirurgia Vascular do IRCCS San RatTaele, Milão.Métodos: O estudo incluiu 332 pacientes (256 homens e 76 mulheres) com idade média de 65 anos (variação de 34 a 82 anos) que foram submetidos a 333 operações para aneurismectomia de aneurisma da aorta torácica e aneurisma toracoabdominal entre janeiro de 1988 e outubro de 2002. A drenagem do líquido cefalorraquidiano foi utilizada em 212 casos (75 por cento dos aneurismas toracoabdominais, 53 por cento dos aneurismas da aorta torácica); 215 pacientes (110 aneurismas toracoabdominais e 105 aneurismas da aorta torácica) foram submetidos à cirurgia de bypass coronário esquerdo através do uso de bomba Biomedicus.Resultados: A taxa total de mortalidade aos 30 dias foi de 40/332 (12 por cento); um total de 32 mortes (10,5 por cento) foram registradas durante as cirurgias eletivas e oito (29,6 por cento) em pacientes submetidos a reparos emergenciais. As seguintes complicações p6s-cirúrgicas foram relatadas: paraplegia/paraparesia em 21 casos (6,3 por cento), insuficiência respiratoria com necessidade de entubação prolongada em 79 casos (24 por cento), complicações cardíacas (arritmia grave, enfarte do miocárdio) em 29 casos (9 por cento), insuficiência renal em 23 casos (7 por cento), hemorragia pos-cirúrgica com necessidade de revisão cirúrgica em 17 casos (5 por cento), infecção do enxerto em seis casos (1,8 por cento). Conclusões: As taxas de morbidade e mortalidade ocorridas apos a cirurgia de aneurisma toracoabdominal e aneurisma da aorta torácica ainda são altas. Contudo, de acordo com nossa experiência, o uso de suporte circulat6rio distal ativo, clampeamento seqüericial e drenagem de líquido cerebrorraquidiano faz com que resultados aceitáveis sejam alcançados e reduz complicações secundárias à isquemia visceral e isquemia da medula espinhal, sem a necessidade de tempo de clampeamento rápido...