A cost-utility analysis of laparoscopic vs open treatment of colorectal cancer in a public hospital of the Greek National Health System.

PURPOSE: Laparoscopic colectomy has been reported as a safe and oncologically similar operation to open colectomy. A number of expensive surgical instruments are necessary for the procedure which should be applied if it is cost-effective for the patient and the health system in general. The purpose of the current study was the economic evaluation of laparoscopic compared to open colectomy for the treatment of colon cancer in the Greek national health system. METHODS: Fifty patients undergoing open colectomy and 42 undergoing laparoscopic colectomy were enrolled in this case-control study. Length of hospital stay, duration of operation, complication rates, cost of equipment used, total costs and three questionnaires measuring quality of life /QoL (EQ-5D, SF-36 and QLQ-C30) at baseline, 1 and 3 months after the operation were recorded. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference in QoL measured by QALYs between laparoscopic and open colectomy was observed. On the other hand, cost utility analysis revealed that laparoscopic colectomy was more expensive considering the advantages it offers. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic colectomy is not superior to open colectomy on a QoL basis in the Greek public hospital system and is less cost-effective compared to the open procedure. Since the expensive equipment used in laparoscopic colectomy seems to be the causative factor for the high cost of this type of operation, an effort should be made to reduce it either by using reusable instruments or by implementing policies aiming at suppliers cutting down equipment charges.

pERK activation in esophageal carcinomas: clinicopathological associations.

MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway is considered a control regulator in various malignant tumors but its role in esophageal carcinomas remains elusive. In our study, we examined the possible prognostic significance of MAPK pathway in human esophageal cancer. We searched for mutations in exons 18-21 of EGFR gene, codons 12 and 13 of K-RAS gene and exon 15 of B-RAF gene by high resolution melting analysis (HRMA) and pyrosequencing in 44 esophageal carcinomas. Immunohistochemistry was performed in 29 cases in order to evaluate expression levels of pERK (extracellular-signal regulated kinase). In one laser microdissected squamous cell carcinoma, a somatic K-RAS mutation at codon 12 was detected, whereas none of the cases displayed mutations in EGFR and B-RAF genes. Elevated nuclear as well as cytoplasmic pERK expression (100% and 62% of cases respectively) was observed independently of EGFR and B-RAF mutational status. Increasing pERK nuclear and cytoplasmic expression as well as the intensity of nuclear staining was found to be significantly correlated with tumor grade in univariate and multivariate statistical analysis. Our findings depict the presence of activated ERK despite the low frequency of upstream alterations, implicating ERK activation in the acquisition of a more aggressive phenotype in esophageal cancer.

Analysis of PIK3CA and B-RAF gene mutations in human astrocytomas: association with activation of ERK and AKT.

OBJECTIVE: The analysis of the presence of PIK3CA and B-RAF gene mutations in relation to ERK and AKT activation in diffusely infiltrating astrocytomas, in order to determine their potential role in tumor aggressiveness. METHODS: Polymerase chain reaction-single strand confirmation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and sequencing analysis were used for PIK3CA and B-RAF gene mutation detection. pERK and pAKT expression were examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: PIK3CA mutations were found in 2 (3%) cases of glioblastomas whereas none of these cases displayed mutations in exon 15 of B-RAF gene. Neither low grade astrocytomas nor anaplastic astrocytomas revealed any mutations in these genes. Nuclear and cytoplasmic pERK immunoreactivity was displayed in 100% and 82% of cases, respectively. pERK nuclear expression was positively correlated with pERK cytoplasmic expression (p = 0.0067). Moreover, pERK nuclear expression increased in parallel with tumor grade (II, III v/s IV, p = 0.0262). Nuclear and cytoplasmic pAKT immunoreactivity was displayed in 97% and 100% of cases, respectively. Similarly, pAKT nuclear expression was positively correlated with pAKT cytoplasmic expression (p = 0.0074). pAKT cytoplasmic expression increased with increasing tumor grade (II,III v/s IV, p = 0.0930), although the latter relationship was of marginal significance. pAKT cytoplasmic expression was also positively correlated with pERK nuclear expression (p = 0.0156). CONCLUSIONS: Our study reports the low frequency of PIK3CA and B-RAF mutations in astrocytomas, despite the presence of activated ERK and AKT proteins. Moreover, the correlation of pERK nuclear and pAKT cytoplasmic expression with tumor grade suggests the possible crucial role of the activation of these proteins in human gliomagenesis.

Needle tract seeding after vacuum-assisted breast biopsy.

BACKGROUND: A matter of substantial concern regarding all needle biopsy techniques is seeding along the biopsy needle tract. PURPOSE: To assess cell seeding along the needle tract of vacuum-assisted breast biopsy (VABB). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 21 patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and 10 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) diagnosed by VABB for nonpalpable mammographic lesions. VABB (11G, on a Fischer table) was performed, and the duration of the procedure was measured. After surgery, the whole needle tract was embedded in paraffin blocks, stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and examined by a pathologist. RESULTS: Cases with dissemination of cancer cells in the needle tract were not observed (one-sided 97.5% CI 0-10.0%). In 2/31 (6.5%) cases (95% CI 0.8-21.4%), benign epithelial cell displacement was observed, and the duration of VABB was significantly longer in these two cases (52.5+/-3.5 min vs. 42.0+/-4.4 min for cases without benign cell displacement; P = 0.018, Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test for independent samples). CONCLUSION: No displacement of malignant cells within the 11G needle tract was documented. Benign cell displacement was associated with longer VABB duration. The phenomenon of tumor cell dissemination along the needle tract is of questionable clinical significance when the treatment guidelines are followed.

Use of fogarty catheter to limit hemorrhage and hematoma after vacuum-assisted breast biopsy.

A 42-year-old woman underwent vacuum-assisted breast biopsy (VABB, 11G) due to a nonpalpable, BI-RADS 4A lesion without microcalcifications. During the procedure, an extraordinarily large amount of blood was lost. In an attempt to stop the hemorrhage and limit the imminent hematoma, a thin intravascular Fogarty catheter was inserted adjacent to the VABB probe (through the same incision). The catheter was maintained in its position for 2 days. At clinical examination 9 days after VABB, no hematoma was present. The use of a Fogarty catheter seems capable of limiting any severe bleeding after VABB and may also possibly prevent subsequent hematoma formation.

c-FLIP expression in colorectal carcinomas: association with Fas/FasL expression and prognostic implications.

AIMS: Disruption of apoptotic cell death has been implicated in tumour aggressiveness in colonic carcinogenesis. The Fas-Fas ligand (FasL) system is involved in the execution of apoptosis induced by the immune system. c-FLIP protein constitutes an inhibitor of Fas and other (TRAIL) death receptor-mediated apoptosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the simultaneous expression of Fas, FasL and c-FLIP in relation to standard clinicopathological parameters and patients' outcome in colorectal cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS: Levels of Fas, FasL and c-FLIP protein expression were quantified immunohistochemically in paraffin-embedded tissues from 90 patients. Immunopositivity was detected for Fas, FasL and c-FLIP in 71%, 35.5% and 68.8% of cases, respectively. Concurrent expression of Fas/FasL was seen in 28 samples (31%), of which 24 (85.7%) also displayed c-FLIP positivity (P = 0.04). c-FLIP overexpression (> 10%) tended to prevail marginally in higher stage tumours (P = 0.09). Additionally, FasL and c-FLIP adversely affected survival on both univariate (P = 0.001 and P = 0.0024, respectively) and multivariate analysis [hazard ratio (HR) 3.491, P = 0.005 and HR 2.960, P = 0.036, respectively]. CONCLUSIONS: The frequent expression and coexpression of Fas, FasL and c-FLIP in colorectal carcinoma implicates c-FLIP as an inhibitor of the Fas-FasL-induced death pathway in these tumours. Moreover, c-FLIP conveys independent prognostic information in the presence of classical prognosticators.

Microsatellite instability in sporadic and inherited colon adenocarcinomas from Greek patients: correlation with several clinicopathological characteristics.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Microsatellite instability seems to play a significant role in colorectal carcinogenesis, as it is reported to occur in HNPCC patients as well as in a proportion of sporadic cases. The aim of this study was to examine the presence of microsatellite instability in relation to other commonly observed genetic abnormalities and clinicopathological characteristics of sporadic and inherited colorectal cancers. METHODOLOGY: One hundred and three sporadic colorectal adenocarcinomas and 9 adenocarcinomas from HNPCC patients were histologically evaluated. The presence of microsatellite instability was investigated at six loci. K-ras and p53 mutations, p53 LOH, hMLH1 expression and methylation status were examined as well. Statistical analysis was performed to define possible correlations of the observed genetic alterations with the clinicopathological characteristics of the analysed tumors. RESULTS: High-grade microsatellite instability was found in 14% of sporadic adenocarcinomas and in 78% of adenocarcinomas from HNPCC patients. K-ras and p53 mutations were found in 29% and 28% of sporadic adenocarcinomas respectively and in 0% and 22% of the 9 HNPCC cases. A statistically significant correlation was noticed in sporadic tumors between the presence of MSI-H and tumor location at the proximal colon, as well as with the female gender. CONCLUSIONS: Sporadic MSI+ colon adenocarcinomas seem to represent a distinct entity with a unique profile of genetic changes, different from those observed in HNPCC or MSI negative sporadic tumors.

Mononucleotide markers of microsatellite instability in carcinomas of the urinary bladder.

AIMS: To determine the presence of microsatellite instability (MSI) and to assess the expression of the human mismatch repair (MMR) gene products hMLH1 and hMSH2 in primary transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs) of the urinary bladder in relation to clinico-pathological parameters. METHODS: Seventy-two cases of primary TCC were screened for the presence of alterations in MSI markers by molecular techniques and evaluated immunohistochemically for the expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2 proteins. Clinical data were available in 70 cases. The percentage of MSI rose to 16.6%. RESULTS: Reduced (<20%) hMLH1 expression was closely related to the presence of MSI (p=0.0004). Neither MMR proteins nor MSI was associated with grade, stage, papillary status. Clinical outcome analysed as a function of MSI did not show significant differences in terms of both disease-free and overall survival. Reduced hMLH1 expression was a significant predictor of shorter disease-free survival in univariate and multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of MSI is not related to classical clinico-pathological parameters in TCCs, nor does it appear to be of prognostic significance. hMLH1 was an important indicator for recurrence.

Genetic alterations involved in the development of gallbladder carcinomas from Greek patients.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The genetic pathways of gallbladder cancer are not yet well defined since the contribution of genetic abnormalities clarified in other organs remains questionable. METHODOLOGY: We investigated a group of 22 gallbladder carcinomas from Greek patients with regard to p53 mutations, bax and TGF-beta RII alterations--as indicators of microsatellite instability. The findings were correlated to the presence of ras mutations, patients' clinicopathologic features and survival. PCR-SSCP analysis was performed for the detection of p53 mutations in conserved domains IV and V. RESULTS: In five tumors p53 mutations were detected; none of them was ras mutated. Although these tumors were characterized by flat morphology, low histologic grade and rather advanced stage, no statistical correlation could be determined. No indications of microsatellite instability were found. CONCLUSIONS: Ras and p53 genes do not appear to cooperate during gallbladder cancer, at least as far as the flat type of cancer is concerned. p53 alterations are likely to take part in the de novo pathway of gallbladder carcinogenesis.