Assessment of the pre-emptive effect of photobiomodulation in the postoperative period of impacted lower third molar extractions: A randomized, controlled, double-blind study protocol.

Photobiomodulation is a safe option for controlling pain, edema, and trismus when applied postoperatively in third molar surgery. However, administration prior to surgery has been under-explored. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of pre-emptive photobiomodulation in reducing postoperative edema in impacted lower third molar extractions. Two groups of healthy individuals undergoing tooth extraction will be randomly assigned: Control group receiving pre-emptive corticosteroid and simulated photobiomodulation, and Photobiomodulation Group receiving intraoral low-intensity laser and extraoral LED cluster application. The primary outcome will be postoperative edema after 48 h. The secondary outcomes will be pain, trismus dysphagia, and analgesic intake (paracetamol). These outcomes will be assessed at baseline as well as two and seven days after surgery. Adverse effects will be recorded. Data will be presented as means ± SD and a p-value < 0.05 will be indicative of statistical significance.

UV-C light as an alternative for disinfecting orthodontic pliers / Luz UV-C como alternativa para desinfecção de alicates ortodônticos

Objetivo: Os ortodontistas usam alicates ortodônticos continuamente, e essas ferramentas têm um forte potencial para infecções nosocomiais. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar a eficiência de três métodos de desinfecção de alicates ortodônticos. Material e Métodos: As pontas ativas de 26 alicates ortodônticos (cortadores distais e alicates Weingart) foram contaminadas com microrganismos, vírus e esporos S. aureus, E. coli e C. albicans. Os métodos de controle microbiano foram desinfecção com álcool 70%, esterilização com esferas de vidro (250 °C calor seco) e irradiação com luz ultravioleta (250 nm UV-C) por 30 e 60 segundos. O número de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC) e unidades formadoras de placas (UFP) foi quantificado e comparado para cada microrganismo após incubação em placas de cultura. Resultados: Todas as pontas do alicate dos grupos que receberam luz ultravioleta ou foram submetidos à esterilização com esferas de vidro apresentaram número significativamente menor de esporos, bactérias e fungos do que suas respectivas amostras controle (p<0,001). A desinfecção física com luz UV-C pode representar uma alternativa confiável em comparação com outros métodos químicos e físicos devido ao aumento de microrganismos resistentes a produtos químicos e à emissão de subprodutos nocivos após o tratamento químico. Conclusão: Os métodos de controle microbiano testados foram eficazes na desinfecção de alicates ortodônticos, tornando a luz ultravioleta-C uma alternativa promissora para eliminar os microrganismos dos alicates (AU)

Objective: Orthodontists use orthodontic pliers continuously, and these tools have a strong potential for nosocomial infections. This study aimed to compare the efficiency of three methods for disinfecting orthodontic pliers. Material and Methods: The active tips of 26 orthodontic pliers (distal end cutters and Weingart pliers) were contaminated with S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans microorganisms, viruses, and spores. The microbial control methods were 70% alcohol disinfection, glass bead sterilization (250 °C dry heat), and ultraviolet light irradiation (250 nm UV-C) for 30 and 60 seconds. The number of colony-forming units (CFU) and plaque-forming units (PFU) was quantified and compared for each microorganism after incubation in culture plates. Results: All tips of the pliers in the groups that received ultraviolet light or were subjected to glass bead sterilization showed a significantly lower number of spores, bacteria, and fungi than their respective control samples (p<0.001). Physical disinfection with UV-C light may represent a reliable alternative compared to other chemical and physical methods due to the increase in microorganisms resistant to chemical products and the emission of harmful by-products after chemical treatment. Conclusion: The tested microbial control methods were effective in the disinfection of orthodontic pliers, making ultraviolet-C light a promising alternative to eliminate microorganisms from pliers (AU)

Comparison of the Effects of High-Power Diode Laser and Electrocautery for Lingual Frenectomy in Infants: A Blinded Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the release of the lingual frenulum through frenectomy in newborns zero to 90 days of age who breastfed and had diagnosis of ankyloglossia with an indication for surgery, comparing two methods: electrocautery and a high-power diode laser. Fifty-seven patients were randomly allocated to two groups (23 submitted to electrocautery and 34 submitted to a high power diode laser). Tongue movements were evaluated based on a clinical assessment and using the Bristol Tongue Assessment Tool (BTAT) before and 15 days after the surgical procedures. The visual analog scale was administered to the mothers on the same occasions for the measurement of pain during breastfeeding. Both groups had an increased BTAT score (favorable outcome) at the post-surgical evaluation, but the anterior third of the tongue was not always free to enable the movements necessary for lingual functions. It is fundamental for surgeons to have skill and in-depth knowledge of the equipment used to avoid accidents and complications in the region of important structures. Both techniques employed in this study were safe and effective, causing little bleeding and few postoperative complications. The group submitted to a high-power diode laser exhibited less post-surgical bleeding compared to the group submitted to electrocautery and no inflammation at the edges of the surgical cut.

Photobiomodulation Effectiveness in Treating Androgenetic Alopecia.

Background: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a genetically determined condition, which leads to progressive hair loss (HL) of the vertex, affects hair follicles, and promotes partial or total HL. It may be related to important psychological and social distress. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) in patients with AGA. Methods: Twenty-five men 20-54 years of age participated in this study. The irradiations were punctual, in contact mode, with 1 cm between each point covering the entire affected area. A red low-level laser (λ = 660 nm) (Recover®, MMOptics, São Carlos, Brazil) was used with 100 mW, 30 sec, and 3 J per point, twice a week on alternate days for 10 weeks. Evaluations were made by photographic records from the same area before any intervention (T1), after 5 weeks (T2), after 10 weeks (T3). Two blinded evaluators using the ImageJ® software assessed the hair density. Results: The hair density evaluation showed a significant increase in hair count between T1 and T2 (p = 0.0004) and between T1 and T3 (p = 0.0285), however between T2 and T3 no statistical difference was found (p > 0.05). Conclusions: PBM provides a stimulus for hair density in 5 weeks. After this period, we observed that after five extra sessions, it does not increase hair density in the treated region. This study showed that the PBM is effective and promoted safe results with a reduced number of sessions for the AGA treatment.

Evaluation of the effects of high-level laser and electrocautery in lingual frenectomy surgeries in infants: protocol for a blinded randomised controlled clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Ankyloglossia (tongue-tie) is an anomaly characterised by an abnormally short, thick or small lingual frenulum that restricts tongue movements. This condition is considered one of the factors that can interfere with breast feeding by diminishing the ability of the newborn to latch adequately. According to the Brazilian Health Ministry, the prevalence of this anomaly among newborns is 3%-16%. Frenectomy is the most suitable surgical procedure for the treatment of ankyloglossia. The aim of this study is to compare the performance of electrocautery and high-power diode laser as forms of frenectomy. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The proposed study will be a randomised, controlled, blind clinical trial involving the participation of healthy infants 0-3 months of age with breastfeeding difficulty and a diagnosis of tongue-tie with an indication for lingual frenectomy. The guardians will receive clarifications regarding the procedures and will authorise the participation of the infants by signing a statement of informed consent. A non-blinded researcher will perform the screening and procedures and a blinded researcher will perform the postoperative evaluations. Fifty-six infants will be randomly allocated into two groups (n=28): the electrocautery group or the high-power laser group. The preparation of the patients, asepsis and infection control procedures will rigorously follow biosafety norms. For both groups, patient histories will be taken, clinical evaluations will be performed and a standardised photograph of the lingual frenulum will be taken before surgery. The Bristol Tongue Assessment Tool will be used. We will evaluate pain in the mother during breast feeding before, immediately after, and 15 days after surgery. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This protocol was submitted to the Research Ethics Committee of Nove de Julho University, having been given a favourable opinion (Number: 4387769). Results will be submitted to international peer-reviewed journals and presented at international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04487418.

Effect of Blue Light on Acne Vulgaris: A Systematic Review.

Acne is a dermatosis that affects almost 90% of the adolescent population worldwide and its treatment is performed with retinoids, antimicrobials, acids, and topical or systemic antibiotics. Side effects such as skin irritation in addition to microbial resistance to antibiotics are the main side effects found. Phototherapy with blue light is being used as an alternative treatment. Our objective was to analyze the use of blue light to treat inflammatory acne. We conducted a systematic literature review, following the recommendation PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses), including in the sample randomized clinical trial studies that compared blue light with another intervention as control. The research was carried out in the PUBMED and WEB of SCIENCE databases and the methodological quality of the studies evaluated were made by the Cochrane Collaboration Bias Risk Scale. After the exclusion of duplicates, the titles and abstracts of 81 articles were evaluated, and 50 articles were selected for full reading, including in the review at the end 8 articles. Studies have shown significant improvements in the overall picture of acne. It is concluded that despite the great potential in its use in the treatment of acne, there is a need for more detailed trials on the effect of blue light on the treatment of inflammatory acne.

Analysis of laser therapy effects in Sporothrix schenckii inactivation in vivo

Abstract Introduction Sporotrichosis is a common disease in tropical regions, caused by the fungus Sporothrix schenckii, affecting mainly rural workers and in direct contact with animals. Although treatment by indiscriminate use of oral antifungal drugs gives rise resistant isolates, leading to therapeutic failures and no remission of the disease. To evaluate the effectiveness of red low-power laser photobiomodulation in inactivation of S. schenckii infection induced in rodents. Methods Subcutaneously inoculation (2x103 S. schenckii/ml, 0.2 ml suspension) in the left footpad, in 27 mice divided into: control (n = 6, inoculated, without irradiation): early stage (not inoculated) = 1th biopsy; intermediate (9 weeks of evolution) = 2nd biopsy; final (21 weeks of evolution) = 3th biopsy. Treated (n = 21, inoculated and irradiated): early (13 weeks of evolution, 4 weeks after first irradiation) = 4th biopsy, intermediate (17 weeks of evolution, 8 weeks after first irradiation) = 5th biopsy, final (21 weeks of evolution, 12 weeks after first irradiation) = 6th biopsy. Serial irradiation with biopsies occurred every 30 days during each month, for three months. At the end of testing, the mice were euthanized, and histological analyzes of biopsies were performed. Results Each laser treatment session showed an inactivation of S. schenckii in treated animals compared to controls, with a regression of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, chronic inflammation, neutrophils, granulomas, giant mononuclear cells and steroid corpuscles. Conclusion The laser photobiomodulation was effective on S. schenckii inactivation, appearing to be an interesting therapeutic option in infections caused by this organism.

Use of photodynamic inactivation for in vitro reduction of prevalent bacteria in Fournier's Gangrene

ABSTRACT Fournier's Gangrene (FG) is an infectious disease caused by several synergic microbes, with high morbidity and mortality rates; therefore, the search for new less invasive and mutilating treatments, with faster recovery, has been proposed. Surgical intervention, the use of several systemic and topic antibiotics, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy are currently the best approach for the treatment of these patients. The use of Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) aims to lower morbidity and mortality, by reducing bacterial microbiota and speeding wound healing. In the present study, viable bacteria were separated in four groups: Group L-/F- (no irradiation with red laser and absence of methylene blue photosensitizer), Group L-/F+ (no irradiation with red laser and presence of methylene blue), Group L+/F- (irradiation with red laser and absence of methylene blue) and L+/F+ (irradiation with red laser associated to methylene blue). In all groups, exposure time to treatment was 5, 10 and 15 minutes. The concentration of methylene blue photosensitizer was 0.1mg/L, and the dose of red laser (660nm wave length) was 176.9mW/cm2. Following irradiation, the reduction of number of bacteria was evaluated, and the results were expressed in colony forming units (CFU) and as exponential reduction. As the main results, in the L+/F+ group, there were no Clostridium perfringens and Staphylococcus aureus CFUs and there was a reduction of Escherichia coli that was not observed in the other groups.

A Study on the Macroscopic Morphometry of the Lesion Area on Diabetic Ulcers in Humans Treated with Photodynamic Therapy Using Two Methods of Measurement.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease that can lead to lower-limb ulceration. The photodynamic therapy (PDT) is based on light interaction with a photosensitizer capable to promote bacterial death and acceleration of wound healing. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to accomplish a macroscopic morphometry evaluation on diabetic ulcer area in humans that were under PDT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A clinical study was conducted by convenience sample, experimental, controlled, and blinded, composed of 12 patients of both sexes with diabetic ulcers in lower limbs that were divided into two groups, control (n = 6) and PDT (n = 6). They were all treated with collagenase/chloramphenicol during the experimental period, in which six of them had received PDT with Methylene Blue dye (0.01%) associated with laser therapy (660 nm, 30 mW, 8 sec, 6 J/cm2, beam area of 0.04 mm2), three times per week, totaling 10 sessions. Ulcer areas were analyzed by their nominal area and photographed for analysis through the ImageJ® software. Then, the Ulcer Healing Index and the wound area reduction were calculated for both groups. RESULTS: Data from the UHI and wound area reduction parameters show that there is a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between the control group and PDT group, with the PDT group showing a greater reduction of the diabetic ulcer area than the control group. In the ImageJ software area analysis, both patient groups presented significant differences (p < 0.05) between pre and post-treatment in relation to lesion reduction area, the PDT being better. CONCLUSIONS: Results show that PDT accelerates the closure of ulcer wounds and to evaluate the wound area, different measurement methods can be used to follow-up the tissue repair process.

Doença renal crônica: fronteiras e desafios familiares / Chronic kidney disease: limits and family challenges / Enfermedad renal crónica: fronteras y desafíos familiares

Esta pesquisa apresenta um estudo de caso desenvolvido pelo serviço de psicologia de um Instituto de Hemodiálise e objetiva realizar avaliação psicológica e acolhimento da família de uma adolescente (14 anos) com doença renal crônica, em tratamento hemodialítico. A adolescente apresenta queixas frequentes de dor difusa, baixo rendimento escolar e carência afetiva durante sessões dialíticas. Instrumentos: Entrevistas semidirigidas com a família e a adolescente, observação da hora lúdica, Escala de Stress para Adolescentes, técnica projetiva House-Tree-Penson (H-T-P), orientação familiar, visita domiciliar e discussão com a equipe multiprofissional. Pôde-se concluir que o tratamento hemodialítico causa alterações significativas na vida de adolescentes, relacionadas a aspectos psicossociais, físicos e emocionais. Promover saúde do doente renal crônico em desenvolvimento requer acolhimento da família, da equipe multiprofissional e da escola. Neste estudo, constatou-se negligência familiar e expuseram-se as novas configurações da parentalidade. Apontou-se a necessária implementação de políticas públicas de saúde aos doentes crônicos e educação especial, com atividades domiciliares para atender satisfatoriamente aos indivíduos que usam serviços de alta especialidade, promovendo sua inserção social e diminuindo a fragmentação no seu desenvolvimento.

This study assesses the psychological well-being from a 14 years old teenager suffering from a chronic kidney disease. He depends on dialysis and presents frequent complaints of diffuse pain, low school performance, and affective shortcomings during hemodialysis. The research was done at a psychology department of a Hemodialysis Institute. The study aimed to evaluate the adolescent's psychological condition and the reception of her family. They were used as instruments: a semi-directed interview with the family and the adolescent, observation of play time, Stress Scale for Adolescents, House-Tree-Person projective technique (H-T-P), home visit, discussion with the clinical team and family orientation. Results showed that the hemodialysis treatment brought significant changes to the adolescent, concerning psychosocial, physical and emotional aspects. They also showed family negligence, need of reviewing the parental configurations and public health policies' regarding chronic kidney disease patients, together with special education including home activities. We can conclude chronic kidney disease patients need high-quality health service and special attention, so they can achieve social acceptance and reduce problems in their development. May be reduced chronic kidney disease teenagers' health requires reception by family, school and professional team who can provide these cares.

Esta investigación presenta un estudio de caso clínico desarrollado por el servicio de psicología de un Instituto de Hemodiálisis y objetiva realizar evaluación psicológica y acogida de la familia de una adolescente (14 años) con enfermedad renal crónica en tratamiento hemodialítico. La adolescente presenta quejas frecuentes de dolor difusa, bajo rendimiento escolar y carencia afectiva durante las sesiones dialíticas. Instrumentos: Entrevistas semi-dirigidas con la familia y la adolescente, observación de la hora lúdica, Escala de síntomas de estrés para adolescentes, técnica proyectiva House-Tree-Penson (H-T-P), orientación familiar, visita domiciliar y discusión clínica con el equipo multiprofesional. Se puede concluir que el tratamiento hemodialítico causa cambios significativos en la vida de adolescentes, relacionados con aspectos psicosociales, físicos y emocionales. La promoción de la salud del paciente renal crónico en desarrollo requiere acogida de la familia, del equipo multiprofesional y de la escuela. En este estudio, se constató negligencia familiar y se colocaron en pantalla las nuevas configuraciones de la parentalidad. Se señala la necesaria implementación de políticas públicas de salud a los enfermos crónicos y educación especial, con actividades domiciliares para atender satisfactoriamente a los individuos que usan servicios de alta especialidad, promoviendo su inserción social y disminuyendo la fragmentación en su desarrollo.

In vitro reduction of pathogenic sporothrix schenckii fungus by photodynamic therapy / Terapia fotodinâmica na redução in vitro do fungo patogênico sporothrix schenckii

Sporotrichosis is a disease that affects the lymph vessels, skin and some internal organs. Most cases are presented as asubacute chronic mycosis caused by the Sporothrix schenckii fungus; fairly common in tropical regions. The aim of thisstudy was to evaluate the susceptibility of Sporothrix schenckii yeast cells to the effects of photodynamic inactivation.For this, the viable cells were separated into four groups: irradiated with photosensitizer group (L+F+); irradiated withoutphotosensitizer group (L+F-), without irradiation and with photosensitizer group (L-F+); and without irradiation andwithout photosensitizer group (L-F-). The methylene blue photosensitizer concentration used was 0.1 mg/mL, and theAluminum Gallium Arsenide laser dose was 26.3 J/cm2. Then, counting of colony forming units (CFUs) was performedin each group. The main result was that the irradiated group with photosensitizer (L+F+) was the one that showed nogrowth of CFUs. Thus, it was concluded that Sporothrix schenckii can be inactivated by use of photodynamic therapy

A esporotricose é uma doença que afeta os vasos linfáticos, pele e alguns órgãos internos. A maioria dos casos seapresenta como uma micose subaguda à crônica, provocada por fungos do complexo Sporothrix schenckii, bastantecomuns em regiões tropicais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a suscetibilidade aos efeitos da inativação fotodinâmicaem células leveduriformes de fungos do complexo Sporothrix schenckii. Para tal, as células viáveis foram separadas emquatro grupos, sendo estes: grupo irradiado com fotossensibilizador (L+F+); grupo irradiado sem fotossensilizador (L+F-),grupo não irradiado com fotossensibilizador (L-F+); e grupo não irradiado sem fotossensibilizador (L-F-). A concentraçãodo fotossensibilizador azul de metileno utilizada foi de 0,1 mg/mL, e a dosagem do laser de Arseneto de Gálio Alumíniofoi de 26,3 J/cm2. Em seguida, foi realizada a contagem das unidades formadoras de colônias (UFCs) em cada grupo.Como principal resultado, verificou-se que o grupo irradiado com fotossensibilizador (L+F+) foi o único que nãoapresentou crescimento de UFCs. Dessa forma, concluiu-se que fungos do complexo Sporothrix schenckii podem serinativados com o uso da terapia fotodinâmica

Factors Related to the Practice of Exclusive Breastfeeding in Different Cities of the States Minas Gerais and Bahia, Brazil

Objective: To evaluate the factors related to the time of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in infants from Pará de Minas and Três Corações (Minas Gerais) and Brumado (Bahia), Brazil. Material and Methods: All mothers attended in public and private hospitals of these cities between June and December 2012 (n=156) were invited to answer an interview related to EBF. Data were collected: (1) at maternity ward; (2) at 4 and (3) 6 months of the infant's life. In (2) and (3), data were collected by phone. Data were recorded in the SPSS software, and descriptive analyses and association of exposure and outcome variables related to the practice of EBF were performed. The chi-square test was used, considering p <0.05. Results: The total of women was in (1) 156, (2) 104 and (3) 123, and the EBF rate was 50.0%, 39.0% and 4.8%, respectively. In (1) mothers with lower schooling level have opted for EBF more frequently. In (1), the use of bottle did not interfere in EBF; on the other hand, in (2) and (3), the use of bottle has decreased the frequency of EBF (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The ideal frequency of EBF recommended by WHO to the six months of the infant's life is not followed in the evaluated cities. In addition, EBF can be influenced by the use of bottle and maternal schooling level.

Fluorescence visualization efficacy for detecting oral lesions more prone to be dysplastic and potentially malignant disorders: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: To analyze the efficacy of fluorescence visualization in early detection of oral early neoplastic processes when used by an inexperienced and an adept oral examiner. METHODS: A dental student and an expert professional in oral diagnosis examined 15 randomly selected patients using conventional oral examination and fluorescence visualization searching for early signs of epithelial dysplasia and oral potentially malignant disorders. Patients detected with oral lesions in any of examinations were submitted to incisional biopsy for definitive diagnosis. RESULTS: Taking histopathologic analysis as Gold Standard, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy of inexperienced examiner for detecting both epithelium dysplasia and oral potentially malignant disorders increased when using fluorescence visualization compared to conventional white light examination, matching the same values found for expert professional in oral diagnosis. Furthermore, it was possible to observe discrete increase in the efficacy of expert professional's examination when using fluorescence visualization. CONCLUSION: This study indicates fluorescence visualization is capable of improve inexperienced professionals' efficacy for early detecting oral lesions more prone to be dysplastic and oral potentially malignant disorders.

Reabilitação do incisivo central decíduo fusionado ao supranumerário: relato de caso clínico / Primary maxillary right central incisor fused to supernumerary: case report

diagnosticadas precocemente. Este trabalho teve como finalidade relatar o caso clínico de uma paciente de três anos, gênero feminino, cuja queixa principal era a estética dos dentes anteriores superiores,devido ao tamanho desproporcional de um elemento dentário, que se apresentava também com coloração alterada. Ao exame clínico e radiográfico diagnosticou-se uma anomalia denominada fusão dentária, união de dois dentes adjacentes, na região anteros superior. O tratamento consistiu na secção dos dois dentes e exodontia do supranumerário, seguida do tratamento restaurador do incisivo central direito que apresentava lesão de cárie. Concluiu-se que, por meio de adequado diagnóstico e planejamento, o tratamento proposto foi efetivo na reabilitação da função e da estética,assim como na prevenção de complicações clínicas e ortodônticas que poderiam advir da anomalia dentária descrita, caso não tratada. A autoestima da criança foi restabelecida.

Dental anomalies can cause serious disorders in the development of teeth if not diagnose dearly. This study aimed to report a case of a three-year-old patient, female, who together with her responsible, whose main complaint was the aesthetics of the upper front teeth due to disproportionatesize and altered staining. During the clinical and radiographic examinations, ananomaly called teeth merger, which is the union of two adjacent teeth, was diagnosed in the upper anterior region. The treatment included the sectioning of the two teeth and extraction of the super numerary, followed by restorative treatment of the right central incisor that had caries lesions. It was concluded that, through proper diagnosis and planning, the proposed treatment was effective in the rehabilitation of function and aesthetics, as well as in the prevention of clinical and orthodontic complications that could result from the dental anomaly described, ifuntreated. The child’s self-esteem was re-established.

CO2 laser and/or fluoride enamel treatment against in situ/ex vivo erosive challenge

ABSTRACT Objective This in situ/ex vivo study investigated the effect of CO2 laser irradiation and acidulated phosphate fluoride gel (APF) application, separately and in combination, on enamel resistance to erosion. Material and Methods During 2 experimental 5-day crossover phases, 8 volunteers wore intraoral appliances containing bovine enamel blocks which were submitted to four groups: 1st phase - control, untreated and CO2 laser irradiation, 2nd phase - fluoride application and fluoride application before CO2 laser irradiation. Laser irradiation was performed at 10.6 µm wavelength, 5 µs pulse duration and 50 Hz frequency, with average power input and output of 2.3 W and 2.0 W, respectively (28.6 J/cm2). APF gel (1.23%F, pH 3.5) was applied on enamel surface with a microbrush and left on for 4 minutes. Then, the enamel blocks were fixed at the intraoral appliance level. The erosion was performed extraorally 4 times daily for 5 min in 150 mL of cola drink. Enamel loss was measured profilometrically after treatment and after the in situ phase. The data were tested using one-way Repeated Measures Anova and Tukey's test (p<0.05). Results CO2 laser alone (2.00±0.39 µm) did not show any significantly preventive effect against enamel erosion when compared with the control group (2.41±1.20 µm). Fluoride treated enamel, associated (1.50±0.30 µm) or not (1.47±0.63 µm) with laser irradiation, significantly differed from the control. Conclusion The APF application decreased enamel wear; however, CO2 laser irradiation did not enhance fluoride ability to reduce enamel wear.

Detecting alterations of glucose and lipid components in human serum by near-infrared Raman spectroscopy

Introduction Raman spectroscopy may become a tool for the analysis of glucose and triglycerides in human serum in real time. This study aimed to detect spectral differences in lipid and glucose components of human serum, thus evaluating the feasibility of Raman spectroscopy for diagnostic purposes. Methods A total of 44 samples of blood serum were collected from volunteers and submitted for clinical blood biochemical analysis. The concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density and high-density lipoproteins (LDL and HDL) were obtained using standard biochemical assays. Serum samples were placed in Eppendorf tubes (200 µL), kept cooled (5 °C) and analyzed with near-infrared Raman spectroscopy (830 nm, 250 mW, 50 s accumulation). The mean spectra of serum with normal or altered concentrations of each parameter were compared to determine which Raman bands were related to the differences between these two groups. Results Differences in peak intensities of altered sera compared to normal ones depended on the parameter under analysis: for glucose, peaks were related to glucose; for lipid compounds the main changes occurred in the peaks related to cholesterol, lipids (mainly triolein) and proteins. Principal Components Analysis discriminated altered glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides from the normal serum based on the differences in the concentration of these compounds. Conclusion Differences in the peak intensities of selected Raman bands could be seen in normal and altered blood serum samples, and may be employed as a means of diagnosis in clinical analysis.

Ansiedade do responsável em relação ao atendimento odontopediátrico / Anxiety of guardian in relation to pediatric dentistry

Visto que, a influência dos responsáveis sobre a ansiedade da criança é notória, o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi verificar o nível de ansiedade odontológica do responsável pela criança em tratamento odontológico e quais fatores a influenciam. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética local. A amostra foi de conveniência, com participação de 72 pais e/ou responsáveis por crianças na faixa etária de 6 a 13 anos de idade, presentes para atendimento odontológico nas instituições participantes: UAPS Jardim América/Serrinha de Várzea da Palma-MG, UAPS de Moema-MG e UninCor de Belo Horizonte-MG, selecionadas também por conveniência. Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizadas entrevista semiestruturada e a Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS), antes do atendimento da criança. Os dados foram registrados no programa SPSS versão 17.0. A maior parte dos responsáveis, que apresentaram maior valor na DAS, relataram ansiedade quando suas crianças vão ao Cirurgião-Dentista (p=0,002). O DAS dos responsáveis também se mostrou associado a características do consultório (p=0,009) e do profissional (p=0,009), à percepção sobre a ansiedade da criança (p=0,032) e à sua própria escolaridade (p=0,011). Pode-se concluir que, geralmente os responsáveis mais ansiosos também acham que suas crianças ficam ansiosas ao ir ao Cirurgião-Dentista. Portanto, o odontopediatra deve atuar de forma conjunta, abordando pais e/ou responsáveis para um tratamento tranquilo e resolutivo.

Since the influence of the guardians on the anxiety of the child is notorious, the aim of this research was to determine the level of dental anxiety of the guardian in dental treatment and which factors influence it. The study was approved by the local ethics committee. The convenience sample comprised 72 parents and/or guardians of children aged 6-13 years old, present at participating institutions for dental treatment: UAPS Jardim América/Serrinha of Várzea da Palma-MG, UAPS of Moema-MG and UNINCOR of Belo Horizonte-MG, also conveniently selected. In order to collect data, a semi-structured interview and the Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) were used before the child’s treatment. Data were recorded using SPSS version 17.0. Most guardians, who showed the highest value in the DAS, reported anxiety when their children go to the dentist (p=0.002). The guardians DAS was also associated with both office (p=0.009) and professional (p=0.009) features, the perception of the child’s anxiety (p=0.032) and their own education (p=0.011). It can be concluded that generally the most eager guardians also find that their children are anxious to go to the dentist. Therefore, the pediatric dentist must act jointly, approaching parents and/or guardians for a tranquil and decisive treatment.

Effect of different light-curing techniques on hardness of a microhybrid dental composite resin / Efeito de diferentes técnicas de fotoativação na dureza de uma resina composta dental microhíbrida

Objective: This study assessed the Vickers hardness (VHN) provided by two LCUs when using (1) direct and indirect light-curing techniques, (2) 40 and 60 s and (3) top and bottom surfaces. Material & Methods: One halogen Curing Light 2500 (3M Espe) and one LED (MM Optics) were used by direct and indirect (0,1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 mm of dental structure) techniques during 40 and 60 s. The samples were made with FiltekTM Z250 in a metallic mould with a central orifice (4 mm in diameter, 2 mm in thickness). The samples were stored in dry mean by ± 24 h and the hardness measurements were performed in a testing machine (Buehler MMT-3 digital microhardness tester Lake Bluff, Illinois USA). A 50 gf load was used and the indenter with a dwell time of 30 s. The data were submitted to multiple ANOVA and Newman-Keuls‘s test (p < 0.05). Results: Halogen LCU exhibited higher Vickers hardness values than LED mainly because of the power density used. Hardness values were influenced by LCUs, lightcuring techniques, irradiation times and surfaces. For both LCUs, hardness values were found to decrease with indirect light-curing technique, mainly for the bottom surface. Samples irradiated for 60 s exhibited higher hardness values when the halogen LCU was used. For 60 s, the VHN values were statistically significant greater than 40 s. Significant differences in top and bottom surfaces Vickers hardness number (VHN) values were observed among different LCUs used 40 and 60 s. Conclusion: The LCUs, lightcuring techniques, variations of irradiation times, and surfaces (top and bottom) influence the composite resin hardness.

Objetivo: Este estudo avaliou a dureza Vickers (VHN) em função de duas fontes de luz quando utilizadas diferentes (1) técnicas de fotoativação, direta e indireta, (2) 40 e 60 s, e (3) superfícies de topo e base. Material e Métodos: Uma fonte de luz halógena Curing Light 2500 (3M Espe) e um LED (MM Optics) foram utilizados nas técnicas de fotoativação direta e indireta (0 , 1,0, 2,0 e 3,0 milímetros de estrutura dental), durante 40 e 60 s. As amostras foram feitas utilizando-se FiltekTM Z250 em matriz metálica com orifício central (4 mm de diâmetro, com 2 mm de espessura). As amostras foram armazenadas em meio seco por ± 24 h e as medidas de dureza foram realizadas em microdurômetro (Buehler MMT-3 digital microhardness tester Lake Bluff, Illinois USA). Uma carga de 50 gf durante 30 s foi utilizada. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância múltipla e teste de Newman-Keuls (p < 0,05). Resultados: A fonte de luz halógena promoveu os maiores valores de dureza Vickers, principalmente, em função da densidade de potência utilizada. Os valores de dureza foram influenciados pelas fontes de luz, técnicas de fotoativação, tempos de irradiação e superfícies, topo e base. Para ambas as fontes de luz, os valores de dureza diminuíram com a técnica de fotoativação indireta, principalmente para a superfície de base. Amostras irradiadas por 60 s apresentaram valores de dureza maiores quando a fonte de luz halógena foi utilizada. Durante 60 s , os valores de VHN foram estatisticamente significativos maior do que 40 s. Diferenças significativas foram observadas nos valores dureza Vickers (VHN) para as superfícies de topo e base utilizando 40 e 60 s. Conclusão: As fontes de luz, técnicas de fotoativação direta e indireta, tempos de irradiação e superfícies (topo e base) influenciam na dureza da resina composta.

Evidências científicas atuais sobre a terapia pulpar de dentes decíduos / Current situation and scientific evidences on pulp therapy for primary teeth

A terapia pulpar conservadora nos dentes decíduos visa manter a integridade, a vitalidade e a saúde dos dentes e estruturas de suporte, reduzir a necessidade de tratamento endodôntico e mantê-Ios até o período de esfoliação. O presente artigo tem o objetivo de apresentar as evi­dências científicas atuais sobre a terapia pulpar em dentes decíduos, após analisar resultados de estudos clínicos randomizados e revisões sistemáticas com metanálises recentes sobre o tema.

The aim of conservative pulp therapy for primary teeth is to maintain the integrity and health of the teeth and their supporting tissues, pulp vitality, reduce the need for a nonvital pulp treatment and retain these teeth until the appropriate time for exfoliation. This paper presents the findings of recent clinical trials, systematic reviews and meta-analysis about vital pulp terapy in primary teeth.

Er:YAG-laser and sodium hypochlorite influence on bond to dentin.

PURPOSE: The aim of this in vitro study was to verify the interference of previous application of sodium hypochlorite in the bond strength to dentin irradiated with Er:YAG laser (80 mJ, 2 Hz, 25 J/cm(2)), using two adhesive systems with different solvents (Adper Single Bond2 - 3M ESPE [SB] and Prime&Bond 2.1 - Dentsply [PB]. STUDY DESIGN: Ninety standardized dentin disks were treatment with phosphoric acid etching (PA), PA and 10% sodium hypochlorite (SH), Er:YAG laser (ER), ER and 10% SH. After surface preparation, samples received SB or PB followed by composite resin Z250 (3M ESPE)(n = 10). Tensile bond strength test was performed (0.5 mm/min) 24 h after bonding procedure and one treated dentin disk of each group was selected to scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) observations. Bond strength test data were evaluated by three-way ANOVA and Tukey (P < 0.05) tests. RESULTS: Tested systems had similar bonding behavior when applied with conventional method. SH produced no improvement in bond strength. Phosphoric acid etching either associated with SH, or not, provided higher bond strength values than ER. SEM showed typical ablation pattern on dentin after ER irradiation. SH application after PA promoted greater porosity in intertubular dentin exposing secondary tubules. SH used after ER irradiation showed more evident peritubular dentin. TEM results showed that both PA and ER exposed inter- and peri-tubular dentin collagen fibers. CONCLUSIONS: Er:YAG irradiation had a negative influence on SB adhesive, and in both methods, association of SH did not completely remove collagen fiber network, but altered its configuration.