A non-coding RNA balancing act: miR-346-induced DNA damage is limited by the long non-coding RNA NORAD in prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: miR-346 was identified as an activator of Androgen Receptor (AR) signalling that associates with DNA damage response (DDR)-linked transcripts in prostate cancer (PC). We sought to delineate the impact of miR-346 on DNA damage, and its potential as a therapeutic agent. METHODS: RNA-IP, RNA-seq, RNA-ISH, DNA fibre assays, in vivo xenograft studies and bioinformatics approaches were used alongside a novel method for amplification-free, single nucleotide-resolution genome-wide mapping of DNA breaks (INDUCE-seq). RESULTS: miR-346 induces rapid and extensive DNA damage in PC cells - the first report of microRNA-induced DNA damage. Mechanistically, this is achieved through transcriptional hyperactivation, R-loop formation and replication stress, leading to checkpoint activation and cell cycle arrest. miR-346 also interacts with genome-protective lncRNA NORAD to disrupt its interaction with PUM2, leading to PUM2 stabilisation and its increased turnover of DNA damage response (DDR) transcripts. Confirming clinical relevance, NORAD expression and activity strongly correlate with poor PC clinical outcomes and increased DDR in biopsy RNA-seq studies. In contrast, miR-346 is associated with improved PC survival. INDUCE-seq reveals that miR-346-induced DSBs occur preferentially at binding sites of the most highly-transcriptionally active transcription factors in PC cells, including c-Myc, FOXA1, HOXB13, NKX3.1, and importantly, AR, resulting in target transcript downregulation. Further, RNA-seq reveals widespread miR-346 and shNORAD dysregulation of DNA damage, replication and cell cycle processes. NORAD drives target-directed miR decay (TDMD) of miR-346 as a novel genome protection mechanism: NORAD silencing increases mature miR-346 levels by several thousand-fold, and WT but not TDMD-mutant NORAD rescues miR-346-induced DNA damage. Importantly, miR-346 sensitises PC cells to DNA-damaging drugs including PARP inhibitor and chemotherapy, and induces tumour regression as a monotherapy in vivo, indicating that targeting miR-346:NORAD balance is a valid therapeutic strategy. CONCLUSIONS: A balancing act between miR-346 and NORAD regulates DNA damage and repair in PC. miR-346 may be particularly effective as a therapeutic in the context of decreased NORAD observed in advanced PC, and in transcriptionally-hyperactive cancer cells.

PEST-domain-enriched tyrosine phosphatase and glucocorticoids as regulators of anaphylaxis in mice.

BACKGROUND: PEST-domain-enriched tyrosine phosphatase (PEP) is a protein tyrosine phosphatase exclusively expressed in hematopoietic cells. It is a potent negative regulator of T-cell receptor signalling that acts on receptor-coupled protein tyrosine kinases. PEST-domain-enriched tyrosine phosphatase is also expressed in mast cell and is positively regulated by glucocorticoids, but its function is unknown. In this communication, the function of PEP is analysed in mast cells. METHODS: Signal transduction cascades following IgE receptor cross-linking were compared in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) from PEP(-/-) and PEP(+/+) mice. Furthermore, antigen-induced passive systemic anaphylaxis (PSA) was analysed in PEP(+/+) and PEP(-/-) mice. RESULTS: Bone marrow-derived mast cells from PEP(-/-) mice showed impaired PLCγ1 phosphorylation and Ca(2+) mobilization. Additionally, mice deficient in PEP showed impaired mast cell degranulation and were less susceptible to PSA. Treatment of wild-type BMMC or mice with an Au(I)-phosphine complex that selectively inhibits PEP activity produced defects in Ca(2+) signalling pathway and reduced anaphylaxis similar to that caused by the deletion of the PEP gene. Glucocorticoid that negatively regulates a wide range of mast cell action increased PEP expression and only partially inhibited anaphylaxis. However, glucocorticoid potently inhibited anaphylaxis when combined with the PEP inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS: PEST-domain-enriched tyrosine phosphatase is an important positive regulator of anaphylaxis. Pharmacological inhibition of its activity together with glucocorticoid administration provide an effective rescue for PSA in mice.

The immediate early gene Ier2 promotes tumor cell motility and metastasis, and predicts poor survival of colorectal cancer patients.

Here, we report unbiased screens for genes expressed in metastatic tumor cells that are associated with cell motility. These screens identified Ier2, an immediate early gene of unknown function, as potentially having a role in tumor cell motility and metastasis. Knockdown of Ier2 in 3T3 fibroblasts inhibited their motility upon relief of contact inhibition in monolayer wounding assays. Furthermore, ectopic Ier2 expression promoted the motility and invasiveness of poorly metastatic 1AS pancreatic tumor cells in vitro. Relief of contact inhibition was associated with translocation of the Ier2 protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in both 3T3 fibroblasts and 1AS tumor cells. Importantly, ectopic Ier2 expression in 1AS cells stimulated metastasis formation when cells were implanted into experimental animals. Furthermore, we found elevated Ier2 expression in a wide variety of human tumor types. This correlated with poor metastasis-free and overall survival in patients with colorectal adenocarcinomas. Together, these data reveal Ier2 as a new player in the regulation of tumor progression and metastasis, and suggest that Ier2 may be useful prognostically and therapeutically in the management of cancer.

Simultaneous radiochemotherapy with paclitaxel in non-small cell lung cancer: a clinical phase I study.

Paclitaxel (Taxol; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ) is one of the most active single agents available for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with reported response rates of 21% to 24%. Its observed radiosensitizing effect is attributed to its interruption of cell development at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, when cells are most sensitive to the killing effects of ionizing radiation. This phase I study of paclitaxel and simultaneous radiation therapy in patients with previously untreated, locally advanced inoperable stage IIIA/B NSCLC was designed to determine the maximum tolerated paclitaxel dose, to define the safety and toxicity of this combined modality, and to obtain preliminary data on its activity. Patients received a fixed dose of radiotherapy (1.8 Gy/d, 5 days a week, in shrinking-field technique, for a total dose of 59.4 Gy) and concomitant chemotherapy with a 3-hour infusion of paclitaxel once weekly on day 1, initially at a dose of 45 mg/m2, for 3 weeks. This dose remained constant during study levels 1 to 3, with the number of weeks of treatment increasing to 5 and 7 at levels 2 and 3, respectively. At dose level 4, the paclitaxel dose was increased to 55 mg/m2 over 7 weeks. Of 22 NSCLC patients who entered the study, 18 are evaluable for toxicity and response. Responses included one complete and 10 partial remissions; the other seven patients had minimal improvement. The therapy was well tolerated; no severe adverse events were associated with paclitaxel or radiotherapy. This combined modality appears to be a practicable and effective treatment for NSCLC. The maximum tolerated paclitaxel dose has not yet been reached, and dose escalation is planned.