Human radiation for medicine, spiritism and hypnosis in Argentina: scientific controversies around vital radiations (1880-1930).

In the mid-nineteenth century, magnetic theories penetrated other recognized medical practices in Argentina in order to rationalize their procedures, in a culture that accepted and validated magnetism as a positive science. At the start of the twentieth century, mesmerists created a society, published books and journals, and carried out a large welfare programme; there were public lectures, and magnetic treatment for spiritualists and the general public, emphasizing the therapeutic properties of mesmerism. Magnetologists/mesmerists measured vital radiation and built devices using sensitive objects as 'physical' evidence of it. There was an interest in acquiring and using artefacts to measure human radiation useful in medicine. Magnetic practices survived until the end of the 1920s, when they lost importance.

[Multiple endocrine neoplasia and very early onset inflammatory bowel disease. An unexpected association]. / Neoplasia endócrina múltiple y enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal de inicio muy temprano. Una asociación inesperada.

Very early onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEOIBD) is a rare entity in pediatrics. Its association with primary immunodeficiencies of monogenic origin is known. We present the case of a patient diagnosed with VEOIBD who underwent massive paralleled exome sequencing. The result of the study showed a pathogenic variant in the RET proto-oncogene, associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A disease. There are no previous reports of association of RET proto-oncogene variants with VEOIBD. The presence of these two clinical entities cannot be attributed to a single genetic cause.

La enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal de inicio muy temprano (VEOIBD) es una entidad rara en pediatría. Es conocida su asociación con inmunodeficiencias primarias de origen monogénico. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con diagnóstico de VEOIBD a quien se le realizó una secuenciación masiva del exoma. El resultado del estudio permitió identificar una variante patogénica en el proto oncogen RET, asociada con enfermedad neoplasia endocrina múltiple tipo 2A. No hay reportes de asociación de variantes en el proto oncogen RET con VEOIBD. No se puede adjudicar la presencia de estas dos entidades clínicas a una única causa genética.

Genetic and phenotypic findings in 34 novel Spanish patients with DDX3X neurodevelopmental disorder.

DDX3X is a multifunctional ATP-dependent RNA helicase involved in several processes of RNA metabolism and in other biological pathways such as cell cycle control, innate immunity, apoptosis and tumorigenesis. Variants in DDX3X have been associated with a developmental disorder named intellectual developmental disorder, X-linked syndromic, Snijders Blok type (MRXSSB, MIM #300958) or DDX3X neurodevelopmental disorder (DDX3X-NDD). DDX3X-NDD is mainly characterized by intellectual disability, brain abnormalities, hypotonia and behavioral problems. Other common findings include gastrointestinal abnormalities, abnormal gait, speech delay and microcephaly. DDX3X-NDD is predominantly found in females who carry de novo variants in DDX3X. However, hemizygous pathogenic DDX3X variants have been also found in males who inherited their variants from unaffected mothers. To date, more than 200 patients have been reported in the literature. Here, we describe 34 new patients with a variant in DDX3X and reviewed 200 additional patients previously reported in the literature. This article describes 34 additional patients to those already reported, contributing with 25 novel variants and a deep phenotypic characterization. A clinical review of our cohort of DDX3X-NDD patients is performed comparing them to those previously published.

Lobular Endocervical Glandular Hyperplasia, a mimicker and potential pitfall for HPV-independent well differentiated Gastric-type Endocervical Adenocarcinoma: Case report and literature review focusing on histology, immunophenotype, and molecular findings.

Lobular glandular endocervical hyperplasia is an uncommon benign entity within the spectrum of gastric-type endocervical lesions. We report a case of a 48-year-old woman who presented with a palpable mass and watery vaginal discharge. Ultrasound revealed an 8 cm × 4 cm × 3 cm multicystic mass affecting the cervix, and hysterectomy was performed. The well-delimited multicystic, mucinous mass distorted the entire cervix. Microscopically, endocervical glandular proliferation with a lobular architecture was observed. The glands were lined with a single layer of tall, mucin-rich, columnar cells with basal and bland nuclei. The lesion was positive for MUC6 marker and hormonal receptors were negative, while P53 expression was normal. Three years later, the patient remained disease free. Here, we discuss the differential diagnosis between lobular glandular endocervical hyperplasia and similar conditions, particularly gastric-type endocervical adenocarcinoma, and review the literature focusing on the molecular pathways underlying gastric-type endocervical lesions. This case highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis to ensure favorable outcomes.

Adult experiences in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an overgrowth and epigenetic disorder caused by changes on chromosome 11p15. The primary features requiring management in childhood include macroglossia, omphalocele, lateralized overgrowth, hyperinsulinism, and embryonal tumors. Management guidelines have not been developed for adults with BWS and there have been few studies to assess the clinical needs of these patients. Furthermore, there have been few studies on the psychosocial implications of BWS in children or adults. Here, we present a descriptive summary of data gathered from two separate adult BWS cohorts. The first, a patient-based survey cohort, includes self-reported health information and recollections about BWS experiences, while the second provides results of a medical record-based assessment from patients in an overgrowth registry. Results highlight the clinical features and medical issues affecting two large independent cohorts of adults with BWS while noting similarities. Open-ended questions asked of the survey cohort yielded themes to guide future qualitative studies. Finally, the study demonstrated the reliability of patient-reported data and the utility of international partnerships in this context.

Clinical Spectrum and Tumour Risk Analysis in Patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome Due to CDKN1C Pathogenic Variants.

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome spectrum (BWSp) is an overgrowth disorder caused by imprinting or genetic alterations at the 11p15.5 locus. Clinical features include overgrowth, macroglossia, neonatal hypoglycaemia, omphalocele, hemihyperplasia, cleft palate, and increased neoplasm incidence. The most common molecular defect observed is hypomethylation at the imprinting centre 2 (KCNQ1OT1:TSS DMR) in the maternal allele, which accounts for approximately 60% of cases, although CDKN1C pathogenic variants have been reported in 5-10% of patients, with a higher incidence in familial cases. In this study, we examined the clinical and molecular features of all cases of BWSp identified by the Spanish Overgrowth Registry Initiative with pathogenic or likely pathogenic CDKN1C variants, ascertained by Sanger sequencing or next-generation sequencing, with special focus on the neoplasm incidence, given that there is scarce knowledge of this feature in CDKN1C-associated BWSp. In total, we evaluated 21 cases of BWSp with CDKN1C variants; 19 were classified as classical BWS according to the BWSp scoring classification by Brioude et al. One of our patients developed a mediastinal ganglioneuroma. Our study adds evidence that tumour development in patients with BWSp and CDKN1C variants is infrequent, but it is extremely relevant to the patient's follow-up and supports the high heterogeneity of BWSp clinical features associated with CDKN1C variants.

Complicated grief, unusual perceptual experiences, and hope in widowhood / Luto complicado, experiências perceptivas incomuns e esperança na viuvez / Duelo complicado, experiencias perceptuales inusuales y esperanza en la viudez

The overall objective of this study is to assess grief in religious widows and hope, and the frequency of unusual perceptual experiences after the death of the spouse. It is hypothesized that (H1) religious widows will experience a less complicated grief, (H2) a greater hope, and (H3) a higher frequency of unusual perceptual experiences than non-religious widows. Three instruments, the Complicated Grief Inventory, the Hope Scale, and the Hallucinations Questionnaire were administered to a sample consisting of religious widows and a control group (non-religious widows). The results showed that religious widows experienced less complicated grief than non-religious widows, and fewer feelings of pessimism about the death of the loved one. Religious widows who showed higher feelings of hope, compared to non-religious ones, tended to have fewer indicators of complicated grief. Furthermore, those religious widows who displayed feelings associated with remembering the deceased tended, for example, to hear voices and smell perfumes. It is possible that these occurrences may even be functional and adaptive in order to cope with the negative feelings of grief and loss, rather than resulting in a resource deficit mechanism for dealing with pain and hopelessness.

O objetivo geral deste estudo é avaliar o luto e a esperança em viúvas religiosas, e a frequência de experiências perceptivas incomuns após a morte do cônjuge. A hipótese é que (H1) viúvas religiosas experimentarão um luto menos complicado, (H2) mais esperança e (H3) maior frequência de experiências perceptivas incomuns do que viúvas não religiosas. Três instrumentos, o Inventário do Luto Complicado, a Escala de Esperança e o Questionário de Alucinações, foram administrados a uma amostra composta por viúvas religiosas e um grupo de controle (viúvas não religiosas). Os resultados mostraram que as viúvas religiosas experimentaram um luto menos complicado do que as viúvas não religiosas e menos sentimentos de pessimismo em relação à morte de um ente querido. As viúvas religiosas que mostraram maior senso de esperança, em comparação com as viúvas não religiosas, tendem a ter menos indicadores de luto complicado. Além disso, aquelas viúvas religiosas que demonstravam sentimentos associados à memória do falecido tendiam, por exemplo, a ouvir vozes e cheirar perfumes. É possível que essas ocorrências possam até ser funcionais e adaptativas para lidar com os sentimentos negativos de luto e perda, em vez de ser um mecanismo de déficit de recursos para lidar com a dor e a desesperança.

El objetivo general de este estudio es evaluar el duelo en viudas religiosas y la esperanza, y la frecuencia de experiencias perceptuales inusuales después de la muerte del cónyuge. Se hipotetiza que (H1) las viudas religiosas experimentarán menor grado de duelo complicado, (H2) mayor esperanza y (H3) mayor frecuencia de experiencias perceptuales inusuales que las viudas no religiosas. Se administraron tres instrumentos, el Inventario de Duelo Complicado, la Escala de Esperanza, y el Cuestionario de Alucinaciones a una muestra integrada por viudas religiosas y un grupo control (viudas no religiosas). Los resultados mostraron que las viudas religiosas experimentaban menos duelo complicado que las viudas no religiosas, y menos sentimientos de pesimismo en torno a la muerte del ser querido. Las viudas religiosas que mostraron mayor sentimiento de esperanza, en comparación con las no religiosas, tendieron a menos indicadores de duelo complicado. Además, aquellas viudas religiosas que mostraban sentimientos asociados al recuerdo del difunto tendían, por ejemplo, a oír voces y oler perfumes. Es posible que estas ocurrencias puedan incluso ser funcionales y adaptativas para afrontar los sentimientos negativos del duelo y la pérdida, en lugar de resultar un mecanismo de déficit de recursos para lidiar contra el dolor y la desesperanza.

Abuso y abandono infantil y estilo parental dominante en relación con las experiencias paranormales en la adultez / Negative childhood experiences, parental styles and resilience among people who report paranormal experiences

Resumen El trauma infantil puede conducir al desarrollo de una personalidad propensa a la fantasía y, luego, desarrollar creencias y experiencias paranormales como estrategia de afrontamiento a la ansiedad durante la vida adulta. Se administró la Encuesta de Experiencias Paranormales, el Cuestionario de Experiencias Negativas en la Niñez, y la Escala de Estilos Parentales a una muestra compuesta por 644 individuos Los resultados indican alta frecuencia de experiencias tales como sensación de presencia (58 %), sueños premonitorios (56 %), telepatía (41 %), experiencias místicas (40 %), apariciones (38 %) y experiencia fuera del cuerpo (25 %). Además, se plantearon dos hipótesis: (H1) en la que se encontraría una relación positiva y significativa entre las experiencias negativas en la niñez (abuso y abandono) y la frecuencia de experiencias paranormales en la vida adulta, lo cual se confirmó (rs = .27, Sig. < .001), con correlaciones fuertes para experiencias tales como sensación de presencia (rs = .23) y apariciones (rs = .19); y (H2) que muestra a individuos que reportan mayor frecuencia de experiencias paranormales y tenderían a mostrar un estilo parental más autoritario en comparación con un estilo parental negligente, sobreprotector, permisivo y autoritativo, lo cual se confirmó para madre: χ2 = 18.24, p < .001, en comparación con un estilo parental negligente, sobreprotector, autoritario y autoritativo. Una posible interpretación es que los eventos traumáticos en la niñez son no solo la fuente para la emergencia de las experiencias paranormales, sino un estilo parental autoritario que contribuye a reforzar el modo en que se procesan cognitiva y emocionalmente tales experiencias negativas.

Abstract Child trauma can lead to the development of a personality fantasy prone and life, to develop paranormal beliefs and experiences as a strategy to cope with anxiety during adulthood. In other words, beliefs and paranormal experiences can be a system of representations that allow us to give sense and meaning to control trauma anxiety, and in general an illusion of control over future disturbing events. There are relatively few studies examining the parental style and paranormal experiences/beliefs, therefore, the aim of this study is to measure the dominant parental style of those who have experienced paranormal events and their correlate with negative events in childhood. The Survey of Paranormal Experiences, the Survey of Negative Experiences in Children, and the Scale of Parental Styles were administered to a sample of 644 individuals of both sexes 28 % males and 72 % females (Mean = 28.13 years) in a simple intentional non-probabilistic sampled technique. The results showed high frequency of experiences such as Sense of presence (58 %), Premonitory dreams (56 %), Telepathy (41 %), Mystical experiences (40 %), Apparitions (38 %), and Out-of-Body experiences (25 %). The results confirmed hypotheses which predict (H1) a positive and significant relationship will be found between negative experiences in childhood and the frequency of paranormal experiences in adult life which was confirmed (rs = .27, p < .001); and (H2) individuals who reported a higher frequency of paranormal experiences showed a more Authoritarian parenting style compared to a Negligent, Overprotective, Permissive and Authoritative parenting style, which was confirmed for Mother χ2 = 18.24, p < .001, but not for Father, who showed a more Permissive style χ2 = 8.11, p < .001 compared to a negligent, overprotective, authoritarian and authoritative parenting style. The results here support, in part, the idea that adult paranormality is an adaptive mechanism that helps individuals cope with an absence of control in childhood. For example, when the parents do not meet the physical, psychological, and/or emotional needs of the child, who ends up being explicitly insulted, ridiculed, shouted at, emotionally manipulated, or unfairly blamed by parents- One possible interpretation is that traumatic events in childhood are not only the source for the emergence of other paranormal experiences but a permissive and negligent parental style helps to reinforce the way in which these negative experiences are processed cognitive and emotionally. The parental bond in childhood and throughout life, can also function as a modulator of the occurrence of the paranormal experience. The parental bond in childhood and throughout life, can also function as a modulator of the occurrence of the paranormal experience. Consequently, the behavior of the parents is an easily available model that children imitate involuntarily. The parental bond in childhood and throughout life can also function as a modulator of the occurrence of paranormal experiences and, to some extent, its cognitive adaptation. In this way, internalization can be a much more active process by which parents strive to inculcate their own beliefs in their children, which may involve an explicit program of instruction and positive encouragement but sometimes a degree of coercion and punishment for their breach as well. Therefore, through the process of internalization, the parents' beliefs can be assimilated into the children's own frame of reference and their anomalous experiences. Parents showed a more permissive parenting style, characterized by greater receptivity than demand, that is, parents are more lenient and tended to give in to the demands of their children and give them support, this parenting style significantly favored such paranormal experiences as sense of presence and "seeing" ghosts.

Epidemiología de la COVID-19 y la embarazada en el mundo y Venezuela

El binomio madre-hijo es una población muy especial y recibe toda la atención social para asegurar su protección y asistencia. La pandemia de la COVID-19 con más de 1 año de duración es un riesgo para muchos grupos vulnerables ya identificados con los estudios epidemiológicos donde resaltan las personas mayores de 65 años, personas con comorbilidades tipo obesidad, hipertensión diabetes, enfermedades cardiovasculares e inmunosupresoras. Se revisan las estadísticas de la COVID-19 en la población general y en las gestantes, con especial revisión de la región de las Américas y Venezuela. Las embarazadas han sido estudiadas durante la pandemia y se concluye que es una población de riesgo más vulnerable a complicaciones durante la gestación, en parto el puerperio y su producto durante la vida neonatal mayor riesgo de enfermar grave y requerir cuidados intensivos. Se insta a los grupos de investigación incorporarse en los protocolos de monitoreo internacionales, y seguir estudiando la COVID-19 en la embarazada y el feto.

The mother-child binomial is a very special population and receives all the social care to ensure its protection and assistance. The COVID-19 pandemic lasting more than 1 year is a risk for many vulnerable groups already identified with epidemiological studies highlighting people over the age of 65, people with obesity-like comorbidities, diabetes hypertension, cardiovascular disease and immunosuppressants. Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in the general population and pregnant women are reviewed, with special revision of the Americas and Venezuela region. Pregnant women have been studied during the pandemic and it is concluded that it is a population at risk more vulnerable to complications during pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum and its product during neonatal life increased risk of serious illness and intensive care. Research groups are encouraged to join international monitoring protocols, and further study COVID-19 in pregnant women and fetuses.

Salud pública y pruebas diagnósticas del COVID-19: caso Venezuela / Public health and diagnostics tests for SARS-COVID-2 infection: The venezuela case

La salud pública mundial presenta en la actualidad un reto de grandes dimensiones para realizar las funciones esenciales del Siglo XXI, "el diagnóstico temprano y el tratamiento preventivo de las enfermedades"; por lo tanto la OMS considera que para conocer la magnitud de la epidemia COVID-19 es básico contar con suficientes pruebas diagnósticas en cantidad y calidad. En Venezuela, el Ministerio de la Salud comunica que se han realizado más de 80.484 pruebas por millón de habitantes (marzo-diciembre 2020), las más altas de la región; sin embargo, las pruebas diagnósticas de PCR y Prueba de antígenos, no alcanzan a 1.488,8 (105) y 11,9 (105) respectivamente, muy bajas. Se revisan las pruebas más usadas para detección de genoma, antígenos y serología, mediante pruebas de tiempo y rápidas, ambulatorias o de estricto manejo en laboratorio(AU)

Global public health currently presents a major challenge in performing the essential functions of the 21st century, "early diagnosis and preventive treatment of diseases", so WHO believes that sufficient diagnostic evidence in quantity and quality is essential to understand the scale of the COVID-19 epidemic. In Venezuela, the Ministry of Health reports that more than 80,484 tests per million inhabitants (march-december 2020) have been carried out; however, diagnostic tests of PCR and Antigen Test, do not reach 14,888 (106) and 110 (106) respectively, which is very low compared to neighboring countries. The most commonly used tests for genome, antigen and serology are reviewed(AU)

Nuevo coronavirus (SARS-COV-2): una amenaza global / New Coronavirus (SARS-COV-2): a global threat

El nuevo coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) identificado en Wuhan, China a principios de enero de 2020, es el agente infeccioso causante de la pandemia COVID -19, la cual ha sido declarada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) el 11 de marzo de 2020 y es una amenaza global por el número de casos y muertes así como el importan- te impacto en los sistemas de salud. La enferme- dad se transmite de persona a persona a través de las gotas de saliva al hablar, toser o estornudar o al tocar las mucosas oral, conjuntival y nasal con las manos, después de tocar superficies contami- nadas por el virus. La infección puede ser asinto- mática, la gran mayoría de los pacientes presentan una enfermedad leve o moderada, el 14 % puede presentar neumonía y enfermedad grave, un 5 % o más. El órgano principalmente afectado es el pulmón, sin embargo, es una enfermedad sistémica. La fisiopatología de la enfermedad aún no está bien comprendida, no hay untratamiento específi- co, aunque se están ensayando experimentalmente numerosos fármacos. La vacuna, según los exper- tos, tardará en desarrollarse. Los profesionales sanitarios deben estar familiarizados con los aspectos de la enfermedad, así como con el diagnóstico y las medidas de control, entre otros(AU)

The new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) identified in Wuhan, China in early January 2020, is the infectious agent causing the COVID -19 pandemic, declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. It has become a global threat due to the number of cases and deaths and its sig- nificant impact on health systems. The disease is transmitted from person to person by respiratory route through saliva droplets while speaking, coug- hing, or sneezing, or by touching the oral, conjunc- tival, and nasal mucosa with the hands after having touched surfaces contaminated by the virus. The infection may be asymptomatic, the vast majority of patients have mild or moderate disease, 14% may have pneumonia, and 5% or more can suffer severe disease. The main affected organs are the lungs but, it is a systemic disease. The pathophysiology of the disease is still not well understood, there is no specific treatment, although numerous drugs are being experimentally tested and the vaccine, according to experts, could take take some time to be ready. Healthcare profes- sionals should be familiar with all aspects of the disease, as well as diagnosis and control measures(AU)

Sesgo atribucional en pacientes psiquiátricos, religiosos y un grupo control en el juicio de la experiencia alucinatoria: la tarea del White Christmas test / Attributional Biases in Psychiatric Patients, a Religious, and a Control Group in the Assessment of a Hallucinatory Experience: The "White Christmas Test"

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la experiencia alucinatoria auditiva en una muestra clínica de pacientes con historial psiquiátrico (p. ej., esquizofrénicos), practicantes religiosos (p. ej., cristianos evangélicos devotos) y un grupo control (sin trastorno mental y no religiosos devotos). La muestra estuvo integrada por individuos de ambos sexos. La muestra de pacientes se reclutó en 2 hospitales psiquiátricos de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, un grupo de practicantes religiosos (cristianos devotos) en un culto evangélico y un grupo de control no religioso y carente de síntomas psiquiátricos previos. Se aplicó el Cuestionario de Experiencias Alucinatorias y el Oxford-Liverpool Inventory Feelings and Experiences, y luego se administró el White Christmas Test, que evalúa el grado de la imaginería auditiva vívida con base en una versión del paradigma de detección de serial, en que el sujeto cree escuchar un tema musical en el trasfondo de un ruido blanco. Los pacientes mostraron mayor sesgo atribucional que los evangélicos y el grupo control, pero además los religiosos también tendieron a mostrar mayor sesgo (aunque en menor grado) que el grupo control. Además, los pacientes tendieron a mostrar más esquizotipia y experiencias alucinatorias que los evangélicos y el grupo control, pero sorprendentemente el grupo control mostró mayor esquizotipia negativa que el grupo religioso, lo cual indica que las prácticas religiosas podrían contribuir a disminuir los efectos negativos de la esquizotipia.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the auditory hallucinatory experience in a clinical sample of patients with psychiatric symptoms (e.g. Schizophrenia), a religious group (eg. Christians) and a "control" group (with no mental disorder and non-religious). The sample consisted of individuals of both sexes. The patient sample was recruited in two psychiatric hospitals of Buenos Aires City, the religious from an evangelical cult, and people with no religious beliefs or previous psychiatric symptoms (control group). The Hallucinatory Experiences Questionnaire and the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory Feelings and Experiences were the measurement tools used. The White Christmas Test was also administered in order to assess the degree of vivid imagery hearing based on a version of signal detection paradigm in which the subjects think that they hear a song in the background of white noise. The results showed that patients showed greater attributional bias (compared with evangelicals and the control group), but the religious group also tended to show greater bias (although less) than the control group. In addition, patients tended to show greater schizotypal and hallucinatory experiences compared with the evangelicals and the control group, but surprisingly, the control group showed higher negative schizotypy than the religious group, which indicates that religious practices could help reduce the negative effects of schizotypy.

Experiencias fuera del cuerpo: una evaluación del constructo de transliminalidad y límite "fino" como anomalía cognitivo-perceptual / Out of body experiences: an evaluation of the construct of transliminality and "thin" boundaries as cognitive-perceptual anomaly / Experiencias fora del cuerpo: una evaluação do construto de transliminalidad e limite "fino" como anomália cognitivo-perceptual

Resumen: La experiencia fuera del cuerpo (EFC), se define como una experiencia en la cual el "yo", o el centro de conciencia, parece ocupar una posición remota respecto a su propio cuerpo. Un problema en la evaluación de ciertas anomalías perceptuales que se extrapolan del contexto de la psiquiatría clínica es su excesiva dependencia a ciertos fenómenos alucinatorios. La hipótesis de la transliminalidad sugiere que la fuente inmediata de nuestras percepciones se procesa primero a un nivel inconsciente, luego a través del umbral de la conciencia. El constructo de "límite" permite comprender ciertos factores que subyacen en la variedad de las experiencias excepcionales, como las experiencias fuera del cuerpo. Se ponen a prueba tres hipótesis específicas: (1) personas que tienen experiencias fuera del cuerpo (EFC) tienen una mayor frecuencia de experiencias cognitivas anómalas (2) son más transliminales, (3) y tienen límites más "finos" en comparación con un grupo control (sin EFC). Cien individuos con EFC (47 %) fueron comparados con otros 111 que no tuvieron EFC (53 %), con un rango etario entre 18 a 83 años (M = 44,92; DT = 13,29). Individuos con EFC puntuaron más alto en experiencias anómalas, límites más finos, y alta transliminalidad, lo cual confirman las hipótesis. Este estudio concluye que las experiencias fuera del cuerpo representan la sensibilidad de un individuo debido a los límites permeables del yo. Esta sensibilidad, relacionada con ciertas diferencias fisiológicas en el procesamiento perceptual, puede también representar una forma de transliminalidad.

Abstract: Out-of-body experience (OBE) is an experience in which the "self", or center of awareness, seems to the person having the OBE to temporarily occupy a position spa tially remote from the body. A drawback of assessing perceptual anomalies by extrapolating exclusively from the context of clinical psychiatry is the overreliance on hallucinatory phenomena. Transliminality hypothesis suggests that the immediate source of our perceptions is not our eyes or our ears, but rather the subliminal consciousness: percepts are first processed at an unconscious level and then, usually speedily, they are presented across the threshold to consciousness. The boundary construct is highly valuable in terms of understanding the factors which underpin the varieties of exceptional experiences, such as out of body experiences. Three specific hypotheses are tested here: (1) people who report OBEs (experients) have a higher capacity for cognitive anomalous experiences (2) higher transliminality, (3) and thinner boundaries who score differently than control (non -experients). Participants who experienced OBEs (n= 100, 47%) were matched with participants who do not report OBEs (non experient, n= 111, 53%), ages ranged from 18 to 83 years old (M = 44.92; SD = 13.29). OBErs scored higher on anomalous experiences, higher on "thin" boundaries, high transliminality than for non-OBErs, which supported the three hypotheses. The paper discus ses OBE phenomena as an experient's sensitivity due to permeable ego boundaries. This sensitivity, may be related to some physiological differences in percep tual processing may also underly it.

Resumo: A experiência fora do corpo (EFC), se define como uma experiência na qual o "yo", o centro de consciência, parece ocupar uma posição remota quanto ao seu próprio corpo. Um problema na avaliação de certas anomalias perceptuelles que se extrapolam do contexto da psiquiatría clínica é su excesiva dependencia a ciertos fenómenos alucinatorios. A hipótese da tradução é sugerida por uma fonte imediata de nossas percepções se processar primeiro a um nível inconsciente, em seguida, através do umbral da consciência. O construto de "limite" permite compreender certos fatores que subentran na variedade de experiências excepcionais, como as experiências fora do corpo. (1) Penseis que tenham experiências fora do corpo (EFC) têm uma previsão de experiências cognitivas anómalas (2) son más transliminales, (3) e têm limites mais "finos" em comparação com un controle de grupo (sin EFC). Cien nos com EFC (47%) foram comparados com outros 111 que no tuvent EFC (53%), com um rango etario entre 18 a 83 años (M = 44,92; DT = 13,29). Individuos con EFC puntuaron más alto em experiências anómalas, limites mais finos, e alta transliminalidad, lo cual confirman as hipótesis. Este estudo conclui que as experiências fora do corpo representam a sensibilidade de um indivíduo a um limite de limites permeáveis ​​do yo. Esta sensibilidade, relacionada com outras diferenças fisiológicas no processo de percepção, também é representativa de uma tradução de tradução.

Factores de personalidad, perceptuales y cognitivas asociadas con las experiencias anómalo/paranormales en personal de enfermería / Personality, perceptual and cognitive factors associated with anomalous/paranormal experiences in nursing staff / Fatores de personalidade, perceptuais e cognitivas associadas com experiências anômalo/paranormais em pessoal de enfermagem

INTRODUCCIÓN: Un número de experiencias paranormales aparecen relatadas por enfermeros que consisten en visiones del lecho de muerte y otros fenómenos anómalos. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el grado de ocurrencia de ciertas experiencias perceptuales inusuales en entornos hospitalarios, las denominadas Experiencias Anómalo/Paranormales con frecuencia reportadas por médicos y enfermeras en el ámbito hospitalario. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal y analítico. Se administraron cinco escalas, Encuesta de Experiencias Anómalo/Paranormales para Enfermeras, Maslach Burnout Inventory, Tellegen Absorption Scale, Inventario Oxford-Liverpool de Sentimientos y Experiencias, y Test de Empatía Cognitivo Afectiva a 344 enfermeros de 36 hospitales y centros de salud de Buenos Aires, Argentina. RESULTADOS: Las experiencias más comunes de las enfermeras son: sensación de presencia y/o apariciones, oír ruidos, voces o diálogos, llantos o quejas, experiencias intuitivas y extrasensoriales en relación con sus pacientes, o bien la recepción de esas experiencias por parte de sus propios pacientes, tales como experiencias cercanas a la muerte, prácticas de oración o intervenciones religiosas con sanaciones espontáneas, y otras experiencias anómalas relacionadas con niños. DISCUSIÓN: Las enfermeras con experiencias también tendieron a mayor absorción, lo cual se confirmó; una tendencia a la esquizotipia y mayor empatía cognitiva y comprensión emocional que en enfermeras sin experiencias. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque no se confirmó la hipótesis según la cual, enfermeras con experiencias tienden a experimentar mayor estrés laboral, sin embargo se encontró que las enfermeras con experiencias obtuvieron una puntuación más alta en el factor Despersonalización que las enfermeras sin experiencias.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Nurses narrated a number of paranormal experiences consisting in deathbed visions and other anomalous phenomena. The aim of this study was to determine the degree of occurrence of certain unusual perceptual experiences in hospital environments, the so-called anomalous/paranormal experiences frequently reported by physicians and nurses in the hospital environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional and analytic study. Five scales were administered, Survey of Anomalous/Paranormal Experiences for Nurses, Maslach Burnout Inventory, Tellegen Absorption Scale, Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences, and Affective Cognitive Empathy Test on 344 nurses from 36 hospitals and health center in Buenos Aires, Argentina. RESULTS: The most common experiences reported by nurses are sensation of presence and/or apparitions, hearing noises, voices or dialogs, crying or wailing, intuitive and extrasensory experiences in relation to their patients, or the reception of said experiences by their own patients, such as near-death experiences, prayer practices or religious interventions with spontaneous healing, and other anomalous experiences related to children. DISCUSSION: Nurses with experiences also tended to higher absorption, which was confirmed by a tendency to schizotypy and greater cognitive empathy and emotional understanding than nurses without experiences. CONCLUSIONS:Although the hypothesis was not confirmed, according to which nurses with experiences tend to undergo greater labor stress, it was found that nurses with experiences obtained a higher score in the depersonalization factor than nurses without experiences.

INTRODUÇÃO: Uma série de experiências paranormais relatadas por enfermeiros que consistem em visões no leito de morte e outros fenômenos anômalos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o grau de ocorrência de certas experiências perceptuais incomuns em ambientes hospitalares, chamados de Experiências Anômalo/Paranormais frequentemente relatados por médicos e enfermeiros no ambiente hospitalário. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal e analítico. Foram aplicadas cinco escalas, Pesquisa de Experiências Anômalo/Paranormais para enfermeiros, Maslach Burnout Inventory, Tellegen Absorption Scale, Inventário Oxford-Liverpool de Sentimientos e Experiências, e Teste de Empatia Cognitiva Afectiva a 344 enfermeiros de 36 hospitais e centros de saúde em Buenos Aires, Argentina. RESULTADOS: As experiências mais comuns de enfermeiros são: sensação de presença e/ou aparições, ouvir ruídos, vozes ou diálogos, lágrimas ou reclamações, experiências intuitivas e extra-sensoriais em relação com seus pacientes, ou bem a recepção dessas experiências por seus próprios pacientes, tais como experiências de quase-morte, práticas de oração ou intervenções religiosas com curas espontâneas, e outras experiências anômalas relacionadas com crianças. DISCUSSÃO: Os enfermeiros com experiência também tendiam a maior absorção, o que foi confirmado; uma tendência a esquizotipia e maior empatia cognitiva e compreensão emocional do que enfermeiros sem experiência. CONCLUSÕES: Embora não seja confirmada a hipótese segundo a qual enfermeiros com experiências tendem a experimentar um maior estresse no trabalho, no entanto encontrou-se que os enfermeiros com experiência obtiveram escores mais altos no fator Despersonalização que os enfermeiros sem experiências.

Coberturas vacunales a otros inmunógenos con la introducción de la vacuna antineumococcica conjugada contra Neumococo, Estado Táchira (2007-2014) / Immunization coverage for other immunogens following the introduction of the conjugate pneumococcal vaccine in the state of Tachira (2007-2014)

Introducción: La inclusión de nuevas vacunas en los calendarios públicos pudiese repotenciar el interés de la población favoreciendo el incremento de la cobertura vacunal. Objetivos: relacionar la cobertura del Programa Ampliado de Inmunizaciones (PAI) durante el período 2008 al 2014 con la introducción de la vacuna anti neumocóccica conjugada en el estado Táchira en 2009. Métodos: Fue un estudio clínico epidemiológico, observacional, retrospectivo y correlacional. Se observó si hubo una correlación en el crecimiento interanual de la cobertura de los inmunógenos administrados entre los 2 y 12 meses de edad por el PAI desde el 2008 hasta el 2014 con la introducción de la vacuna anti neumocóccica conjugada en 2009. Resultados: durante el periodo en estudio, se apreció un aumento sostenido y uniforme de las coberturas de los inmunógenos estudiados entre 2009 y 2012. La cobertura de la vacuna antineumocócica fue inconsistente durante el periodo de estudio. Se observó una correlación moderada estadísticamente no significativa entre la administración de la vacuna anti neumocóccica conjugada y el incremento de las coberturas de los demás inmunógenos. A partir de 2012 y hasta 2014 se observa una disminución de las coberturas a excepción de la SRP. Conclusión: la cobertura global de los inmunógenos aplicados en el PAI durante el período 2008-2014 mostró un incremento hasta 2012 que coincidió con la introducción de la vacuna conjugada antineumocócica sin que se pudiese establecer una asociación causal entre ambos hechos. A partir de 2012 se observa una disminución de todas las coberturas a excepción de la SRP.

Introduction: The inclusion of new vaccines in public calendars could enhance population’s interest, which could lead to increased vaccination coverage. Objective: The objective of this study was to correlate the Amplified Immunization Program coverage in Táchira State from 2008 to 2014 with the introduction of the pneumococcal vaccine in 2009. Methods: This was a clinical, epidemiological, observational, retrospective, and co relational study. Correlation between inter-annual growth coverage of vaccines administered from 2 - 12 months of age during de period 2008 to 2014 with the introduction of the anti Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in 2009 was studied. Results: sustained and uniform increase of vaccine coverage was observed from 2009 until 2012. Pneumococcal vaccine coverage was inconsistent during the study period. There was a moderate correlation with no statistic significance between the administration of conjugate pneumococcal vaccine and the increase in other vaccines coverage. From 2012 and 2014 a decline in coverage was observed for all vaccines with the exception of MMR. Conclusion: The global vaccination coverage of the Amplified Immunization Program showed a coincidental increase with the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine until 2012, although no causal association could be demonstrated. . From 2012 a decline in coverage was observed for all vaccines with the exception of MMR.

Límite fino y transliminalidad en relación con experiencias aparicionales y sensación de presencia / Thin Boundary and Transliminality in Relation with Apparitional Experiences and Sense of Presence / Limite "fino" e transliminalidade em relação com experiências aparicionais e sensação de presença

Objetivo. Comparar la transliminalidad y el límite fino en personas que tienen experiencias de apariciones y sensación de presencia con un grupo control. Se plantea como hipótesis que las personas que reportan experiencias aparicionales y sensación de presencia tienen: (a) mayor propensión a tener experiencias anómalas, (b) mayor transliminalidad y (c) límites más finos en comparación con un grupo control. Método. Se administraron cuatro medidas, la Escala Cardiff de Percepciones Anómalas, la Escala de Transliminalidad (revisada), el Inventario de Experiencias Anómalo/Paranormales y el Cuestionario de Límites, a una muestra compuesta por 203 participantes interesados en experiencias paranormales (151 mujeres y 52 hombres). Resultados. Se confirmaron las tres hipótesis, esto es, mayor nivel de experiencias anómalas, transliminalidad y límite más fino en individuos que reportan la experiencia en comparación con quienes no las reportan. Conclusión. Estos resultados indican que, particularmente, el constructo de límite fino refleja unos procesos atencionales o hiperestesia particular para la detección del entorno en aquellos involucrados en presuntas experiencias aparicionales.

Objective. To compare the experiences of people who have apparitions and a sense of presence with a control group (without experience) in the degree of frequency of other anomalous experiences, transliminality and thin boundary. Three specific hypotheses are tested here: (a) people who report apparitional experiences and sense of presence score higher anomalous experiences, (b) higher transliminality, (c) and thinner boundaries than control. Method. Four scales were used, the Cardiff Anomalous Perceptions Scale, the Revised Transliminality Scale (RTS), the Anomalous/Paranormal Inventory (AEI), and the Boundary Questionnaire. A sample of 203 participants (151 females and 52 males) who experienced apparitional experiences and sense of presence were matched with participants who did not report such experiences. Results. The three hypotheses were confirmed, that is, higher scores of anomalous experiences, transliminality and thin boundaries in individuals reporting experience compared to those who did not have it confirmed. Conclusion. The construct of a thin boundary reflects some of the attentional processes and/or hyperesthesia present in those involved in alleged apparitional experiences which are used for the detection of their environment.

Escopo. Comparar transliminalidade e limite "fino" em pessoas que têm experiência de aparições e sensação de presença com um grupo de controle (sem experiência). Nossa hipótese é que pessoas que se reportam experiências aparicionais e sensação de presença têm: (a) maior propensão de ter experiências cognitivas anormais, (b) maior transliminalidade, (c) limites mais finos em comparação com um grupo controle. Metodologia. Foram administradas quatro medições, a escala Cardiff de percepções anômalas, a Escala revisada de transliminalidade, o Inventário de experiências anômalas/paranormais e o Questionário de Limites, para uma amostra de 203 participantes interessados em experiências paranormais (151 mulheres 52 homens). Resultados. Foram confirmadas as três hipóteses, ou seja, maior nível de experiências anômalas, transliminalidade e limite mais fino em indivíduos que reportam a experiência em comparação com aqueles que não o fez. Conclusão. Estes resultados indicam, particularmente, que o construto do limite fino reflete uns processos de atenção e/ou hiperestesia particular para a detecção do entorno em aqueles que estão envolvidos em supostas experiências aparicionais.

Enfoques emergentes de la epidemiología: una mirada desde la transdisciplinariedad / Emerging approaches of epidemiology: a view from the transdisciplinarity

Epidemiology has a historical debt to humanity. In this context, new theoretical and epistemological approaches from transdisciplinary and complementarity arises, to address the complex health-disease process, so far dominated by the hegemonic biomedical model of conventional epidemiology, which has generated significant contributions to humanity. However, the complexities announce the need for the conceptual reconfiguration from the conventional epidemiology to emancipatory paths that generate the neohumanism. Knitting or weaving disciplines as possibility of humanity in completeness, that allows overcome the limitation and fragmentation of the subject of their socio-cultural and historical context, which complicates the problem in its fullness, and thus, building solutions is a challenge we must conquer. Critical epidemiology, through the integration of complementary approaches must maintain an epistemological vigilance on the uses and limits of the respective approaches to such techniques, avoiding frozen ahistorical notion of phenomena. Performing the analysis of socio-historical process under the approach to social determination is an obligation, which allows seeing beyond the social determinants associated with c lassical risk factors and individual lifestyles. Finally, there is a need to move from a more complex concept, integrating the social determinants of health, with critical ecology, to the conquest of a good living. Health inequalities can fill the gaps in this way, moving towards transformation and emancipation of human beings in complexus with the planetary life.

La epidemiología tiene una deuda histórica con la humanidad. En este contexto, urgen nuevos enfoques teóricos y epistémicos que desde la transdisciplinariedad y la complementariedad, aborden el complejo proceso salud-enfermedad, hasta ahora dominado por el hegemónico modelo biomédico, de la epidemiologia convencional, el cual ha gene rado importantes aportes a la humanidad. Sin embargo, las complejidades anuncian la necesidad de la reconfiguración c onceptual de la epidemiología convencional, hacia caminos emancipatorios, que generen el neo humanismo. Tejer o entretejer las disciplinas como posibilidad de una humanidad en completud, que permita vencer la limitación y fragmentación del sujeto de su contexto socio-cultural e histórico, que impide ver el problema en su plenitud y por ende construir las soluciones, es un desafío que debemos conquistar. La epidemiología critica, a través de la integración de los enfoques complementarios debe mantener una vigilancia epistemológica sobre los usos y límites de las técnicas respectivas a dicho enfoques, evitando la noción ahistórica y congelada de los fenómenos. Es ineludible realizar el análisis del proceso socio histórico bajo el enfoque de la determinación social, que permite ver más allá de los determinantes sociales, asociados a los clásicos factores de riesgo y estilos de vida individuales. Finalmente se plantea la necesidad de transitar desde un concepto más complejo, que integre la determinación social de la salud, con la ecología crítica, hacia la conquista del buen vivir. Solo así es posible subsanar las desigualdades sanitarias, transitando hacia la transformación y la emancipación del ser humano en complexus con la vida planetaria.

El reporte de experiencias perceptuales anómalas en ámbitos hospitalarios: su relación con el estrés laboral / The report of experiences Anomalous Perceptual in hospital settings: your relationship with work stres

Aunque Enfermería es una de las profesiones con mayor nivel de estrés laboral, el temor al ridículo y al prejuicio de insanidad mental generan un bajo nivel de reporte, incluso el silencio, sobre este tipo de experiencias...

Relación entre estrés laboral, alucinación y experiencias anómalas entre profesionales de enfermería / Relationship between work stress, hallucination and abnormal experiences among nursing professionals / Relação entre estresse de trabalho, alucinação e experiências anômalas entre professionais de enfermagem

Objetivo: evaluar el tipo y frecuencia de experiencias perceptuales inusuales en ámbitos hospitalarios, así como su relación con el estrés laboral y la absorción, y comparar tales experiencias en enfermeros (os) que las han tenido. Materiales y Métodos: se analizó una muestra de 39 enfermeros (as) con tales experiencias y un grupo control de 61 profesionales (sin experiencias). Las enfermeros (as) completaron cuatro instrumentos: la Encuesta de Experiencias Anómalo/Paranormales en Enfermeras y Trabajadores de la Salud, el Maslach Burnout Inventory que mide el estrés laboral, el Cuestionario de Experiencias Alucinatorias que evalúa la propensión a la alucinación y la Escala de Absorción de Tellegen que evalúa el grado de involucramiento en la percepción. Resultados: los profesionales que reportaron tales experiencias no tendían a experimentar mayor estrés laboral, en comparación con un grupo control, en contra de la principal hipótesis; sin embargo, mostraron mayor frecuencia experiencias perceptivas anómalas asociadas a la capacidad de absorción psicológica, que resultó el principal predictor entre enfermeras con experiencia y el grupo control [ß= 0,33, p= 0,005; R2= 0,12] combinando estrés laboral y propensión a la alucinación. Conclusión: el análisis estadístico confirma que los profesionales de enfermería que reportan experiencias perceptuales inusuales, tienden a mostrar mayor absorción psicológica, de igual forma, mayor propensión a alucinar; sin embargo, ninguna de estas variables se relaciona con el estrés laboral. El turno de noche es el más propenso a estas experiencias.

Objective: evaluate the type and frequency of unusual perceptual experiences in hospital areas, as well as its relationship with work stress and absorption, and compare such experiences in nurses who have had. Materials and Methods: a sample of 39 nurses with such experiences and a control group of 61 professionals (without experiences) were analyzed. The nurses completed four instruments: The Survey of Abnormal/Paranormal Experiences in Nurses and Health Workers, the Maslach Burnout Inventory that measures work stress, the Questionnaire of Hallucinatory Experiences that evaluates the tendency of hallucinating, and the Tellegen Absorption Scale that assesses the degree of involvement in perception. Results: the professionals that reported such experiences did not tend to experience major work stress, in comparison to a control group, in opposition to the first hypothesis; however, they showed more frequency to abnormal perceptual experiences associated with the capacity of psychological absorption, which resulted in the main predictor between nurses with experience and the control group [ß= 0,33, p= 0,005; R2= 0,12] combining work stress and tendency of hallucination. Conclusion: the statistical analysis confirms that the nursing professionals that report unusual perceptual experiences, tend to show a greater psychological absorption, likewise, a greater tendency to hallucinate; however, none of these variables is related with work stress. The night shift is the most prone to these experiences.

Objetivo: avaliar o tipo e frequência de experiências perceptuais incomuns em âmbitos hospitalários, assim como sua relação com o estresse de trabalho e a absorção, e comparar tais experiências em enfermeiras (os) que tiveram. Materiais e Métodos: analisou-se uma amostra de 39 enfermeiras (os) com tais experiências e um grupo controle de 61 professionais (inexperientes). As enfermeiras (os) completaram quatro instrumentos: a Pesquisa de Experiências Anômalo/Paranormais em Enfermeiras e Trabalhadores da Saúde, o Maslach Burnout Inventory que mede o estresse de trabalho, o Questionário de Experiências Alucinatórias que avalia a propensão à alucinação e a Escala de Absorção de Tellegen que avalia o grau de envolvimento na percepção. Resultados: os professionais que reportaram tais experiências não tenderam a experimentar maior estresse de trabalho, em comparação com um grupo controle, contra a hipótese principal; porém, mostraram maior frequência de experiências perceptivas anômalas associadas à capacidade de absorção psicológica, que resultou o principal preditor entre enfermeiras com experiência e o grupo controle [ß= 0,33, p= 0,005; R2= 0,12] combinando estresse de trabalho e propensão à alucinação. Conclusões: a análise estadística confirma que os professionais de enfermagem que reportam experiências perceptuais incomuns, tendem a mostrar maior absorção psicológica; de igual maneira, maior propensão a alucinar; no entanto, nenhuma destas variáveis se relaciona com o estresse de trabalho. O turno da noite é o mais propenso a esse tipo de experiência.