Impact of Atrioventricular Valve Intervention at Each Stage of Single Ventricle Palliation.

Background: Significant atrioventricular valve dysfunction can be associated with mortality or need for transplant in functionally univentricular heart patients undergoing staged palliation. The purposes of this study are to characterize the impact of concomitant atrioventricular valve intervention on outcomes at each stage of single ventricle palliation and to identify risk factors associated with poor outcomes in these patients. Methods: The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database was queried for functionally univentricular heart patients undergoing single ventricle palliation from 2013 through 2022. Separate analyses were performed on cohorts corresponding to each stage of palliation (1: initial palliation; 2: superior cavopulmonary anastomosis; 3: Fontan procedure). Bivariate analysis of demographics, diagnoses, comorbidities, preoperative risk factors, operative characteristics, and outcomes with and without concomitant atrioventricular valve intervention was performed. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify predictors associated with operative mortality or major morbidity. Results: Concomitant atrioventricular valve intervention was associated with an increased risk of operative mortality or major morbidity for each cohort (cohort 1: 62% vs 46%, P < .001; cohort 2: 37% vs 19%, P < .001; cohort 3: 22% vs 14%, P < .001). Black race in cohort 1 (odds ratio [OR] 3.151, 95% CI 1.181-9.649, P = .03) and preterm birth in cohort 2 (OR 1.776, 95% CI 1.049-3.005, P = .032) were notable predictors of worse morbidity or mortality. Conclusions: Concomitant atrioventricular valve intervention is a risk factor for operative mortality or major morbidity at each stage of single ventricle palliation. Several risk factors are associated with these outcomes and may be useful in guiding decision-making.

Predictors of Discharge with Supplemental Oxygen after Lobectomy for Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Before lung cancer resection, patients inquire about dyspnea and the potential need for supplemental oxygen. Our objective was to identify predictors of discharge with supplemental oxygen for patients undergoing lobectomy for lung cancer. METHODS: Using the Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing lobectomy for lung cancer from July 2018 - December 2021. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the adjusted association of pulmonary function with discharge on supplemental oxygen and identify independent predictors of discharge with supplemental oxygen. Pulmonary function was modeled as the minimum of either ppoFEV1 or ppoDLCO. RESULTS: Overall, 2,100 (8.4%) patients undergoing lobectomy were discharged with supplemental oxygen. Those with a minimum of either ppoFEV1 or ppoDLCO ≤60% had a progressively increased risk of discharge with supplemental oxygen than those with minimum function >60%. The two strongest predictors of discharge with supplemental oxygen were increasing BMI (25-29 aOR 1.38, 95%CI 1.21-1.57, 30-39 aOR 2.14, 95%CI 1.88-2.45, ≥40 aOR 3.51, 95%CI 2.79-4.39, reference 18.5-24) and former (aOR 2.04, 95%CI 1.67-2.52) and current (aOR 2.61, 95%CI 2.10-3.26) smoking status (reference never smoker). CONCLUSIONS: Of those undergoing lobectomy for lung cancer, 8.4% were discharged with supplemental oxygen. We identified preoperative independent predictors of discharge with supplemental oxygen that may be useful during shared decision-making discussions of treatment options for lung cancer and setting expectations with patients.

Reoperations in Adolescents and Adults After Prior Arterial Switch Operation: The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Arterial switch operation (ASO) has supplanted physiologic repairs for transposition of the great arteries and related anomalies. As survival rates have increased, so has the potential need for cardiac reoperations to address ASO-related complications arising later in life. METHODS: The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database (2010-2021) was reviewed to assess prevalence and types of cardiac reoperations for patients aged ≥10 years with prior ASO for transposition of the great arteries or double-outlet right ventricle/transposition of the great arteries type. A hierarchical stratification designating 13 procedure categories was established a priori by investigators. Each eligible surgical hospitalization was assigned to the single highest applicable hierarchical category. Outcomes were compared across procedure categories, excluding hospitalizations limited to pacemaker-only and mechanical circulatory support-only procedures. Variation during the study period in relative proportions of left heart vs non-left heart procedure category encounters was assessed. RESULTS: There were 698 cardiac surgical hospitalizations for patients aged 10 to 35 years at 100 centers. The most common left heart procedure categories were aortic valve procedures (n = 146), aortic root procedures (n = 117), and coronary artery procedures (n = 40). Of 619 hospitalizations eligible for outcomes analysis, major complications occurred in 11% (67/619). Discharge mortality was 2.3% (14/619). Year-by-year analysis of surgical hospitalizations reveals substantial growth in numbers for the aggregate of all procedure categories. Growth in relative proportions of left heart vs non-left heart procedures was significant (P = .0029; Cochran-Armitage trend test). CONCLUSIONS: This large multicenter study of post-ASO reoperations beyond early childhood documents year-over-year growth in total reoperations. Left-sided heart procedures recently had the highest rate of rise. These observations have implications for counseling, surveillance, and management.

The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery Database: 2023 Update on Procedure Data and Research.

The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) Adult Cardiac Surgery Database is one of the largest and most comprehensive contemporary clinical databases in use. It now contains >9 million procedures from 1010 participants and 3651 active surgeons. Using audited data collection, it has provided the foundation for multiple risk models, performance metrics, health policy decisions, and a trove of research studies to improve the care of patients in need of cardiac surgical procedures. This annual report provides an update on the current status of the database and summarizes the development of new risk models and the STS Online Risk Calculator. Further, it provides insights into current practice patterns, such as the change in the demographics among patients undergoing aortic valve replacement, the use of minimally invasive techniques for valve and bypass surgery, or the adoption of surgical ablation and left atrial appendage ligation among patients with atrial fibrillation. Lastly, an overview of the research conducted using the STS Adult Cardiac Surgery Database and future directions for the database are provided.

Robotic Mitral Valve Repair for Degenerative Mitral Regurgitation.

BACKGROUND: Contemporary national utilization and comparative safety data of robotic mitral valve repair for degenerative mitral regurgitation compared with nonrobotic approaches are lacking. The study aimed to characterize national trends of utilization and outcomes of robotic mitral repair of degenerative mitral regurgitation compared with sternotomy and thoracotomy approaches. METHODS: Patients undergoing intended mitral repair of degenerative mitral regurgitation in The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery Database between 2015 and 2021 were examined. Mitral repair was performed in 61,322 patients. Descriptive analyses characterized center-level volumes and outcomes. Propensity score matching separately identified 5540 pairs of robotic vs thoracotomy approaches and 6962 pairs of robotic vs sternotomy approaches. Outcomes were operative mortality, composite mortality and major morbidity, postoperative length of stay, and conversion to mitral replacement. RESULTS: Through the 7-year study period, 116 surgeons across 103 hospitals performed mitral repair robotically. The proportion of robotic cases increased from 10.9% (949 of 8712) in 2015 to 14.6% (1274 of 8730) in 2021. In both robotic-thoracotomy and robotic-sternotomy matched pairs, mortality and morbidity were not significantly different, whereas the robotic approach had lower conversion (1.2% vs 3.1% for robotic-thoracotomy and 1.0% vs 3.7% for robotic-sternotomy), shorter length of stay, and fewer 30-day readmissions. Mortality and morbidity were lower at higher-volume centers, crossing the national mean mortality and morbidity at a cumulative robotic mitral repair case of 40. CONCLUSIONS: Robotic mitral repair is a safe and effective approach and is associated with comparable mortality and morbidity, a lower conversion rate, a shorter length of stay, and fewer 30-day readmissions than thoracotomy or sternotomy approaches.

Association Between Interstitial Lung Disease and Outcomes After Lung Cancer Resection.

BACKGROUND: Prior studies have noted that patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) possess an increased incidence of lung cancer and risk of postoperative respiratory failure and death. We sought to understand the impact of ILD on national-scale outcomes of lung resection. METHODS: A retrospective cohort analysis using The Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database was conducted of patients who underwent a pulmonary resection for non-small cell lung cancer between 2009 and 2019. Baseline characteristics and postoperative outcomes were compared between patients with and without ILD (defined as interstitial fibrosis based on clinical, radiographic, or pathologic evidence). Multivariable logistic regression models identified risk factors associated with postoperative mortality, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and composite morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: ILD was documented in 1.5% (1873 of 128,723) of patients who underwent a pulmonary resection for non-small cell lung cancer. Patients with ILD were more likely to smoke (90% vs 85%, P < .001), have pulmonary hypertension (6% vs 1.7%, P < .001), impaired diffusing capacity of lung for carbon monoxide (diffusing capacity of lung for carbon monoxide 40%-75%: 64% vs 51%; diffusing capacity of lung for carbon monoxide <40%: 11% vs 4%, P < .001), and undergo more sublobar resections (34% vs 23%, P < .001) compared with patients without ILD. Patients with ILD had increased postoperative mortality (5.1% vs 1.2%, P < .001), acute respiratory distress syndrome (1.9% vs 0.5%, P < .001), and composite morbidity and mortality (13.2% vs 7.4%, P < .001). ILD remained a strong predictor of mortality (odds ratio, 3.94; 95% CI, 3.09-5.01; P < .001), even when adjusted for patient comorbidities, pulmonary function, extent of resection, and center volume effects. CONCLUSIONS: ILD is a risk factor for operative mortality and morbidity after lung cancer resection, even in patients with normal pulmonary function.

The Impact of Age and Need for Emergent Surgery in Paraesophageal Hernia Repair Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Observation of paraesophageal hernias (PEHs) may lead to emergent surgery for hernia-related complications. This study evaluated urgent or emergent repair outcomes to quantify the possible sequelae of failed conservative PEH management. METHODS: The impact of operative status (elective vs urgent or emergent) on perioperative mortality or major morbidity for patients who underwent hiatal hernia repair for a PEH diagnosis from 2012 to 2021 in the Society of Thoracic Surgery General Thoracic Surgery Database was evaluated with multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS: Overall, 2082 (10.9%) of 19,122 patients with PEHs underwent urgent or emergent repair. Patients undergoing nonelective surgery were significantly older than patients undergoing elective surgery (median age, 73 years [interquartile range, 63-82 years] vs 66 years [interquartile range, 58-74 years]) and had a lower preoperative performance score (P < .001). Nonelective surgical procedures were more likely to be performed through the chest or by laparotomy rather than by laparoscopy (20% vs 11.4%; P < .001), and they were associated with longer hospitalizations (4 days vs 2 days; P < .001), higher operative mortality (4.5% vs 0.6%; P < .001), and higher major morbidity (27% vs 5.5%; P < .001). Nonelective surgery was a significant independent predictor of major morbidity in multivariable analysis (odds ratio, 2.06; P < .001). Patients more than the age of 80 years had higher operative mortality (4.3% vs 0.6%; P < 0.001) and major morbidity (19% vs 6.1%; P < .001) than younger patients overall, and these older patients more often had nonelective surgery (26% vs 8.6%; P < .001) CONCLUSIONS: The operative morbidity of PEH repair is significantly increased when surgery is nonelective, particularly for older patients. These results can inform the potential consequences of choosing watchful waiting vs elective PEH repair.

The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery Database: 2022 Update on Outcomes and Research.

The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery Database is the most mature and comprehensive cardiac surgery database. It is one of the most respected clinical data registries in health care, providing accurate risk-adjusted benchmarks, a foundation for quality measurement and improvement activities, and the ability to perform novel research. This report encompasses data from the years 2020 and 2021 and is the seventh in a series of reports that provide updated volumes, outcomes, database-related developments, and research summaries using the Adult Cardiac Surgery Database.

Variation in Case-Mix Across Hospitals: Analysis of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database.

BACKGROUND: The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) Congenital Heart Surgery Database was queried to document variation of patient characteristics, procedure types, and programmatic case-mix. METHODS: All index cardiac operations in patients less than 18 years of age in the STS Congenital Heart Surgery Database (July 2016 to June 2020) were eligible for inclusion except patients weighing ≤2.5 kg undergoing isolated patent ductus arteriosus closure. At the hospital level, we describe variations in patient and procedural characteristics known from previous analyses to be associated with outcomes. We also report variations across hospitals of programmatic case-mix. RESULTS: Data were analyzed from 117 sites (90 322 total operations, 87 296 total index cardiac operations eligible for STAT [STS-European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery] 2020 Mortality Score). The median annual total index cardiac operations eligible for STAT 2020 Mortality Score per hospital was 157 (interquartile range [IQR], 94-276). Wide variability was documented in total annual index cardiac operations eligible for STAT 2020 Mortality Score per hospital (ratio 90th/10th percentile = 9.01), operations in neonates weighing <2.5 kg (ratio 90th/10th percentile = 4.09), operations in patients with noncardiac anatomic abnormalities (ratio 90th/10th percentile = 3.46), and operations in patients with preoperative mechanical ventilation (ratio 90th/10th percentile = 3.97). At the hospital level, the median percentage of all index cardiac operations in STAT 2020 Mortality Category 5 was 3.7% (IQR, 1.7%-4.9%), the median percentage of all index cardiac operations in STAT 2020 Mortality Category 4 or 5 was 24.4% (IQR, 19.0%-28.4%), the median hospital-specific mean STAT Mortality Category was 2.39 (IQR, 2.20-2.47), and the median hospital-specific mean STAT Mortality Score was 0.86 (IQR, 0.73-0.91). CONCLUSIONS: Substantial variation of patient characteristics, procedure types, and case-mix exists across pediatric and congenital cardiac surgical programs. Knowledge about programmatic case-mix augments data about indirectly standardized programmatic observed-to-expected (O/E) mortality. Indirectly standardized O/E ratios do not provide a complete description of a given pediatric and congenital cardiac surgical program. The indirectly standardized programmatic O/E ratios associated with a given program apply only to its specific case-mix of patients and may represent a quite different case-mix than that of another program.