Imaging Evaluation of Male Breast Masses with Histopathologic Correlation: A Case Series.

The male breast can be afflicted with a wide spectrum of benign and malignant masses, similar to the female breast. A systematic radiological evaluation using mammography, ultrasonography, and when appropriate, magnetic resonance imaging, could aid this differentiation and provide clues to the diagnosis. In this article, we present six cases of male breast masses with an emphasis on the role of imaging in characterization and diagnosis.

Incidence of internal mammary node in locally advanced breast cancer and its correlation with metastatic disease: a retrospective observational study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine incidence of internal mammary nodes (IMN) at baseline CT of locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) and ascertain prognostic implication. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Retrospective review of all LABC patients from 1 January 2012 through 31 December 2014 was performed after approval from institutional review board. CTs of 182 patients enrolled were reviewed by two radiologists independently, and IMNs were documented based on size, location and relation with location of breast primary. 3-year follow-up was analysed and incidence of metastases was calculated as overall incidence, incidence in patients with and without discernible IMN at baseline imaging. Results are presented as numbers and percentages. Differences in metastases of two groups were compared using χ2 test. 95% CI was calculated and p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: 77 of 182 had identifiable IMN (42.3% incidence). Majority of identifiable nodes were on ipsilateral side of primary (incidence 90.90%) with higher incidence in patients with upper-outer quadrant tumours (55.9%). Majority were seen in second intercostal space (44.4%). 36 (19.7%) developed distant metastases within 3 years of therapy. Of these, 21 (27.3%) had IMN as compared with 15 (14.3 %) without IMN on baseline imaging. Patients with identifiable IMN on baseline CT had significantly higher incidence of distant metastases (p = 0.0321). CONCLUSION: Significant number LABC patients have identifiable IMN on baseline imaging with patients showing IMN on baseline CT showing significantly higher rate of metastatic disease following therapy. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: Many LABC patients have identifiable IMNs on baseline imaging which show higher incidence of subsequent metastatic disease.

A case series of metastases to the breast from extramammary malignancies.

Metastases to the breast from extra-mammary malignancies are extremely uncommon. The discovery of a breast mass in a patient with a known primary tumor elsewhere poses a diagnostic challenge to the clinician. An awareness of the various malignancies that can metastasize to the breast and accurate diagnosis of the same is essential to avoid an unnecessary mastectomy and to guide further therapy. In this case series, we describe such clinical scenarios with an emphasis on the imaging features of metastases to the breast, which will enable radiologists to recognize this entity with greater ease.

Imaging of retained surgical items: A pictorial review including new innovations.

With the advent of newer imaging modalities retained surgical items are now easily diagnosed by their characteristic imaging appearances. A combination of complementary imaging modalities helps to arrive at the diagnosis of this relatively rare complication. Factors contributing to their imaging features include the timing of diagnosis and imaging, presence of secondary infection, communication of the retained item with hollow viscus or external skin wound, and type of imaging modality used. A high index of suspicion is necessary for diagnosis before labeling it as a retained surgical item. In parallel with recent advances in surgery, it is essential that there is increasing awareness among radiologists regarding the newer types of retained surgical items.

Imaging of the treated breast post breast conservation surgery/oncoplasty: Pictorial review.

Mammographic appearance of the normal breast is altered in the post-operative setting. It is essential to be aware of the normal findings as well as to identify features of recurrent disease with particular emphasis on radiological-pathological concordance. Digital breast tomosynthesis and volumetric breast density add incremental value in this clinical setting. We present a pictorial review of various cases to illustrate normal post-operative findings as well as mammographic features suspicious for recurrent disease.

Gestational trophoblastic disease: a multimodality imaging approach with impact on diagnosis and management.

Gestational trophoblastic disease is a condition of uncertain etiology, comprised of hydatiform mole (complete and partial), invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor. It arises from abnormal proliferation of trophoblastic tissue. Early diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic disease and its potential complications is important for timely and successful management of the condition with preservation of fertility. Initial diagnosis is based on a multimodality approach: encompassing clinical features, serial quantitative ß-hCG titers, and pelvic ultrasonography. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is sometimes used as a problem-solving tool to assess the depth of myometrial invasion and extrauterine disease spread in equivocal and complicated cases. Chest radiography, body computed tomography (CT), and brain MRI have been recommended as investigative tools for overall disease staging. Angiography has a role in management of disease complications and metastases. Efficacy of PET (positron emission tomography) and PET/CT in the evaluation of recurrent or metastatic disease has not been adequately investigated yet. This paper discusses the imaging features of gestational trophoblastic disease on various imaging modalities and the role of different imaging techniques in the diagnosis and management of this entity.

A cluster randomized, controlled trial of breast and cervix cancer screening in Mumbai, India: methodology and interim results after three rounds of screening.

Cervix and Breast cancers are the most common cancers among women worldwide and extract a large toll in developing countries. In May 1998, supported by a grant from the NCI (US), the Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India, started a cluster-randomized, controlled, screening-trial for cervix and breast cancer using trained primary health workers to provide health-education, visual-inspection of cervix (with 4% acetic acid-VIA) and clinical breast examination (CBE) in the screening arm, and only health education in the control arm. Four rounds of screening at 2-year intervals will be followed by 8 years of monitoring for incidence and mortality from cervix and breast cancers. The methodology and interim results after three rounds of screening are presented here. Good randomization was achieved between the screening (n = 75360) and control arms (n = 76178). In the screening arm we see: High screening participation rates; Low attrition; Good compliance to diagnostic confirmation; Significant downstaging; Excellent treatment completion rate; Improving case fatality ratios. The ever-screened and never-screened participants in the screening arm show significant differences with reference to the variables religion, language, age, education, occupation, income and health-seeking behavior for gynecological and breast-related complaints. During the same period, in the control arm we see excellent participation rate for health education; Low attrition and a good number of symptomatic referrals for both cervix and breast.

Postoperative deep vein thrombosis in patients with colorectal cancer.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is reported to be common among patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer. This randomized controlled trial was aimed to determine the efficacy of low molecular-weight heparin in the prophylaxis of DVT in this high-risk group and was truncated early in view of an unexpectedly low incidence of DVT. Between March 2002 and January 2004, a total of 99 patients with colorectal cancer - selected for surgery in the lithotomy position - were randomized before surgery to either receive dalteparin or no drug (51 and 48 patients, respectively) during the perioperative period. Duplex ultrasonography was performed before and after the surgery. We also looked for distal venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, hemorrhage and any mortality. No episode of DVT occurred in either the drug arm or the observation arm. There was no death following surgery. The incidence of DVT in Indian patients operated for colorectal cancer in the lithotomy position was negligible.

Determinants of compliance in a cluster randomised controlled trial on screening of breast and cervix cancer in Mumbai, India. 1. Compliance to screening.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the efficacy of screening by low-cost technology in down-staging and reducing mortality due to breast and cervix cancer. METHODS: The present trial is a community-based, cluster randomised controlled cohort study on screening for breast and cervix cancers (clinical breast examination and visual inspection of the cervix after application of 4% acetic acid). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses are conducted to identify the predictors of participation in screening. RESULTS: The average compliance is 71.43 and 64.93% for breast and cervix cancer screening, respectively, with the highest compliance in round 1. At the end of 3 screening rounds, 94 and 84% of the eligible women were screened at least once for breast and cervix cancer, respectively. Younger women, women from other than Hindu and Muslim communities, school level-educated women, women belonging to lower-income families, Marathi-speaking women, married women and women who had previously consulted for any breast or gynaecological complaints had higher compliance to participation in screening. CONCLUSIONS: Good compliance rates to screening have been demonstrated in the trial, reflecting acceptance of the study by the society, which has implications while translating the trial into a programme.

Determinants of compliance in a cluster randomised controlled trial on screening of breast and cervix cancer in mumbai, India. 2. Compliance to referral and treatment.

OBJECTIVES: The study aims to investigate the efficacy of screening by low-cost technology in down-staging and reduction of mortality due to breast and cervix cancer. METHODS: The present trial is a community-based, cluster randomised controlled cohort study on screening for breast and cervix cancers (clinical breast examination and visual inspection of the cervix after application of 4% acetic acid). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses are conducted to identify the predictors of compliance to referral among screen-positive women and to treatment among cancer cases. RESULTS: The compliance to diagnostic investigations is 73% among screen-positive women referred for breast cancer and 79% among women referred for cervix cancer. Younger women, women working in service or being self-employed, school level-educated women, mother tongue Marathi, participation in screening in all 3 rounds and women referred as screen positive for cervix cancer had higher compliance to diagnostic investigations. The compliance to treatment completion is higher in women diagnosed with breast cancer, at 95%, compared to 86% for cervix cancers and 81% for cervix pre-cancers. CONCLUSIONS: Good compliance rates along with a proper system of referral, further investigations, confirmation of diagnosis and treatment as demonstrated in this trial are crucial for successful screening programmes.

Synchronous mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas involving bilateral orbits and breasts: a rare clinical entity.

Primary orbital and primary breast lymphomas comprise very small subgroups of extranodal lymphomas. Clinical presentation at both these sites together is extremely rare. We describe a case of bilateral orbital and bilateral breast mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas with bilateral pre-auricular lymph nodal metastasis. The case history, staging and management for this unusual entity are discussed.

Impact of intra-operative ultrasonography in liver surgery.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Intra-operative ultra-sonography (IOUS) during surgery for primary and metastatic hepatic tumors identifies additional lesions and helps in determining the most optimal surgical strategy. We assessed the impact of IOUS in liver surgery at our hospital, a tertiary-care cancer center. METHODS: Patients with potentially resectable hepatic tumors underwent surgical exploration. The relationship of the tumor with regard to the intrahepatic vasculature was determined by IOUS. A search was also made for additional lesions not detected by pre-operative imaging modalities. In appropriate cases, IOUS was also used to assist resection and radiofrequency ablation/ethanol injection. RESULTS: Between January 2003 and January 2005, 52 patients underwent surgery for primary or secondary hepatic tumors. IOUS was performed in 48 of these patients. It detected additional hepatic lesions in 14 patients (29.2%). IOUS contributed to changing the operative plan in 21 patients (43.8%). It was directly responsible for avoiding resection or ablation in 7 patients (14.6%), 5 of whom had multiple bilobar lesions, 1 had IOUS-guided biopsy that revealed caseating granuloma on frozen section, and 1 patient had no lesion on IOUS. Three patients had extent of resection changed based on IOUS findings. IOUS also guided radiofrequency ablation in 8 patients and ethanol injection in one patient. CONCLUSION: IOUS is an essential tool in surgery for hepatic tumors. In addition to accurate staging, it also aids in safe resection and radiofrequency ablation in appropriate cases.