Estratégias de enfrentamento da COVID-19 na atenção primária: estudo de método misto / Coping strategies for COVID-19 primary care: a mixed method study

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as estratégias de enfrentamento da COVID-19 adotadas por gestores municipais de saúde em duas regiões. Estudo de método misto do tipo explanatório sequencial, realizado com gestores municipais de saúde e coordenadores da atenção primária. A etapa quantitativa foi desenvolvida com a aplicação de instrumento a 42 gestores, para identificação de ações de enfrentamento e associação com dados demográficos e epidemiológicos da COVID-19 nos municípios. Os resultados direcionaram à definição de 15 participantes e à coleta de dados na etapa qualitativa, possibilitando aproximação das metainferências do estudo. Das ações implantadas, foram unânimes as ações de monitoramento dos casos, organização de novos fluxos de atendimento e estímulo à adoção de medidas não farmacológicas pela população. A articulação regional foi o dispositivo que permitiu ampliação e autonomia municipal para a testagem, com redução de contaminação e óbitos nos munícipes. As estratégias municipais de enfrentamento que tiveram foco na vigilância dos casos e na ampliação da testagem apresentaram desfechos positivos no que se refere a número de óbitos por COVID-19.

Abstract This article aims to analyse the COVID-19 coping strategies adopted by municipal health managers in two regions. A mixed method study of the sequential explanatory type was carried out with municipal health managers and primary care coordinators. The quantitative stage was developed with the application of an instrument to 42 managers to identify coping actions and associations with demographic and epidemiological data of COVID-19 in the municipalities. The results aimed at the definition of 15 participants and the collection of data in the qualitative stage, enabling approximation of the meta inferences of the study. Of the actions implemented, there were immediate actions to monitor cases, organize new care flows and encourage the population to adopt nonpharmacological measures. Regional articulation was the device that allowed for expansion and municipal autonomy for testing, reducing contamination and deaths among citizens. Municipal coping strategies that focused on the surveillance of cases and expansion of testing showed positive outcomes in terms of the number of infections and deaths from COVID-19.

Effectiveness of palbociclib with aromatase inhibitors for the treatment of advanced breast cancer in an exposure retrospective cohort study: implications for clinical practice.

BACKGROUND: New drugs for locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer have led to clinical benefits, aside with increasing costs to healthcare systems. The current financing model for health technology assessment (HTA) privileges real-world data. As part of the ongoing HTA, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of palbociclib with aromatase inhibitors (AI) and compare it with the efficacy reported in PALOMA-2. METHODS: A population-based retrospective exposure cohort study was conducted including all patients initiating treatment in Portugal with palbociclib under early access use and registered in the National Oncology Registry. The primary outcome was progression free survival (PFS). Secondary outcomes considered included time to palbociclib failure (TPF), overall survival (OS), time to next treatment (TTNT), and proportion of patients discontinuing treatment due to  adverse events (AEs). The Kaplan-Meier method was used and median, 1- and 2-year survival rates were computed, with two-sided 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines for reporting observational studies were used. RESULTS: There were 131 patients included. Median follow-up was 28.3 months (IQR: 22.7-35.2) and median duration of treatment was 17.5 months (IQR: 7.8-29.1). Median PFS was 19.5 months (95%CI 14.2-24.2), corresponding to a 1-year PFS rate of 67.9% (95%CI 59.2-75.2) and a 2-year PFS rate of 42.0% (95%CI 33.5-50.3). Sensitivity analysis showed median PFS would increase slightly when excluding those not initiating treatment with the recommended dose, raising to 19.8 months (95%CI 14.4-28.9). By considering only patients meeting PALOMA-2 criteria, we could observe a major difference in treatment outcomes, with a mean PFS of 28.8 months (95%CI 19.4-36.0). TPF was 19.8 months (95%CI 14.2-24.9). Median OS was not reached. Median TTNT was 22.5 months (95%CI 18.0-29.8). A total of 14 patients discontinued palbociclib because of AEs (10.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Data suggest palbociclib with AI to have an effectiveness of 28.8 months, when used in patients with overlapping characteristics to those used in PALOMA-2. However, when used outside of these eligibility criteria, namely in patients with less favorable prognosis (e.g., presence of visceral disease), the benefits are inferior, even though still favorable.

Epidemiological and clinical characterization of a population-based cohort of cutaneous malignant melanoma patients in the South Region of Portugal.

An historical population-based cohort study was conducted aiming to estimate the incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma in the South Region of Portugal between Jan 2016 and June 2017; to clinically characterize the diagnosed individuals; to describe instituted treatment; and to estimate survival outcomes. Data were extracted from a cancer registry (ROR-Sul) covering 4,800,000 inhabitants (46% of the Portuguese population) and included a total of 789 individuals meeting eligibility criteria. The crude incidence rate (18 months) of melanoma was 13.36/100,000 inhabitants and the Age-Standardized Incidence Rate per 100,000 World population was 9.65/100,000 inhabitants. The most common histological subtypes identified were superficial extension, followed by malignant melanoma and nodular melanoma. Most cases were diagnosed in stage I (50.39%), equally distributed by sex and with a median age of 65 years. During the study period, 174 recurrence events were recorded (23.45%) and recurrence-free survival rate was significantly lower in more advanced stages. Patients had a two-fold risk of recurrence/death when in presence of ulcerated tumors [adjusted hazard ratio (adj HR) = 2.28; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.40-3.70]. Overall survival rate at 3-years was 80.54% (95% CI 77.58-83.15), higher than previous national reports, and considerably higher for individuals diagnosed at earlier stages (p < 0.001). We have also identified differential survival outcomes in stages II-III explained by the uptake of sentinel lymph node biopsy. The epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of malignant melanoma patients studied are consistent with international literature. The incidence and rates observed suggests additional public health campaigns are needed to modify behaviours of the Portuguese population and thus reduce their risk.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Medical Education: a Systematic Review of Distance Learning, Student's Perceptions, and Mental Health

Introduction: the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted on mortality and several adverse health outcomes. It has also affected education as schools and universities had to adapt to remote learning due to social isolation strategies.Objective: to analyze the pandemic's impact on medical education including undergraduate and graduate students and lecturers, as follow: i) teaching methods adopted by education institutes during shutdown, ii) students and lecturers' perceptions and iii) impacts on students' mental health.Methods: this systematic review includes the following study designs: cross-sectional, surveys, case-control, cohort, and clinical trials. The literature search was performed in four databases: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and SciELO . The risk of bias and the quality of the evidence were evaluated.Results: a total of 1,576 articles were identified through searching databases, and 40 articles were included. We found the use of several teaching methods such as virtual platforms and social media, pre-recorded videos, discussion forums and others. Student's challenges related to interference during online study such as family distractions, lack of a study room, challenges with internet connectivity, difficulties in communication between students and lecturers, gaps encountered during clinical skills learning. Lecturers' challenges were difficulty in grasping students' progress and learning outcomes and the lack of experience in online teaching. Only five studies explored mental health issues of medical students and found the occurrence of depression, anxiety, and stress. However, their prevalence was not comparable due to the use of different diagnostic instruments.Conclusion: there has been a wide range of teaching methods implemented for distance learning of medical students globally. The perceptions of medical students about these methods and their impact were also varied. Infrastructure, family, and curriculum problems represented the greatest difficulties in adherence and satisfaction with distance learning. However, the flexibility of digital learning was one of the factors that helped reduce these problems. Regarding mental health, the occurrence of anxiety, depression, and stress was reported.

Introdução: a pandemia de COVID-19 teve impacto na mortalidade e em vários resultados adversos para a saúde. Também afetou a educação, pois escolas e universidades tiveram que se adaptar ao ensino remoto devido às estratégias de isolamento social.Objetivo: analisar o impacto da pandemia na educação médica, incluindo alunos de graduação e pós-graduação e professores, a saber: i) métodos de ensino adotados pelas instituições de ensino durante a paralisação, ii) percepções de alunos e professores e iii) impactos na saúde mental dos alunos.Método: esta revisão sistemática inclui os seguintes desenhos de estudo: transversal, surveys, caso-controle, coorte e ensaios clínicos. A pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada em quatro bases de dados: PubMed, Scopus, Embase e SciELO. O risco de viés e a qualidade da evidência foram avaliados.Resultados: um total de 1.576 artigos foram identificados por meio de busca em bancos de dados, e 40 artigos foram incluídos. Constatamos a utilização de diversos métodos de ensino como plataformas virtuais e redes sociais, vídeos pré-gravados, fóruns de discussão e outros. Desafios dos alunos relacionados à interferência durante o estudo online, como distrações familiares, falta de uma sala de estudo, desafios com conectividade à Internet, dificuldades de comunicação entre alunos e professores, lacunas encontradas durante o aprendizado de habilidades clínicas. Os desafios dos professores foram a dificuldade em compreender o progresso dos alunos e os resultados de aprendizagem e a falta de experiência no ensino online. Apenas cinco estudos exploraram questões de saúde mental de estudantes de medicina e encontraram a ocorrência de depressão, ansiedade e estresse. No entanto, sua prevalência não foi comparável devido ao uso de diferentes instrumentos de diagnóstico.Conclusão: existe uma ampla gama de métodos de ensino implementados para o ensino a distância de estudantes de medicina em todo o mundo. As percepções dos estudantes de medicina sobre esses métodos e seu impacto também foram variadas. Problemas de infraestrutura, família e currículo representaram as maiores dificuldades de adesão e satisfação com o ensino a distância. No entanto, a flexibilidade do aprendizado digital foi um dos fatores que ajudou a reduzir esses problemas. Em relação à saúde mental, foi relatada a ocorrência de ansiedade, depressão e estresse.

Vulnerabilidades entre mulheres em situação de rua vivenciando a gestação, parto e puerpério / Vulnerabilidades entre mujeres sin hogar viviendo el embarazo, parto y puerperio / Vulnerabilities among homeless women experiencing pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium

Resumo Objetivo compreender os aspectos que conferem vulnerabilidades às mulheres que vivenciam a gestação, o parto e o puerpério nas ruas. Método pesquisa qualitativa desenvolvida com doze mulheres em um município do sul do Brasil, mediante análise temática de entrevistas em profundidade, sob a luz dos referenciais da Vulnerabilidade e dos Direitos Humanos. Resultados três categorias temáticas descrevem situações de discriminações e violências que repercutem em vulnerabilidades tanto durante a gestação e o pré-natal, quando as mulheres (invisíveis) se tornam mães (visíveis), quanto no momento do parto, em que se evidencia o (des)cuidado e a (des)assistência, e também no puerpério, marcado pelo rompimento dos vínculos com os bebês. Conclusões e implicações para a prática sucessivas intervenções de controle, descaso, desinformação e negligência, bem como a falta de acolhimento e suporte, deixaram explícitas a carência de ações e políticas públicas que valorizem as singularidades dessas mulheres. A partir dos achados, entende-se a urgência da sensibilização dos profissionais de saúde para atuar respeitando a autonomia dessas mulheres para o exercício pleno de seus direitos sexuais e reprodutivos, bem como da efetivação de estratégias para a construção de um cuidado em saúde comprometido com a justiça e proteção social, mitigando vulnerabilidades e promovendo direitos.

Resumen Objetivo comprender las vulnerabilidades de mujeres sin hogar que viven el embarazo, parto y puerperio. Método investigación cualitativa realizada con doce mujeres de un municipio del sur de Brasil, a través del análisis temático de entrevistas en profundidad, a la luz de los marcos Vulnerabilidad y Derechos Humanos. Resultados tres categorías temáticas describen situaciones de discriminación y violencia que inciden en vulnerabilidades durante el embarazo y prenatal, cuando las mujeres (invisibles) se convierten en madres (visibles), así como en el parto, cuando se evidencia la falta de cuidados y asistencia, como también en el puerperio, marcado por la ruptura de vínculos con los bebés. Conclusiones e implicaciones para la práctica sucesivas intervenciones de control, descuido, desinformación y negligencia, así como la falta de acogida y apoyo explicitaron la falta de acciones y políticas públicas que valoren las singularidades de estas mujeres. A partir de los hallazgos, se comprende la urgencia de sensibilizar profesionales de salud para actuaren respetando la autonomía de estas mujeres para el ejercicio pleno de sus derechos sexuales y reproductivos, así como la implementación de estrategias para la construcción de un cuidado en salud comprometido con la justicia y la protección social, mitigando vulnerabilidades y promoviendo derechos.

Abstract Objective to understand the aspects that confer vulnerabilities to the women who experience pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium on the streets. Method qualitative research developed with twelve women in a southern city of Brazil, through a thematic analysis with in-depth interviews, in light of the Vulnerability and Human Rights framework. Results three thematic categories describe situations of discrimination and violence that have repercussions on vulnerabilities during pregnancy and prenatal care, when (invisible) women become (visible) mothers, and at the time of childbirth, in which (the lack of) care and assistance is evident, and also in the puerperium, marked by the breaking of bonds with the babies. Conclusions and implications for practice successive interventions of control, carelessness, misinformation and negligence, as well as the lack of acceptance and support made explicit the lack of actions and public policies that value the singularities of these women. From the findings, it is understood the urgency of raising the awareness of health professionals to act respecting the autonomy of these women for the full exercise of their sexual and reproductive rights, as well as the implementation of strategies for the construction of a health care committed to justice and social protection, mitigating vulnerabilities and promoting rights.

Real-world effectiveness of palbociclib plus fulvestrant in advanced breast cancer: Results from a population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Real-world (RW) data may provide valuable information on the effectiveness and safety of medicines, which is particularly relevant for clinicians, patients and third-party payers. Evidence on the effectiveness of palbociclib plus fulvestrant is scarce, which highlights the need of additional studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of palbociclib plus fulvestrant in advanced breast cancer (ABC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study and cases of interest were identified through the Portuguese National Cancer Registry database and additional data sources. Patients aged≥18 years, diagnosed with ABC and exposed to palbociclib plus fulvestrant between May 31, 2017 and March 31, 2019 were included. Patients were followed-up until death or cut-off date (February 28, 2021). Primary outcome was rw-progression-free survival (rwPFS). Secondary outcomes were rw-overall survival (rwOS), rw-time to palbociclib failure (rwTPF) and rw-time to next treatment (rwTTNT). RESULTS: A total of 210 patients were included. Median age was 58 years (range 29-83) and 99.05% were female. Median follow-up time was 23.22 months and, at cut-off date, treatment had been discontinued in 189 patients, mainly due to disease progression (n = 152). Median rwPFS was 7.43 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.28-9.05) and 2-year rwPFS was 16.65% (95%CI 11.97-22.00). Median rwOS was 24.70 months (95%CI 21.58-29.27), median rwTPF was 7.5 months (95%CI 6.51-9.08) and median rwTTNT was 11.74 months (95%CI 10.33-14.08). CONCLUSION: Palbociclib plus fulvestrant seems an effective treatment for ABC in real-world context. Compared to registrations studies, rwPFS and rwOS were shorter in real-life setting.

Consumo materno de sustancias psicoactivas, un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo infantil. Revisión sistémica / Maternal use of psychoactive substances, a risk factor for child development. Systemic review

Introducción. El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en mujeres embarazadas se ha convertido en un problema de salud pública debido a las consecuencias que ocasiona no solo en la madre como consumidora, sino también en el producto de la gestación. Asimismo, el consumo de estas sustancias puede asociarse con algunas alteraciones en el desarrollo neurológico identificadas en la infancia, tales como los trastornos del comportamiento (trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad y trastorno del espectro autista), los trastornos cognitivos y las alteraciones sensorio-motrices. Objetivos. Realizar una revisión sistemática exhaustiva sobre los trastornos del neurodesarrollo infantil asociados al consumo materno de sustancias psicoactivas. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura científica en las bases de datos PubMed, ClinicalKey y ScienceDirect sobre artículos que hablaran acerca de los trastornos del neurodesarrollo asociados al consumo materno de sustancias psicoactivas durante la gestación y publicados en revistas indexadas en los últimos 10 años, con corte a junio 2021. Resultados. Se identificaron 357 artículos distribuidos así: 170 en PubMed, 150 en ScienceDirect y 37 en ClincialKey. Por criterios de exclusión se eliminaron 318, quedando para lectura completa 39 artículos: (18 de PubMed, 12 de ClinicalKey y 9 ScienceDirect). De estos, se excluyeron 32 por ser revisiones sistemáticas, ya que no son estudios primarios y se pretendía hacer la revisión sobre estudios de este tipo; por no contar con grupo control, y por tener desenlaces no relacionados con la pregunta PICO, quedando finalmente para evaluación de calidad siete artículos en los cuales los autores coinciden en que el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas por parte de la madre durante la gestación constituye un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo infantil. Conclusiones. Los estudios seleccionados, aunque eran heterogéneos, permitieron identificar la relación existente entre el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en las gestantes y los trastornos del neurodesarrollo en sus hijos. Sin embargo, se recomienda seguir haciendo trabajos primarios que permitan obtener mayor evidencia científica relacionada con el tema o revisiones sistemáticas que incluyan estudios de un mismo diseño metodológico.

Introduction. The use of psychoactive substances in pregnant women has become a public health problem due to the consequences it causes not only in the mother as a consumer, but also in the product of gestation. Likewise, the consumption of these substances may be associated with some neurodevelopmental disorders identified in childhood, such as behavioral disorders (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder), cognitive disorders and sensory-motor disorders. Objectives. To conduct a comprehensive systematic review of childhood neurodevelopmental disorders associated with maternal use of psychoactive substances. Methods. We searched the scientific literature in PubMed, ClinicalKey and ScienceDirect databases for articles on neurodevelopmental disorders associated with maternal use of psychoactive substances during gestation and published in indexed journals in the last 10 years, up to June 2021. Results. A total of 357 articles were identified, distributed as follows: 170 in PubMed, 150 in ScienceDirect and 37 in ClinicalKey. Due to exclusion criteria, 318 were eliminated, leaving 39 articles for complete reading (18 in PubMed, 12 in ClinicalKey and 9 in ScienceDirect). Of these, 32 were excluded because they were systematic reviews, since they were not primary studies and the intention was to review studies of this type; because they did not have a control group, and because they had outcomes not related to the PICO question, leaving seven articles for quality assessment in which the authors agree that the consumption of psychoactive substances by the mother during gestation constitutes a risk factor for infant development. Conclusions. The selected studies, although heterogeneous, made it possible to identify the relationship between the use of psychoactive substances in pregnant women and neurodevelopmental disorders in their children. However, it is recommended to continue doing primary studies that allow obtaining more scientific evidence related to the subject or systematic reviews that include studies of the same methodological design.

Detailing the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in Portugal-Results from a population-based cancer registry cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is the most common leukaemia among adults in western countries. Considering the increasing incidence and prevalence of this condition, it is highly relevant to better characterise these patients in Portugal, where data is still scarce. METHODS: To determine incidence, clinical presentation, survival and second malignancies, a population-based historical cohort study was conducted. Cases of interest were identified through the South Region Cancer Registry database and additional data sources. Patients aged ≥18 years, with a confirmed diagnosis of CLL or small lymphocytic lymphoma between January 1st, 2013 and December 31st, 2014 were included. Patients were followed-up until death or cut-off date (December 31st, 2019). RESULTS: A total of 496 patients were included and median follow-up time was 5.46 years. Crude incidence rates were 5.03 and 5.22 per 100,000 inhabitants for 2013 and 2014, respectively, and age-adjusted incidence rates were 3.18:100,000 European population for 2013 and 3.35:100,000 European population for 2014. Median age at diagnosis was 71 years and the male/female ratio was 1.40. The majority of patients had leukemic presentation of the disease (86.09%), was diagnosed in Binet stage A (75.58%) and did not present B symptoms (84.01%), anaemia (haemoglobin ≤10g/dL; 90.63%) nor thrombocytopenia (platelet count ≤100 000/µL; 91.73%). Five-year overall survival (OS) rate was 70.53% (95%CI 66.31-74.34) and age, lactate dehydrogenase, Binet stage and a ≥5 Charlson comorbidity index score were independently associated with OS. Standardised-incidence ratios for any second malignancy and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma were 1.59 (95%CI 1.19-2.08) and 10.15 (95%CI 6.28-15.51), respectively. CONCLUSION: Incidence, clinical presentation and survival of CLL Portuguese patients are similar to those reported for other western countries. The increased risk of second malignancies raises concerns and needs adequate clinical watchfulness.

Organização de sistemas nacionais de saúde: diferenças e semelhanças entre Brasil e Cuba / National health systems organization: differences and similarities between Brazil and Cuba

Cuba e Brasil são países muito diferentes que construíram seus sistemas de saúde baseados nas premissas da Atenção Primária em Saúde. Objetivo: descrever, comparativamente, a organização dos sistemas de saúde brasileiro e cubano, a fim de identificar as melhores práticas. Método: estudo de caso, exploratório-descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa, com diferentes estratégias de coleta de dados. Principais resultados: Brasil é um país continental, de extremas diferenças e desigualdades, que construiu o Sistema Único de Saúde no final dos anos 1980 e tem vivido inúmeras ameaças para a manutenção da saúde como um direito universal. Cuba construiu o Sistema Nacional de Saúde a partir da Revolução de 1959 e mantém, desde então, a saúde como um direito universal de toda a população. Dentre as principais diferenças, destacamos: a participação social e o financiamento, totalmente público em Cuba em contraposição ao crescente financiamento privado no Brasil.

Cuba and Brazil are very different countries that have built their health systems based on the assumptions of Primary Health Care. Objective: to describe comparatively the organization of Brazilian and Cuban health systems in order to identify best practices. Method: case study, exploratory- descriptive, qualitative approach, with different strategies of data collection. Main results: Brazil is a continental country with extreme differences and inequalities, which built the Unified Health System in the late 1980s and has experienced numerous threats to maintaining health as a universal right. Cuba built the National Health System as of the 1959 Revolution and has since maintained health as a universal right of the entire population. Among the main differences, we highlight: social participation and financing, totally public in Cuba as opposed to the growing private financing in Brazil.

Monitoring real-life utilization of pembrolizumab in advanced melanoma using the Portuguese National Cancer Registry.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of pembrolizumab use in advanced melanoma in a real-life context; and to explore the existence of an efficacy-effectiveness gap, comparing registry data with the reference clinical trial. METHODS: This study followed the guidelines for good pharmacoepidemology practice. An ambispective cohort was constituted, initiating the observation upon drug approval (17/07/2015) and following exposed patients until death or cut-off date (15/11/2019). The primary outcome was overall survival (OS); secondary outcomes comprised progression-free survival (PFS), overall response rate (ORR) and the occurrence of adverse events (AE). For all survival analyses, the Kaplan-Meier estimator was used, considering a 95% confidence interval (CI), aside with one-year survival rates. RESULTS: A total of 125 patients constituted the cohort, originating from 16 hospitals in Portugal. Median OS was estimated to be 16.9 months (CI95% 11.3-25.5) and the probability of survival after 1 year was 57.5% (CI95% 48.4%-65.6%). Median PFS was estimated to be 4.8 months (CI95% 3.9-6.7) and the probability of remaining progression-free after 1 year was 32.8% (CI95% 24.8-41.1). ORR was 30.4% (CI95% 22.5%-39.3%). AEs were experienced by 82% of patients, and 27% experienced AE≥ grade 3. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest lower effectiveness in a real-life context than the efficacy reported in the clinical trial. Safety data seems, however, quite comparable to KEYNOTE-006.

Perception of health professionals about shared care between primary care and home care / Percepción de los profesionales de la salud sobre la atención compartida entre la atención primaria y la atención en el hogar / Percepção dos profissionais da saúde sobre cuidado compartilhado entre a atenção primária e atenção domiciliar

ABSTRACT Objective: to understand how health professionals perceive the shared care between the teams of Primary Health Care and Home Care Service. Method: descriptive study, with a qualitative approach, carried out with 17 professionals, in the municipality of Campo Grande, MS. Data were collected from August to October 2019, through semi-structured audio-recorded interviews and submitted to content analysis. Results: lack of knowledge, lack of qualification, lack of ordering of care and weakness in counter-referral were some of the challenges mentioned for shared care. However, interinstitutional visits, communication, discussion of cases, action planning, were perceived as strategies to carry it out. Final considerations: professionals perceive that home care is permeated by limitations and weaknesses in relation to the effectuation of shared care between the different health teams.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender cómo los profesionales de la salud perciben la atención compartida entre los equipos de Atención Primaria y Servicio de Atención Domiciliaria. Método: estudio descriptivo con abordaje cualitativo, realizado con 17 profesionales, en el municipio de Campo Grande, MS. Los datos se recolectaron de agosto a octubre de 2019, a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas grabadas en audio y se sometieron a análisis de contenido. Resultados: las incógnitas, la falta de calificación, la falta de pedidos de asistencia y la debilidad en la contrarreferencia fueron algunos de los desafíos mencionados para la atención compartida. Sin embargo, las visitas interinstitucionales, la comunicación, la discusión de casos, la planificación de acciones, fueron percibidas como estrategias para llevarlo a cabo. Consideraciones finales: los profesionales perciben que la atención domiciliaria está impregnada de limitaciones y debilidades con relación a la efectividad de la atención compartida entre los diferentes equipos de salud.

RESUMO Objetivo: compreender de que modo os profissionais de saúde percebem o cuidado compartilhado entre as equipes da Atenção Primária à Saúde e Serviço de Atenção Domiciliar. Método: estudo descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa, realizado com 17 profissionais, no município de Campo Grande, MS. Os dados foram coletados no período de agosto a outubro de 2019, mediante entrevistas semiestruturadas audiogravadas e submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Resultados: desconhecimentos, falta de qualificação, ausência da ordenação da assistência e, fragilidade na contrarreferência foram alguns desafios citados para o cuidado compartilhado. No entanto, visitas interinstitucionais, comunicação, discussão dos casos, planejamento das ações, foram percebidas como estratégias para efetivá-lo. Considerações finais: os profissionais percebem que a atenção domiciliar é permeada por limitações e fragilidades em relação à efetivação do cuidado compartilhado entre as diferentes equipes de saúde.

Management of care to chronic conditions in the rural under the coordination of nurses / Gestión de la atención a condiciones crónicas en rural bajo la coordinación de enfermeras / Gestão do cuidado às condições crônicas no rural sob a coordenação de enfermeiras

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the perspective of Nurses Coordinators of Family Health Teams on the management of care for people with chronic illness in rural areas. Method Qualitative approach exploratory study, carried out in a Health Region of Rio Grande do Sul, together with the Nurses in charge of the Units, between 2014 and 2015. The sample included seven participants. Data analysis was driven by thematic categorization and using NVIVO software. Results The thematic categories identified were: The administrative political organization of health care; The pluralities of rural impose specifics on care management and Strategies for management of care in the rural areas. Final considerations We pointed out elements of care management that are related not only to individual care, but also elements related to broader dimensions of health care, such as the social and political relationships that tension over the territories and that have implications to clinical practice.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar la perspectiva de las Enfermeras Coordinadoras de los Equipos de Salud de la Familia sobre la gestión de la atención a las personas con enfermedades crónicas en el rural. Método Estudio exploratorio de abordaje cualitativo, realizado en una Región de Salud de Rio Grande do Sul junto a las Enfermeras en cargo de Coordinación de las Unidades de Salud de la Familia, entre 2014 y 2015, la muestra consistió en siete participantes. El análisis de datos se realizó mediante análisis de contenido temático, con soporte del software NVIVO. Resultados Categorías temáticas identificadas: La organización política administrativa de la atención en salud; Las pluralidades del rural imponiendo especificidades a la gestión del cuidado y Estrategias para la gestión del cuidado en el campo. Consideraciones finales Se apuntan elementos de la gestión del cuidado que están relacionados no sólo a la atención individual, sino también elementos vinculados a dimensiones más amplias de la atención en salud.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a perspectiva de Enfermeiras Coordenadoras de Equipes de Saúde da Família sobre a gestão do cuidado às pessoas em adoecimento crônico no rural. Método Estudo exploratório de abordagem qualitativa, realizado em uma Região de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, junto às Enfermeiras em cargo de Coordenação das Unidades de Saúde da Família, entre 2014 e 2015. A amostra foi constituída por sete participantes. A análise dos dados se deu por análise de conteúdo do tipo temática, com apoio do software NVIVO. Resultados Categorias temáticas identificadas: A organização político-administrativa da atenção em saúde; As pluralidades do Rural impondo Especificidades à Gestão do Cuidado e Estratégias para a gestão do cuidado no rural. Considerações finais Apontam-se elementos da gestão do cuidado que estão relacionados não só ao atendimento individual, mas também elementos ligados a dimensões mais amplas da atenção em saúde, como as relações sociais e políticas que tensionam os territórios e que têm implicações à prática clínica.

COVID-19: repercussions of nursing, structuring and resolutivity of national health systems / COVID-19: repercusiones para la enfermería, estructuración y resolutividad de sistemas nacionales de salud / COVID-19: repercussões para enfermagem, estruturação e resolutividade de sistemas nacionais de saúde

ABSTRACT Aim: To analyze the repercussions of Nursing, the structuring and resolution of National Health Systems in facing the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in selected countries. Method: Reflection article on the confrontation of COVID-19 by the National Health Systems of China, United States of America, Italy, United Kingdom, Portugal, Cuba and Brazil, from information disseminated in different media and in the literature. Results: The response of health systems depended more on political decisions than on their structuring and organization. Nursing, being the front line, was the profession most affected in number of cases and deaths. Final Considerations: The reflection shows that the countries' economic and political issues interfered in the response to COVID-19 and what the role played by Nursing is essential in the front line to face the pandemic.

RESUMEN Objectivo: Analizar las repercusiones para la Enfermería, la estructuración y resolución de Sistemas Nacionales de Salud ante el nuevo coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) en países seleccionados. Método: Artículo de reflexión sobre el enfrentamiento del COVID-19 por parte de los Sistemas Nacionales de Salud de China, Estados Unidos de América, Italia, Reino Unido, Portugal, Cuba y Brasil, a partir de información difundida en diferentes medios y en la literatura. Resultados: La respuesta de los sistemas de salud dependió más de decisiones políticas que de su estruturación y organización. La enfermería, al ser la primera línea, fue la profesión más afectada en número de casos y muertes. Consideraciones Finales: La reflexión muestra que los problemas económicos y políticos de los países interfirieron en la respuesta a COVID-19 y cuál es el papel que juega la Enfermería en primera línea para enfrentar la pandemia.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as repercussões para a Enfermagem, a estruturação e a resolutividade de Sistemas Nacionais de Saúde no enfrentamento do novo coronavírus (SARS-CoV-2) em países selecionados. Método: Artigo de reflexão sobre o enfrentamento da COVID-19 pelos Sistemas Nacionais de Saúde da China, Estados Unidos da América, Itália, Reino Unido, Portugal, Cuba e Brasil, a partir de informações divulgadas em diferentes meios e na literatura. Resultados: A resposta dos sistemas de saúde dependeu mais de decisões políticas do que da estruturação e organização dos mesmos. A Enfermagem, por ser linha de frente, foi a profissão mais atingida em número de casos e óbitos. Considerações Finais: A reflexão demonstra que questões econômicas e políticas dos países interferiram na resposta à COVID-19 e o que o papel exercido pela Enfermagem é essencial na linha de frente ao enfrentamento da pandemia.

Real-world effectiveness of pembrolizumab in previously treated non-small cell lung cancer: A population-based cohort study.

PURPOSE: Immunotherapy is promising for lung cancer treatment, although at significant financial impact. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and the efficacy-effectiveness gap of pembrolizumab in previously treated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: A population-based ambispective cohort study was conducted. Cases of interest were identified through the National Cancer Registry database and additional data sources. Patients aged ≥18 years, diagnosed with NSCLC and exposed to pembrolizumab, between 23 June 2016 and 31 October 2018, as second or later lines of treatment for advanced disease were included. Patients were followed-up until death or cut-off date (30 April 2019). Primary outcome was overall survival (OS). Secondary outcomes were progression-free survival (PFS), event-free survival (EFS), and adverse events (AEs) leading to treatment discontinuation. The efficacy-effectiveness gap was evaluated comparing results with clinical trial data. RESULTS: A total of 181 patients were included. Median age was 63 years (range 33-94); 74.6% were male. Median treatment duration was 5.6 months (interquartile range: 1.4-10.4) and, at cut-off date, treatment had been discontinued in 141 patients, mainly due to disease progression. Median OS was 13.0 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 9.3-15.9) and 1-year OS was 53.1% (95% CI 45.2%-60.3%). Median PFS was 5.6 months (95% CI 4.6-7.2), median EFS was 4.7 months (95% CI 3.2-6.0), and treatment was discontinued due to AE in 8.3% of cases (n = 15). The efficacy-effectiveness gap seems to favor pembrolizumab use in clinical practice. CONCLUSION: Real-world data suggest the performance of pembrolizumab to reflect the clinical trial outcomes in previously treated NSCLC.

Participação social em saúde: limites e potencialidade de conselhos locais de saúde de uma metrópole brasileira / Health social participation: limits and potentialities of local health councils in a Brazilian metropolis / Participación social en salud: límites y potencialidades de los consejos locales de salud de una metrópoli brasileña

Este estudo objetiva analisar os motivos associados à participação de usuários em Conselhos Locais de Saúde (CLS) de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, por meio de uma pesquisa exploratória de abordagem qualitativa. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e individuais com 14 usuários, conselheiros ou não, associados a seis Unidades de Saúde. O corpus foi tratado a partir da análise de conteúdo. Ao final, foram identificados fatores que dificultam a participação social, como problemas na comunicação, descrédito sobre impacto de conselhos, falta de infraestrutura adequada, horário das reuniões e situações de violência. Paralelo a isso, também verificaram-se aspectos que facilitam a participação, entre eles: contato com trabalhadoras(es) de saúde, posicionamento ético-político, projetos com comunidade e proatividade. Concluiu-se que fatores impeditivos e facilitadores à participação social pertencem a um mesmo conjunto de problemas e estão interligados, complexificando a situação e colocando em questão a própria participação.

This study analyzes the reasons associated with the participation of users in Local Health Councils (LHC) of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, by means of a qualitative and exploratory research. Semi-structured, individual interviews were carried out with 14 users, counselors or not, assigned to six Health Units. Data was treated using Content Analysis. In the end, the analysis identified six factors that hinder social participation: communication issues, lack of belief in the councils, lack of adequate infrastructure, meeting times, and situations of violence. Conversely, the factors that facilitate participation were mainly: contact with health workers, ethical-political standing, community projects, and proactivity. In conclusion, impeditive and facilitating factors to social participation belong to the same set of issues and are interconnected, complexifying the situation and putting into question participation itself.

Este estudio pretende analizar los motivos asociados a la participación de usuarios en Consejos locales de salud (CLS) de Porto Alegre, en Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), con base en una investigación exploratoria de abordaje cualitativo. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas individuales con catorce usuarios, consejeros o no, adscritos a seis Unidades de Salud. El corpus fue tratado con la ayuda del análisis de contenido. Los resultados identificaron los factores que dificultan la participación social, como problemas de comunicación, descrédito en el impacto de los consejos, falta de una adecuada infraestructura, horario de las reuniones y situaciones de violencia. Paralelo a eso, existen factores para facilitar la participación: contacto con los/las trabajadores/as de salud, postura ético-política, proyectos con la comunidad y proactividad. Se concluye que los factores impeditivos y facilitadores en lo que se refiere a la participación social pertenecen a un mismo conjunto de problemas y están interconectados, complejizando la situación y poniendo en cuestión la propia participación.

Feeding preferences in aquatic invertebrates associated to Egeria densa in a tropical high-mountain lake

Introduction: The benthic fauna of the littoral zone in lakes is important in transferring energy to other trophic levels, habitat coupling, and helping to keep habitat stability. The study of this type of interactions in lentic systems is priority, since functional aspects about biological communities are unknown. Objective: Describing the trophic relations of aquatic invertebrates of the littoral zone in a tropical high mountain lake by characterizing gut content and stable isotope analysis of δ13C and δ15N. Methods: Samples of benthic invertebrates were collected in the littoral zone of the Lago de Tota where Egeria densa was present using a handheld net method. Samples were processed in the laboratory, organisms were identified, counted and weighed. Gut contents and δ13C and δ15N stable isotopes analysis were performed as well. Results: Records of the trophic relations of aquatic invertebrates, which live in the littoral in high mountain lentic ecosystem in the Neotropics are shown. The analysis of gut contents distinguished seven food items, microphytes and MOPF were the most frequent, and through the stable isotopes analysis (δ15N) we identified four trophic levels, among resources (macrophytes and POM), and consumers (detritivores, herbivores, and predators). The two upper trophic levels concentrated greater diversity and biomass. Conclusion: Most of the organisms studied were linked to omnivorous habits, evidenced in a wide spectrum of food items in their diet. The δ15N values show an enrichment, which occurs due to the effects of the tendency towards eutrophication of the system or due to unknown values of protozoa and bacteria that plays a fundamental role in the diet of these organisms, besides the δ13C values reported in organisms consumes, allows us to suggest an affinity with native resources of the littoral zone.

Introducción: La fauna béntica de la zona litoral de los lagos constituye un vínculo importante en el acoplamiento de hábitats, dinamizando los procesos de transferencia de materia y energía, y con ellos la estabilidad del sistema. El estudio de este tipo de interacciones en sistemas lénticos es prioritario, ya que existen vacíos de información sobre aspectos funcionales que involucran a las comunidades biológicas. Objetivo: Describir las relaciones tróficas de invertebrados acuáticos de la zona litoral de un lago de alta montaña tropical mediante caracterización de contenidos estomacales y análisis de isótopos estables de δ15N y δ13C. Métodos: Se colectaron muestras en la zona litoral del Lago de Tota, asociadas con la presencia de Egeria densa utilizando una red portátil. Las muestras se procesaron en el laboratorio donde los organismos se identificaron, contaron y pesaron. También se realizaron análisis de contenido estomacal e isótopos estables δ13C y δ15N. Resultados: Presentamos registros sobre hábitos tróficos de invertebrados acuáticos de litoral para ecosistemas lénticos de alta montaña del Neotrópico. El análisis de contenido estomacal permitió distinguir siete ítems alimenticios, donde los micrófitos y la MOPF fueron los recursos más frecuentes y el análisis de isótopos estables permitió identificar cuatro niveles tróficos, un nivel basal que hace referencia a los recursos (Macrófitos, MOP) y consumidores detritívoros, herbívoros y depredadores. Los dos niveles tróficos superiores concentraron mayor diversidad y biomasa. Conclusión: La mayor parte de los organismos estudiados fueron vinculados con hábitos omnívoros, evidenciado en un amplio espectro de ítems alimenticios en su dieta. Los valores de δ15N muestran un enriqueciendo que puede deberse a la tendencia del lago hacia la eutroficación o por valores desconocidos de protozoos y bacterias que pueden estar jugando un rol fundamental en la dieta de estos organismos, adicionalmente los valores de δ13C reportados en los organismos consumidores nos permiten sugerir una afinidad hacia recursos propios de la región litoral.