Activation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide (eNOS) Occurs through Different Membrane Domains in Endothelial Cells.

Endothelial cells respond to a large range of stimuli including circulating lipoproteins, growth factors and changes in haemodynamic mechanical forces to regulate the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and maintain blood pressure. While many signalling pathways have been mapped, the identities of membrane domains through which these signals are transmitted are less well characterized. Here, we manipulated bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) with cholesterol and the oxysterol 7-ketocholesterol (7KC). Using a range of microscopy techniques including confocal, 2-photon, super-resolution and electron microscopy, we found that sterol enrichment had differential effects on eNOS and caveolin-1 (Cav1) colocalisation, membrane order of the plasma membrane, caveolae numbers and Cav1 clustering. We found a correlation between cholesterol-induced condensation of the plasma membrane and enhanced high density lipoprotein (HDL)-induced eNOS activity and phosphorylation suggesting that cholesterol domains, but not individual caveolae, mediate HDL stimulation of eNOS. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced and shear stress-induced eNOS activity was relatively independent of membrane order and may be predominantly controlled by the number of caveolae on the cell surface. Taken together, our data suggest that signals that activate and phosphorylate eNOS are transmitted through distinct membrane domains in endothelial cells.

Sterol regulatory element binding proteins downregulate LDL receptor-related protein (LRP1) expression and LRP1-mediated aggregated LDL uptake by human macrophages.

OBJECTIVE: In the extracellular intima, extracellular matrix proteoglycans favor LDL retention and aggregation (agLDL). In contrast to native LDL (nLDL), agLDL induces high intracellular cholesteryl ester (CE) accumulation in macrophages. It has been suggested that LDL receptor-related protein (LRP1) is involved in agLDL binding and internalization by macrophages. The aim of this work was to analyze whether sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) modulate LRP1 expression and LRP1-mediated agLDL uptake by human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM). METHODS AND RESULTS: The treatment of HMDM with small anti-LRP1 interfering RNA (siRNA-LRP1) led to the specific inhibition of LRP1 mRNA expression and also to the inhibition of LRP1 protein expression in these cells. In siRNA-LRP1-treated HMDM, CE accumulation from agLDL uptake (84.66+/-5 microg CE/mg protein) was reduced by 95.76+/-5.22%. This suggests that LRP1 plays a pivotal role in agLDL uptake by HMDM. N-acetyl-leucyl-leucyl-norleucinal (ALLN), an inhibitor of SREBP catabolism, maintained high levels of active SREBP-2 and SREBP-1 even in the presence of nLDL and agLDL. Therefore, ALLN induced LDL receptor (LDLR) upregulation. Concomitantly, a strong downregulation of LRP1 mRNA and LRP1 protein was observed in ALLN-treated macrophages. By decreasing LRP1 expression levels, ALLN reduced CE accumulation from agLDL at all tested concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that high levels of active SREBPs downregulate LRP1 expression and intracellular CE accumulation in HMDM.