Impact of hemispherotomy on quality of life and burden of caregivers in children and adolescents: a retrospective observational study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate QOL and caregiver burden of children and teenagers submitted to hemispherotomy for pharmacoresistant epilepsy, by comparing pre and post-surgical intervention data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of pediatric patients submitted to surgical hemispherotomy before intervention (preOP) and their follow-up at 6 months (6 M PO) and 2 years (2Y PO) after surgery. QOL was evaluated through the Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy (QVCE-50) questionnaire and caregiver burden, through the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) tool. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients were included in the study. Sixteen patients (72%) were classified as Engel I at 2Y PO follow-up. QVCE-50 scale showed improvement of total QOL at 2Y PO. In relation to QVCE-50-specific domains, there was an improvement in the physical domain and in the cognitive-education a decrease in psychological and a stabilization in social/familiar domain scores. The majority of caregivers classified their burden as mild to moderate, with no PO improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Hemispherotomy represents an effective seizure control treatment, as well as it contributes to improvement of QOL, particularly in the physical domain and in spite of children's physical and cognitive limitations. However, no improvement in caregiver burden was observed, probably due to the chronic condition of these patients, which might be worsened by social issues.

Clinical and Surgical Approach for Cerebral Cortical Dysplasia.

The present article describes pathophysiological and clinical aspects of congenital malformations of the cerebral tissue (cortex and white matter) that cause epilepsy and very frequently require surgical treatment. A particular emphasis is given to focal cortical dysplasias, the most common pathology among these epilepsy-related malformations. Specific radiological and surgical features are also highlighted, so a thorough overview of cortical dysplasias is provided.

Long-term seizure outcome and mobility after surgical treatment for Rasmussen encephalitis in children: A single-center experience.

OBJECTIVE: Rasmussen Encephalitis (RE) is a rare inflammatory neurodegenerative disease associated with refractory seizures, hemiparesis, and cognitive deterioration, due to lateralized cortical atrophy. Hemispheric surgery (hemispherotomy) is the mainstay of treatment, but its unavoidable motor deficits and lack of long-term data regarding seizure outcomes can make patients and families apprehensive to undergo this procedure. The present study aimed at analyzing the results of surgical treatment for RE from a motor and epilepsy standpoint, and mitigate such concerns. METHODS: Clinical and operative data were retrospectively collected from medical records of pharmacoresistant patients treated with functional hemispherectomy at a tertiary reference center for epilepsy surgery, during a 24-year period (1996-2020). Variables such as age of epilepsy onset, seizure semiology, seizure frequency, immunomodulatory therapy, age at surgery, duration of epilepsy, surgical procedures and complications, number of medications used preoperatively and postoperatively were described and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Forty-three (43) patients were included in this study. Mean age of epilepsy onset was 6.14 years, the average interval between epilepsy onset and hemispherotomy was 2.21 years. and the mean age at surgery was 8.28 years. Thirty patients (69.7%) were Engel I at their last follow-up, of whom 23 (56.4%) were Engel Ia, within a mean follow-up of 11.3 years. Duration of epilepsy, seizure frequency, and age at surgery, among others, did not correlate with seizure outcome, except the use of immunotherapy which led to worse outcomes (p < .05). Also, after surgery, motor functionality was significantly recovered (i.e., most patients returned to their previous status) with time. SIGNIFICANCE: This study tackled some issues regarding the surgical treatment of this disease, particularly showing that hemispherotomy is safe and leads to potentially recoverable disability of motor functions while providing high rates of effective and long-lasting seizure control; therefore, early surgical indication should be warranted once medical refractoriness has been established.

Executive functioning in children with posterior cortex epilepsy compared to temporal and frontal lobe epilepsies.

OBJECTIVE: People with epilepsy are at an increased risk of experiencing executive dysfunction, particularly those with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE). The literature has also demonstrated alterations in executive functioning (EF) in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). However, few studies have examined the neuropsychological profile of posterior cortex epilepsy (PCE), and little attention has been given to cognitive impairments in the pediatric population with PCE. This study aims to investigate EF performance in children with drug-resistant PCE compared to patients with FLE and TLE. METHODS: We analyzed neuropsychological data from 217 patients aged 6-18 years who underwent preoperative evaluation for epilepsy surgery. The EF of patients with PCE was compared to patients with FLE and TLE. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) means between groups. However, we found a significant effect of brain region on the Coding task, in which patients with PCE and FLE performed worse than those with TLE (p = 0.034). We also observed performance differences between groups on the Stroop test (p = 0.005), with patients with PCE and FLE performing worse than the TLE group. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings suggest that children with PCE have alterations in their EF that are similar to the deficits found in FLE compared to patients with TLE. This emphasizes the importance of understanding the neuroanatomy of executive functions and the model of neural networks extending beyond the prefrontal cortex.

Reduction in anti-seizure medications use in pediatric patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy submitted to surgical treatment.

PURPOSE: We aimed to analyze the potential for postoperative (PO) medication suspension and reduction, emphasizing passive withdrawal. METHODS: Retrospective study of patients under 18 years old submitted to surgical treatment for pharmacoresistant epilepsy and classified as Engel I during the first year of PO follow-up. Therapeutic management was evaluated through discontinuation or reduction of medications, both in terms of the number of ASM prescribed and in daily maintenance dosages in mg/kg. RESULTS: ASM withdrawal started in the first year PO and occurred in 1.2% of cases, with a significant yearly reduction in the number of ASM during follow-up (p < 0.001). A comparison of the most commonly used ASM in daily mg/kg between the preoperative period (preop) and PO showed a reduction of ASM maintenance dosages during PO. Even though recurrence of seizures was observed 5 years after surgery, 125 patients (85%) were still classified as Engel I, albeit a higher number of ASM per patient was observed. Most patients showed no changes in cognitive and adaptive behavior evaluation between preop and PO, even in those who were able to reduce ASM. CONCLUSION: Significant reduction observed both in the number and daily maintenance dosages of ASM following each year of PO may be an indirect measure of the effectiveness of epilepsy surgery.

Long-Term Outcome of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Surgery in 621 Patients With Hippocampal Sclerosis: Clinical and Surgical Prognostic Factors.

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common type of focal epilepsy and is frequently drug-resistant (DR) to antiseizure medication (ASM), corresponding to approximately one-third of the cases. When left inadequately treated, it can worsen the quality of life, cognitive deficits, and risk of death. The standard treatment for drug-resistant TLE is the surgical removal of the structures involved, with good long-term outcome rates of 60-70 % and a low rate of adverse effects. The goal of successful treatment is sustained seizure freedom. In our study, we evaluated sustained long-term (up to 23 years) surgical outcomes in 621 patients with DR-TLE associated with hippocampal sclerosis, who underwent a temporal lobectomy. We analyzed the main predictive factors that influence the surgical outcome related to seizure control, through a longitudinal and retrospective study, using a multivariable regression model. We found that 73.6% of the patients were free from disabling seizures (Engel Class I), maintained over time in 65% of patients followed up to 23 years after surgery. We found that four independent variables predicted seizure outcomes. The presence of dysmnesic and olfactory aura predicted a less favorable outcome. The history of febrile seizure and the surgical technique predicted a good outcome. Regarding the type of surgical technique, the standard anteromesial temporal lobectomy (ATL) led to significantly better outcomes (78.6% Engel Class I) when compared to the selective amygdalohippocampectomy via subtemporal approach (67.2% Engel Class I; p = 0.002), suggesting that the neuronal networks involved in the epileptogenic zone may be beyond mesial temporal structures. The multivariable regression model with the above-mentioned predictor variables revealed an ExpB = 3.627 (N = 621, p < 0.001), indicating that the model was able to distinguish between patients with a seizure-free. We conclude that epilepsy surgery is a safe procedure, with low rates of postoperative complications and good long-term results.

Expression of circulating microRNAs as predictors of diagnosis and surgical outcome in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis.

MicroRNAs have been progressively investigated as post-transcriptional regulators playing important roles in epilepsy pathophysiology. Here we investigate three promising microRNAs (miR-27a-3p, miR-328-3p and miR-654-3p) previously described in the literature as possible peripheral biomarkers for epilepsy diagnose and surgical prognosis. Serum samples from 28 patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HS) were analyzed, 14 with good surgical prognosis (Engel I) and 14 with unfavorable surgical prognosis (Engel III-IV). Serum samples from 11 healthy volunteers were the control group. The microRNAs expression analysis was performed using real-time PCR. The present results did not endorse the role of miR-27a-3p as a peripheral biomarker for epilepsy diagnosis or surgical prognosis. MiR-328-3p, however, presented significant area under the curve (AUC) values when comparing controls to Engel I (90.3%), controls to Engel III-IV (96.8%) and controls to Engel I + Engel III-IV (i.e., epilepsy patients, AUC = 93.5%). Additionally, miR-654-3p displayed AUC = 74.7% when comparing controls to Engel I patients (p = 0.004), and AUC = 73.6% (p = 0.04) in the attempt to discriminate unfavorable from favorable surgical prognosis. In conclusion, the ANOVA and ROC analyzes with the respective AUC, specificity and sensitivity values allows us to conclude that miR-328-3p is the most important peripheral biomarker for the diagnosis of MTLE-HS. In terms of predicting the surgical prognosis of MTLE-HS patients, miR-654-3p proved to be the only microRNA evaluated to present statistical power to differentiate, as a peripheral biomarker, Engel I from Engel III-IV patients.

Drebrin expression patterns in patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: Drebrins are crucial for synaptic function and dendritic spine development, remodeling, and maintenance. In temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients, a significant hippocampal synaptic reorganization occurs, and synaptic reorganization has been associated with hippocampal hyperexcitability. This study aimed to evaluate, in TLE patients, the hippocampal expression of drebrin using immunohistochemistry with DAS2 or M2F6 antibodies that recognize adult (drebrin A) or adult and embryonic (pan-drebrin) isoforms, respectively. METHODS: Hippocampal sections from drug-resistant TLE patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS; TLE, n = 33), of whom 31 presented with type 1 HS and two with type 2 HS, and autopsy control cases (n = 20) were assayed by immunohistochemistry and evaluated for neuron density, and drebrin A and pan-drebrin expression. Double-labeling immunofluorescences were performed to localize drebrin A-positive spines in dendrites (MAP2), and to evaluate whether drebrin colocalizes with inhibitory (GAD65) and excitatory (VGlut1) presynaptic markers. RESULTS: Compared to controls, TLE patients had increased pan-drebrin in all hippocampal subfields and increased drebrin A-immunopositive area in all hippocampal subfields but CA1. Drebrin-positive spine density followed the same pattern as total drebrin quantification. Confocal microscopy indicated juxtaposition of drebrin-positive spines with VGlut1-positive puncta, but not with GAD65-positive puncta. Drebrin expression in the dentate gyrus of TLE cases was associated negatively with seizure frequency and positively with verbal memory. TLE patients with lower drebrin-immunopositive area in inner molecular layer (IML) than in outer molecular layer (OML) had a lower seizure frequency than those with higher or comparable drebrin-immunopositive area in IML compared with OML. SIGNIFICANCE: Our results suggest that changes in drebrin-positive spines and drebrin expression in the dentate gyrus of TLE patients are associated with lower seizure frequency, more preserved verbal memory, and a better postsurgical outcome.

Left hemispherectomy in older children and adolescents: outcome of cognitive abilities.

PURPOSE: Hemispherectomy is an effective treatment option for pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Nevertheless, when high cortical functions are at risk during the presurgical evaluation, especially for older children, and for the left hemisphere, despite good seizure outcome, the anticipated decrease of cognitive functions may prevent a decision to perform surgery. The objective of this study is to report the cognitive outcome, based on verbal and performance intelligence skills, in a series of older children and adolescents who underwent left hemispherectomy, analyzing the risks (residual cognitive deficit) and benefits (seizure reduction) of surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed pre- and postoperative clinical and neuropsychological data from our patients who underwent left hemispherectomy, aged between 6 and 18 years. RESULTS: We included 15 patients, with a mean follow-up of 3.1 years, 12 patients (80%) were Engel I, and the other three were classified as Engel II, III, and IV. Nine patients were tested by Wechsler Scales of Intelligence; postsurgically all but one kept the same intellectual levels; verbal intelligence quotient (VIQ) remained unchanged in 13 and improved in one, whereas performance intelligence quotient (PIQ) decreased in four patients. Both Total Vineland and communication scores of Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales were obtained in six patients: in all, scores were classified as deficient adaptive functioning pre- and postoperatively, remaining unchanged. CONCLUSION: The evaluation of the remaining intellectual abilities after left hemispherectomy in older children and adolescents is useful to discuss the risks and benefits of this surgery, enabling better and safer decisions regarding surgical indications and timing.

Multimodal quantitative magnetic resonance imaging analysis with individualized postprocessing in patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy and conventional visual inspection negative for epileptogenic lesions.

OBJECTIVES: Approximately one-third of candidates for epilepsy surgery have no visible abnormalities on conventional magnetic resonance imaging. This is extremely discouraging, as these patients have a less favorable prognosis. We aimed to evaluate the utility of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging in patients with drug-resistant neocortical focal epilepsy and negative imaging. METHODS: A prospective study including 46 patients evaluated through individualized postprocessing of five quantitative measures: cortical thickness, white and gray matter junction signal, relaxation rate, magnetization transfer ratio, and mean diffusivity. Scalp video-electroencephalography was used to suggest the epileptogenic zone. A volumetric fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence was performed to aid visual inspection. A critical assessment of follow-up was also conducted throughout the study. RESULTS: In the subgroup classified as having an epileptogenic zone, individualized postprocessing detected abnormalities within the region of electroclinical origin in 9.7% to 31.0% of patients. Abnormalities outside the epileptogenic zone were more frequent, up to 51.7%. In five patients initially included with negative imaging, an epileptogenic structural abnormality was identified when a new visual magnetic resonance imaging inspection was guided by information gleaned from postprocessing. In three patients, epileptogenic lesions were detected after visual evaluation with volumetric fluid-attenuated sequence guided by video electroencephalography. CONCLUSION: Although quantitative magnetic resonance imaging analyses may suggest hidden structural lesions, caution is warranted because of the apparent low specificity of these findings for the epileptogenic zone. Conversely, these methods can be used to prevent visible lesions from being ignored, even in referral centers. In parallel, we need to highlight the positive contribution of the volumetric fluid-attenuated sequence.

Multimodal quantitative magnetic resonance imaging analysis with individualized postprocessing in patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy and conventional visual inspection negative for epileptogenic lesions

OBJECTIVES: Approximately one-third of candidates for epilepsy surgery have no visible abnormalities on conventional magnetic resonance imaging. This is extremely discouraging, as these patients have a less favorable prognosis. We aimed to evaluate the utility of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging in patients with drug-resistant neocortical focal epilepsy and negative imaging. METHODS: A prospective study including 46 patients evaluated through individualized postprocessing of five quantitative measures: cortical thickness, white and gray matter junction signal, relaxation rate, magnetization transfer ratio, and mean diffusivity. Scalp video-electroencephalography was used to suggest the epileptogenic zone. A volumetric fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence was performed to aid visual inspection. A critical assessment of follow-up was also conducted throughout the study. RESULTS: In the subgroup classified as having an epileptogenic zone, individualized postprocessing detected abnormalities within the region of electroclinical origin in 9.7% to 31.0% of patients. Abnormalities outside the epileptogenic zone were more frequent, up to 51.7%. In five patients initially included with negative imaging, an epileptogenic structural abnormality was identified when a new visual magnetic resonance imaging inspection was guided by information gleaned from postprocessing. In three patients, epileptogenic lesions were detected after visual evaluation with volumetric fluid-attenuated sequence guided by video electroencephalography. CONCLUSION: Although quantitative magnetic resonance imaging analyses may suggest hidden structural lesions, caution is warranted because of the apparent low specificity of these findings for the epileptogenic zone. Conversely, these methods can be used to prevent visible lesions from being ignored, even in referral centers. In parallel, we need to highlight the positive contribution of the volumetric fluid-attenuated sequence.

Qualidade de vida e eventos adversos de pacientes com epilepsia farmacorresistente em uso de lamotrigina / Quality of life and adverse events of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy using lamotrigine

Modelo do estudo: Estudo transversal. Introdução: O tratamento farmacológico é a primeira opção para o tratamento da epilepsia, e cerca de 40% dos pacientes necessitam de politerapia para melhor controle das crises epilépticas, o que pode estar associado ao aumento de eventos adversos e comprometimento da qualidade de vida. Objetivos: Avaliar a qualidade de vida de pacientes com epilepsia farmacoresistente em uso de lamotrigina (LTG), bem como verificar a associação dos eventos adversos dos antiepilépticos com a qualidade de vida. Metodologia: Este estudo transversal foi realizado com 75 pacientes com epilepsia farmacorresistente em uso LTG atendidos em um Ambulatório de Epilepsia de Difícil Controle de Ribeirão Preto-SP, no período de maio/2011 a abril/2012. As variáveis clínicas analisadas foram a qualidade de vida (Quality of Life in Epilepsy - Qolie-31) e o perfil de eventos adversos (AEP ­ Adverse Events Profile Questionnaire). Dados sociodemográficos e farmacoterapêuticos foram coletados através dos prontuários dos pacientes. Este trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP), cujo número do processo é 8791/2010. Resultados: Os eventos adversos mais frequentes foram sonolência e dificuldade de concentração. Além disso, observou-se baixos escores em todos os domínios relacionados à qualidade de vida (Qolie-31). Conclusão: A qualidade de vida possui associação inversamente significativa com os eventos adversos, nos pacientes em uso de antiepilépticos (p<0,01). (AU)

Study design: Cross-sectional study. Introduction: Pharmacological treatment is the first option to treat epilepsy, and about 40% of patients require polytherapy to better control epileptic seizures, which may be associated with an increase in adverse events and impairment of quality of life. Objective: To evaluate the quality of life of patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy using lamotrigine (LTG), as well as to verify the association of adverse events with antiepileptic drugs with quality of life. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out with 75 patients with drugresistant epilepsy using LTG, in a Clinic of Epilepsy of Difficult Control of Ribeirão Preto-SP, from May/2011 to April / 2012. The clinical variables analyzed were Quality of Life in Epilepsy (QOLIE31) and the Adverse Events Profile Questionnaire (AEP). Socio-demographic and pharmacotherapeutic data were collected through patient records. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the General Hospital of the Medical School of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP), whose case number is 8791/2010. Results: The most frequent adverse events were somnolence and difficulty concentrating. In addition, low scores were observed in all domains related to quality of life (Qolie-31). Conclusion: Quality of life has an inverse association with adverse events in patients using antiepileptic drugs (p <0.01). (AU)

Influence of the clinical profile of patients with refractory epilepsy on lamotrigine plasma concentration

ABSTRACT The purpose of this work was to evaluate the influence of the clinical profile on lamotrigine (LTG) plasma concentrations from patients with refractory epileptic seizures. In this cross-sectional study, therapeutic monitoring of LTG, and questionnaires with 75 patients with refractory epileptic seizures of a Hospital in Ribeirão Preto-SP-Brazil were performed. The multiple linear regression model was used to verify association between the LTG plasma concentrations and the independent variables. Covariance analysis was used to compare the mean LTG plasma concentration among the co-medication groups. The LTG plasma concentration was associated both with the LTG dosage (mg/kg/day) (p=0.0096) and with the use of first generation antiepileptic drugs (AED) (p<0.01), being carbamazepine (CBZ) and phenytoin (PHT), the AEDs showing the most prominent influence in reducing LTG plasma concentrations. Adverse events, adherence to the pharmacological treatment, and epileptic seizures frequency, did not show significant correlation with LTG plasma concentration values. The conclusion is that LTG plasma concentration is significantly influenced by the LTG dosage and by the concomitant use of a first generation AED.

Potential role of a cognitive rehabilitation program following left temporal lobe epilepsy surgery.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of a memory rehabilitation program in patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy following surgery. METHODS: Twenty-four patients agreed to participate and 18 completed the study; nine received memory rehabilitation while nine had no input and were designated as controls. Verbal learning efficiency, naming abilities, memory subjective ratings, ecological activity measures and a language fMRI paradigm were used as outcome measures. RESULTS: Improved verbal learning and naming test performance, increase in memory strategy use and improved self-perception were observed following the rehabilitation. Changes in fMRI activation patterns were seen in the rehabilitation group over the long term. CONCLUSION: The findings support the potential role of a cognitive rehabilitation program following left temporal lobe surgery.

Potential role of a cognitive rehabilitation program following left temporal lobe epilepsy surgery / Reabilitação neuropsicológica em pacientes com epilepsia submetidos à lobectomia temporal dominante

ABSTRACT Research into memory and epilepsy has focused on measuring problems and exploring causes with limited attention directed at the role of neuropsychological rehabilitation in alleviating post-operative memory difficulties. Objectives To assess the effects of a memory rehabilitation program in patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy following surgery. Methods Twenty-four patients agreed to participate and 18 completed the study; nine received memory rehabilitation while nine had no input and were designated as controls. Verbal learning efficiency, naming abilities, memory subjective ratings, ecological activity measures and a language fMRI paradigm were used as outcome measures. Results Improved verbal learning and naming test performance, increase in memory strategy use and improved self-perception were observed following the rehabilitation. Changes in fMRI activation patterns were seen in the rehabilitation group over the long term. Conclusion The findings support the potential role of a cognitive rehabilitation program following left temporal lobe surgery.

RESUMO As publicações na área de epilepsia e memória se focam em mensurar prejuízos e investigar causas, com poucos dados sobre reabilitação neuropsicológica em pacientes pós-cirúrgicos. Objetivos Avaliar os efeitos da reabilitação neuropsicológica em pacientes submetidos a lobectomia temporal dominante. Métodos Vinte e quatro pacientes iniciaram o estudo, apenas dezoito o concluíram, dos quais 9 foram participantes de sessões de reabilitação com enfoque em memória. Todos os participantes foram avaliados quanto a autopercepção de dificuldades de memória; ao uso de estratégias para minimizar tais dificuldades; a habilidade de nomeação e a aprendizagem verbal e foram submetidos à ressonância magnética funcional. Resultados Foi encontrado efeito significativo da reabilitação neuropsicológica na autopercepção de dificuldades de memória; no uso de estratégias compensatórias; na aprendizagem verbal e na nomeação. Alterações no padrão de ativação na RMf foram observadas no grupo submetido a reabilitação. Conclusão A reabilitação neuropsicológica pode beneficiar pacientes submetidos a lobectomia temporal antero-mesial dominante com prejuízos de memória.

Understanding the association of neurocysticercosis and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and its impact on the surgical treatment of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy.

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HS) is one of the most common types of focal epilepsies. This is an epileptic syndrome commonly associated with treatment-resistant seizures, being also the most prevalent form of drug-resistant epilepsy which is treated surgically in most epilepsy surgery centers. Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is one of the most common parasitic infections of the central nervous system, and one of the most common etiological agents of focal epilepsy, affecting millions of patients worldwide. Recently, researchers reported a curious association between MTLE-HS with NCC, but this association remains poorly understood. Some argue that calcified NCC lesions in MTLE-HS patients is only a coincidental finding, since both disorders are prevalent worldwide. However, others suppose there might exist a pathogenic relationship between both disorders and some even suspect that NCC, by acting as an initial precipitating injury (IPI), might cause hippocampal damage and, eventually, MTLE-HS. In this review, we discuss the various reports that examine this association, and suggest possible explanations for why calcified NCC lesions are also observed in patients with MTLE-HS. We also propose mechanisms by which NCC could lead to MTLE-HS. Finally, we discuss the implications of NCC for the treatment of pharmacologically-resistant focal epilepsies in patients with calcified NCC or in patients with MTLE-HS and calcified NCC lesions. We believe that investigations in the relationship between NCC and MTLE-HS might offer further insights into how NCC may trigger epilepsy, and into how MTLE-HS originates. Moreover, observations in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy with both NCC and hippocampal sclerosis may not only aid in the understanding and treatment of patients with MTLE-HS, but also of patients with other forms of dual pathologies aside from NCC. This article is part of a Special Issue titled Neurocysticercosis and Epilepsy.

Systematic review of the efficacy in seizure control and safety of neuronavigation in epilepsy surgery: The need for well-designed prospective studies.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of surgery with neuronavigation compared to conventional neurosurgical treatment of epilepsy in terms of safety and seizure outcomes and to assess the quality of the evidence base of neuronavigation in this clinical context. METHOD: Systematic review using the electronic databases of Cochrane, CRD, PubMed, Embase, SciELO and LILACS in Portuguese, English and Spanish. The [MeSH] terms included "epilepsy" and "neuronavigation". ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Studies assessing surgery with neuronavigation for the surgical treatment of epilepsy or brain injuries associated with epileptic seizures. RESULTS: We identified 28 original articles. All articles yielded scientific evidence of low quality. Outcome data presented in the articles identified was heterogeneous and did not amount to compelling evidence that epilepsy surgery with neuronavigation produces higher rates of seizure control, a reduced need for reoperations, or lower rates of complications or postoperative neurological deficits. CONCLUSION: We were unable to find any publications providing convincing evidence that neuronavigation improves outcomes of epilepsy surgery. Whilst this does not mean that neuronavigation cannot improve neurosurgical outcomes in this clinical setting, well-designed research studies evaluating the role of neuronavigation are urgently needed.

Short-term mortality and prognostic factors related to status epilepticus / Mortalidade a curto prazo e fatores prognósticos de status epilepticus

Objective Status epilepticus (SE) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and there is some controversy concerning predictive indicators of outcome. Our main goal was to determine mortality and to identify factors associated with SE prognosis. Method This prospective study in a tertiary-care university hospital, included 105 patients with epileptic seizures lasting more than 30 minutes. Mortality was defined as death during hospital admission. Results The case-fatality rate was 36.2%, which was higher than in previous studies. In univariate analysis, mortality was associated with age, previous epilepsy, complex focal seizures; etiology, recurrence, and refractoriness of SE; clinical complications, and focal SE. In multivariate analysis, mortality was associated only with presence of clinical complications. Conclusions Mortality associated with SE was higher than reported in previous studies, and was not related to age, specific etiology, or SE duration. In multivariate analysis, mortality was independently related to occurrence of medical complications. .

Objetivos Status epilepticus (SE) está associado com morbidade e mortalidade importantes. Diversos estudos avaliaram determinantes de prognóstico relacionados com SE, havendo controvérsias neste sentido. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar mortalidade no SE e seus fatores determinantes. Método Estudo prospectivo, em Ribeirão Preto, incluiu 105 pacientes, entre fevereiro e dezembro de 2000. Mortalidade foi definida como óbito no período de internação hospitalar. Resultados O índice de mortalidade foi de 36.2%, superior ao verificado em estudos prévios. Em análise univariada, mortalidade foi associada com idade, antecedente de epilepsia, presença de crises focais complexas, etiologia, recorrência e refratariedade do SE, presença de complicações clínicas e classificação focal do SE. Em análise multivariada, a ocorrência de complicações clínicas relacionou-se significativamente com prognóstico. Conclusões Em nossa amostra, a mortalidade foi mais elevada do que previamente descrito na literatura, não relacionada com idade, etiologia ou duração do SE, mas, em análise multivariada, com complicações médicas durante o tratamento. .

Stir bar-sorptive extraction, solid phase extraction and liquid-liquid extraction for levetiracetam determination in human plasma: comparing recovery rates / Extração sortiva em barra de agitação, extracção da fase sólida e de extracção líquido-líquido para a determinação de levetiracetam em plasma humano: comparando as taxas de recuperação

Levetiracetam (LEV), an antiepileptic drug (AED) with favorable pharmacokinetic profile, is increasingly being used in clinical practice, although information on its metabolism and disposition are still being generated. Therefore a simple, robust and fast liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography method is described that could be used for both pharmacokinetic and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) purposes. Moreover, recovery rates of LEV in plasma were compared among LLE, stir bar-sorptive extraction (SBSE), and solid-phase extraction (SPE). Solvent extraction with dichloromethane yielded a plasma residue free from usual interferences such as commonly co-prescribed AEDs, and recoveries around 90% (LLE), 60% (SPE) and 10% (SBSE). Separation was obtained using reverse phase Select B column with ultraviolet detection (235 nm). Mobile phase consisted of methanol:sodium acetate buffer 0.125 M pH 4.4 (20:80, v/v). The method was linear over a range of 2.8-220.0 µg mL^-1. The intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy were studied at three concentrations; relative standard deviation was less than 10%. The limit of quantification was 2.8 µg mL^-1. This robust method was successfully applied to analyze plasma samples from patients with epilepsy and therefore might be used for pharmacokinetic and TDM purposes...

Levetiracetam, fármaco antiepiléptico com perfil farmacocinético favorável, tem sido cada vez mais utilizado na prática clínica, embora informações sobre seu metabolismo e disposição cinética ainda estejam sendo geradas. Um método simples, robusto e rápido de extração líquido-líquido seguido por análise por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência é aqui descrito para servir tanto a investigações farmacocinéticas quanto à monitorização terapêutica. Além disso, as taxas de recuperação do levetiracetam em plasma foram comparadas entre a extração líquido-líquido, a extração sortiva em barra de agitação e a extração em fase sólida. Extração com o solvente diclorometano resultou em plasma livre de interferentes, tais como fármacos antiepilépticos co-prescritos, e apresentou taxas de recuperação em torno de 90% (extração líquido-líquido), 60% (extração em fase sólida) e 10% (extração sortiva em barra de agitação). A separação foi obtida utilizando-se coluna de fase reversa Select B e detecção ultravioleta (235 nm). A fase móvel foi composta por metanol:tampão acetato de sódio 0,125 M pH 4,4 (20:80, v/v). O método mostrou-se linear para o intervalo de 2,8 a 220,0 µg mL^-1. Precisão intra- e interdias e a exatidão foram avaliadas em três concentrações; o desvio padrão relativo foi inferior a 10%. O limite de quantificação foi 2.8 µg mL^-1. Este método foi aplicado para análise de amostras de plasma de pacientes com epilepsia e, desta forma, pode ser utilizado satisfatoriamente tanto para fins de farmacocinética quanto de monitorização terapêutica...

The social context and the need of information from patients with epilepsy: evaluating a tertiary referral service / O contexto social e a necessidade de informações de pacientes com epilepsia: avaliando um serviço terciário de referência

Objective Characterize the social profile and the need of information from patients with refractory epilepsy. Method A semi-structured questionnaire was applied to 103 patients to investigate sociodemographic aspects, pharmacotherapy and any doubts about epilepsy. Results Patients were highly dependent on having a free and accessible supply of antiepileptic drugs. Sixty-eight percent of the population was unemployed, and 26% confirmed receiving social security benefits due to epilepsy. Twenty-nine percent of the population reached high school. Eighty-five percent of the patients had at least one doubt about epilepsy; treatment and epilepsy aspects in general were the main topics. Conclusion : As observed in developed countries, patients with refractory epilepsy from a developing country also have high rates of unemployment and low educational levels. The results raise a concern about the need of information about epilepsy by patients and their families, urging the necessity to invest in strategies to solve this deficiency in knowledge. .

Objetivo : Caracterizar o perfil social e a necessidade de informações por parte de pacientes com epilepsia refratária. Método Um questionário semi-estruturado foi aplicado a 103 pacientes para investigar aspectos sociodemográficos, farmacoterapia e quaisquer dúvidas sobre epilepsia. Resultados Os pacientes mostraram-se altamente dependentes de um fornecimento gratuito e acessível de drogas antiepilépticas. Sessenta e oito por cento da população estava desempregada, e 26% confirmaram receber algum benefício social devido à epilepsia. Vinte e nove por cento da população alcançou ensino médio. Oitenta e cinco por cento dos pacientes tinha ao menos uma dúvida sobre epilepsia; tratamento e aspectos gerais da epilepsia foram os principais temas. Conclusão Tal qual observado em países desenvolvidos, pacientes com epilepsia refratária em países em desenvolvimento também apresentam altas taxas de desemprego e baixos níveis educacionais. Os resultados são preocupantes no que diz respeito à necessidade de informações sobre epilepsia por parte dos pacientes e seus familiares, apontando a necessidade de se investir em estratégias que solucionem esta deficiência de conhecimento. .