RESUMEN
Aflatoxin contamination in commonly consumed cereals and nuts may place children at higher risk of stunting and adults at risk of developing liver cancer. This study investigated knowledge on aflatoxins and the level of aflatoxin B1 contamination in commonly consumed cereals and nuts in Malawi. It also included an examination of the proportion of cereals and nuts contaminated above regulatory maximum limits. Aflatoxin contamination in samples was assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Less than half of all households knew that consumption of aflatoxin contaminated grain is associated with stunting and lowered immunity. Sorghum samples were the most contaminated and millet the least contaminated. Aflatoxin contamination was highest in southern Malawi and least in northern Malawi. Observed results indicate that this population is at risk of poor health due to lack of knowledge and aflatoxin exposure. Strategies to address contamination should therefore include a comprehensive education campaign to increase knowledge and promote accessible strategies.
Asunto(s)
Aflatoxinas , Adulto , Niño , Humanos , Aflatoxinas/análisis , Grano Comestible/química , Malaui , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Agricultura/métodos , Trastornos del CrecimientoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: We evaluated time from HIV seroconversion to diagnosis of two common oral lesions associated with HIV infection and disease progression. DESIGN: Oral examinations were performed on homosexual and bisexual men enrolled in prospective cohorts. SETTING: Homosexual and bisexual men were followed in three epidemiologic cohort studies in San Francisco, California, USA. PARTICIPANTS: Data were evaluated from 80 men with well-defined dates of HIV seroconversion from 1984 through 1991. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We determined the cumulative incidence of oral candidiasis and hairy leukoplakia after HIV seroconversion. RESULTS: Four per cent of men developed oral candidiasis within 1 year after HIV seroconversion, 8% within 2, 15% within 3, 18% within 4, and 26% within 5 years. Nine per cent developed hairy leukoplakia within 1 year, 16% within 2, 25% within 3, 35% within 4, and 42% within 5 years. The median CD4+ count was 391 x 10(6)/l when oral candidiasis was first reported and 468 x 10(6)/l when hairy leukoplakia was first reported. CONCLUSIONS: Oral candidiasis or hairy leukoplakia appeared in a significant proportion of HIV-infected homosexual and bisexual men. These lesions occurred relatively soon after HIV seroconversion, typically before AIDS. Evaluation of HIV-infected individuals for these lesions has many potential clinical and research benefits, including the possible use of oral lesions as primary end-points in clinical trials.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/diagnóstico , Candidiasis Bucal/diagnóstico , Seropositividad para VIH/fisiopatología , Leucoplasia Vellosa/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Bisexualidad , Estudios de Cohortes , Seropositividad para VIH/complicaciones , Homosexualidad , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de TiempoAsunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Bisexualidad , Infecciones por VIH/etiología , Infecciones por VIH/prevención & control , Homosexualidad , Humanos , Tamizaje Masivo , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Parejas Sexuales , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/complicaciones , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
This report is a brief summary of important points concerning AIDS and homosexual men. We present the current overall figures of the cumulative AIDS incidence for Switzerland, the United States and the world and similar figures for homosexual men in Switzerland, the United States and Europe. A brief history of the epidemic is included with focus on the role of homosexual men. The main risk factors for acquiring HIV infection among homosexual men, including large numbers of sexual partners, receptive and intercourse and rectal douching, are mentioned with emphasis on results from "The San Francisco Men's Health Study". The development of education and prevention programs is outlined along with the role in these areas of The Swiss AIDS Foundation and Swiss Federal Office of Public Health. Decreases in high risk sexual practices and decrease in seroconversion rates are also discussed.