Integration of Pathological Criteria and Immunohistochemical Evaluation for Invasive Lobular Carcinoma Diagnosis: Recommendations From the European Lobular Breast Cancer Consortium.

Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is the second most frequent type of breast cancer (BC) and its peculiar morphology is mainly driven by inactivation of CDH1, the gene coding for E-cadherin cell adhesion protein. ILC-specific therapeutic and disease-monitoring approaches are gaining momentum in the clinic, increasing the importance of accurate ILC diagnosis. Several essential and desirable morphologic diagnostic criteria are currently defined by the World Health Organization, the routine use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) for E-cadherin is not recommended. Disagreement in the diagnosis of ILC has been repeatedly reported, but interpathologist agreement increases with the use of E-cadherin IHC. In this study, we aimed to harmonize the pathological diagnosis of ILC by comparing 5 commonly used E-cadherin antibody clones (NCH-38, EP700Y, Clone 36, NCL-L-E-cad [Clone 36B5], and ECH-6). We determined their biochemical specificity for the E-cadherin protein and IHC staining performance according to type and location of mutation on the CDH1 gene. Western blot analysis on mouse cell lines with conditional E-cadherin expression revealed a reduced specificity of EP700Y and NCL-L-E-cad for E-cadherin, with cross-reactivity of Clone 36 to P-cadherin. The use of IHC improved interpathologist agreement for ILC, lobular carcinoma in situ, and atypical lobular hyperplasia. The E-cadherin IHC staining pattern was associated with variant allele frequency and likelihood of nonsense-mediated RNA decay but not with the type or position of CDH1 mutations. Based on these results, we recommend the indication for E-cadherin staining, choice of antibodies, and their interpretation to standardize ILC diagnosis in current pathology practice.

Identification of Glandular (Acinar)/Tubule Formation in Invasive Carcinoma of the Breast: A Study to Determine Concordance Using the World Health Organization Definition.

CONTEXT.­: The Nottingham Grading System (NGS) developed by Elston and Ellis is used to grade invasive breast cancer (IBC). Glandular (acinar)/tubule formation is a component of NGS. OBJECTIVE.­: To investigate the ability of pathologists to identify individual structures that should be classified as glandular (acinar)/tubule formation. DESIGN.­: A total of 58 hematoxylin-eosin photographic images of IBC with 1 structure circled were classified as tubules (41 cases) or nontubules (17 cases) by Professor Ellis. Images were sent as a PowerPoint (Microsoft) file to breast pathologists, who were provided with the World Health Organization definition of a tubule and asked to determine if a circled structure represented a tubule. RESULTS.­: Among 35 pathologists, the κ statistic for assessing agreement in evaluating the 58 images was 0.324 (95% CI, 0.314-0.335). The median concordance rate between a participating pathologist and Professor Ellis was 94.1% for evaluating 17 nontubule cases and 53.7% for 41 tubule cases. A total of 41% of the tubule cases were classified correctly by less than 50% of pathologists. Structures classified as tubules by Professor Ellis but often not recognized as tubules by pathologists included glands with complex architecture, mucinous carcinoma, and the "inverted tubule" pattern of micropapillary carcinoma. A total of 80% of participants reported that they did not have clarity on what represented a tubule. CONCLUSIONS.­: We identified structures that should be included as tubules but that were not readily identified by pathologists. Greater concordance for identification of tubules might be obtained by providing more detailed images and descriptions of the types of structures included as tubules.

Qualification of a multiplexed tissue imaging assay and detection of novel patterns of HER2 heterogeneity in breast cancer.

Emerging data suggests that HER2 intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) is associated with therapy resistance, highlighting the need for new strategies to assess HER2 ITH. A promising approach is leveraging multiplexed tissue analysis techniques such as cyclic immunofluorescence (CyCIF), which enable visualization and quantification of 10-60 antigens at single-cell resolution from individual tissue sections. In this study, we qualified a breast cancer-specific antibody panel, including HER2, ER, and PR, for multiplexed tissue imaging. We then compared the performance of these antibodies against established clinical standards using pixel-, cell- and tissue-level analyses, utilizing 866 tissue cores (representing 294 patients). To ensure reliability, the CyCIF antibodies were qualified against HER2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) data from the same samples. Our findings demonstrate the successful qualification of a breast cancer antibody panel for CyCIF, showing high concordance with established clinical antibodies. Subsequently, we employed the qualified antibodies, along with antibodies for CD45, CD68, PD-L1, p53, Ki67, pRB, and AR, to characterize 567 HER2+ invasive breast cancer samples from 189 patients. Through single-cell analysis, we identified four distinct cell clusters within HER2+ breast cancer exhibiting heterogeneous HER2 expression. Furthermore, these clusters displayed variations in ER, PR, p53, AR, and PD-L1 expression. To quantify the extent of heterogeneity, we calculated heterogeneity scores based on the diversity among these clusters. Our analysis revealed expression patterns that are relevant to breast cancer biology, with correlations to HER2 ITH and potential relevance to clinical outcomes.

Defining the Biology of Estrogen Receptor-Low-Positive Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND: We sought to better define estrogen receptor-low-positive (ER-low+) breast cancer biology and determine the utility of the Oncotype DX Breast Recurrence Score® (RS) assay in this population. METHODS: Patients with information regarding percentage ER positivity and PAM50 subtype were identified in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and subtype distribution was determined. Next, patients with ER-low+ (ER 1-10%), HER2- breast cancer undergoing upfront surgery with known RS result were identified in the National Cancer Database (NCDB) and our institutional Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center (DF/BCC) database; RS distribution was examined. Finally, patients with ER-low+, HER2- breast cancer treated at DF/BCC from 2011 to 2020 without prior RS results and in whom tissue was available to perform the assay were identified. RS results, treatment, recurrence and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) were determined. RESULTS: Of 1033 patients in TCGA, ER percentage and PAM50 subtype were available for 342 (33.1%) patients. Forty-six (13.5%) had ER-low+/HER2- tumors, among whom 82.6% were basal and 4.3% were luminal A. Among 3423 patients with ER-low+/HER2- disease in the NCDB, RS results were available for 689 (20.1%) patients; 67% had an RS ≥26. In our institutional database, only two patients with ER-low+/HER2- disease and an RS were identified, both with RS ≥26. Among 37 patients in our institutional cohort without prior RS, 35 (97.4%) had an RS ≥26, determined with testing. After a median follow-up of 40 months (range 3-106), three patients, all treated with chemotherapy, recurred. Three-year BCSS was 97.0% (95% confidence interval 96.9-97.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Most ER-low+/HER2- breast cancers are basal-like, with RS ≥26 suggesting these tumors are similar to triple-negative disease.

Salivary Gland-like Tumors of the Breast.

CONTEXT: The World Health Organization classification of tumors of the breast recognizes several special type carcinomas and benign lesions with features comparable to those of salivary gland tumors. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the histologic, immunophenotypic, molecular, and clinical features of salivary gland-like carcinomas of the breast. These breast tumors are often negative for hormone receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), that is, triple-negative, but they generally have a much better prognosis than triple-negative breast carcinomas of no special type. We compare the immunophenotypic, molecular, and clinical features of these breast tumors with their salivary gland counterparts, highlighting similarities and differences. We also discuss benign salivary gland-like breast tumors. Finally, we highlight recent developments in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of these breast tumors and novel ancillary studies that can be used to support their diagnosis. DATA SOURCES: A literature review was conducted, and papers were selected for further analysis and discussion by the authors of this review based on their novelty, applicability, and impact in the field. CONCLUSIONS: Breast tumors that exhibit morphologic overlap with salivary gland tumors have been recognized by pathologists for decades, but the similarities and differences in their molecular pathogenesis have not been understood until more recently. These developments have led to novel diagnostic tools and further knowledge of these rare breast lesions.

Toker Cell Hyperplasia in the Nipple-Areolar Complex of Transmasculine Individuals.

We previously reported breast histopathologic features associated with testosterone therapy in transmasculine chest-contouring surgical specimens. During that study, we observed a high frequency of intraepidermal glands in the nipple-areolar complex (NAC) formed by Toker cells. This study reports Toker cell hyperplasia (TCH)-the presence of clusters of Toker cells consisting of at least 3 contiguous cells and/or glands with lumen formation-in the transmasculine population. Increased numbers of singly dispersed Toker cells were not considered TCH. Among the 444 transmasculine individuals, 82 (18.5%) had a portion of their NAC excised and available for evaluation. We also reviewed the NACs from 55 cisgender women who were aged <50 years old and had full mastectomies. The proportion of transmasculine cases with TCH (20/82; 24.4%) was 1.7-fold higher than cisgender women (8/55; 14.5%) but did not achieve significance (P = .20). However, in cases with TCH, the rate of gland formation is 2.4-fold higher in transmasculine cases, achieving borderline significance (18/82 vs 5/55; P = .06). Among transmasculine individuals, TCH was significantly more likely to be present in those with higher body mass index (P = .03). A subset of 5 transmasculine and 5 cisgender cases were stained for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), androgen receptor (AR), cytokeratin 7, and Ki67. All 10 cases were cytokeratin 7+ and Ki67-; 9 out of 10 cases were AR+. Toker cells in transmasculine cases demonstrated variable expression of ER, PR, and HER2. For cisgender cases, Toker cells were consistently ER+, PR-, and HER2-. In conclusion, there is a higher rate of TCH in the transmasculine than cisgender population, particularly among transmasculine individuals with high body mass index and taking testosterone. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that Toker cells are AR+. Toker cell features display variable ER, PR, and HER2 immunoreactivity. The clinical significance of TCH in the transmasculine population remains to be elucidated.

NR4A3 Expression Is Consistently Absent in Acinic Cell Carcinomas of the Breast: A Potential Nosologic Shift.

Acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC) is a tumor that is recognized in both the breast and salivary glands. Recently, the recurrent genomic rearrangement, t(4;9)(q13;q31) was identified in salivary AciCC that results in constitutive upregulation of the nuclear transcription factor NR4A3, which can be detected by immunohistochemistry. In this study, we sought to evaluate NR4A3 expression in breast AciCC using immunohistochemistry. Strong and diffuse nuclear staining was considered a positive result. Sixteen AciCCs were studied, including 8 pure AciCCs and 8 AciCCs admixed with other types (invasive carcinoma of no special type in 5 cases and metaplastic carcinoma in 3 cases). All 16 AciCCs showed negative results for NR4A3 expression. Four cases with available material were evaluated for rearrangements of the NR4A3 gene by fluorescence in situ hybridization and no rearrangements were observed. Whole-genome sequencing of 1 AciCC revealed a TP53 splice-site mutation, high levels of genomic instability, and genomic features of homologous recombination DNA repair defects; a structural variant analysis of this case did not reveal the presence of a t(4;9) rearrangement. We conclude that breast AciCCs consistently lack NR4A3 rearrangement or overexpression, unlike most of the salivary AciCCs, and that consistent with previous results, breast AciCCs are associated with genomic alterations more similar to those seen in triple-negative breast carcinomas than salivary gland AciCCs. These results suggest that unlike other salivary gland-like tumors that occur in the breast, the molecular underpinnings of the salivary gland and breast AciCCs are different and that the salivary gland and breast AciCCs likely represent distinct entities.

Validation and real-world clinical application of an artificial intelligence algorithm for breast cancer detection in biopsies.

Breast cancer is the most common malignant disease worldwide, with over 2.26 million new cases in 2020. Its diagnosis is determined by a histological review of breast biopsy specimens, which can be labor-intensive, subjective, and error-prone. Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based tools can support cancer detection and classification in breast biopsies ensuring rapid, accurate, and objective diagnosis. We present here the development, external clinical validation, and deployment in routine use of an AI-based quality control solution for breast biopsy review. The underlying AI algorithm is trained to identify 51 different types of clinical and morphological features, and it achieves very high accuracy in a large, multi-site validation study. Specifically, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) for the detection of invasive carcinoma and of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) are 0.99 (specificity and sensitivity of 93.57 and 95.51%, respectively) and 0.98 (specificity and sensitivity of 93.79 and 93.20% respectively), respectively. The AI algorithm differentiates well between subtypes of invasive and different grades of in situ carcinomas with an AUC of 0.97 for invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) vs. invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) and AUC of 0.92 for DCIS high grade vs. low grade/atypical ductal hyperplasia, respectively, as well as accurately identifies stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) with an AUC of 0.965. Deployment of this AI solution as a real-time quality control solution in clinical routine leads to the identification of cancers initially missed by the reviewing pathologist, demonstrating both clinical utility and accuracy in real-world clinical application.

Impact of the Histologic Pattern of Residual Tumor After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy on Recurrence and Survival in Stage I-III Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Additional risk-stratification measures are needed in breast cancer patients with residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). We aimed to describe oncologic outcomes in a modern cohort treated with NAC, and evaluate the prognostic value of histologic pattern of residual tumor. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included patients with stage I-III breast cancer treated with NAC and surgery from 2004 to 2014. Histologic pattern of residual tumor was evaluated by central pathology review when slides were available. Multivariable Cox regression was performed to evaluate factors associated with locoregional recurrence (LRR), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Among 975 patients, median follow-up was 74.0 months and 10-year rates of LRR, RFS, and OS were 9.8%, 67.6% and 74.4%, respectively. Biologic subtype, pathologic node-positive disease, and pathologic complete response (pCR) were associated with outcomes. Among 666 (68.3%) patients with central pathology review, pattern of residual disease was not significantly associated with LRR. However, both scattered residual tumor and no/minimal response relative to a concentric pattern of response were significantly associated with inferior RFS (scattered: hazard ratio 2.0, p = 0.015; no/minimal response: hazard ratio 2.2, p = 0.021) and OS (scattered: hazard ratio 2.2, p = 0.026; no/minimal response: hazard ratio 2.5, p = 0.023). This finding was most prominent in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a scattered relative to concentric pattern of residual tumor after NAC had inferior RFS and OS, nearly as poor as those with no/minimal response. Histologic pattern of residual tumor may represent a novel prognostic measure, particularly in the triple-negative breast cancer population.

Presence of Non-classic LCIS Is Not a Contraindication to Breast Conservation in Patients with Concomitant Invasive Breast Cancer or DCIS.

BACKGROUND: Non-classic lobular carcinoma in situ (NC-LCIS) represents a spectrum of lesions, histologically distinct from classic LCIS (C-LCIS) and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Several studies have reported on the safety of breast conservation (BCS) in patients with DCIS or invasive breast cancer and concomitant C-LCIS, yet there are no data addressing this question for patients with concomitant NC-LCIS. We evaluated local recurrence (LR) after BCS in patients with DCIS or invasive cancer and concomitant NC-LCIS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We searched institutional databases using natural language processing to identify patients with DCIS or invasive breast cancer and concomitant NC-LCIS treated with BCS between 2000 and 2015. Charts were reviewed to collect demographics, disease and treatment details, and recurrence events. All results represent descriptive analyses. RESULTS: We identified 71 patients with DCIS (n = 13) or invasive cancer (n = 58) and concomitant NC-LCIS treated with BCS. Median patient age was 59 years (33-77 years), and median invasive tumor size was 1.2 cm (0.1-6.9 cm); 62% of DCIS and 79% of invasive cancer patients had hormone receptor (HR)-positive disease. Among DCIS patients, seven (54%) received radiation and none hormonal therapy. Among those with invasive cancer, 52 (90%) received radiation, 17 (29%) received chemotherapy and 44 of 55 with HR-positive disease (78%) received hormonal therapy. At median follow-up of 79 months (1-265 months), the LR rate was 8% and 2% among patients with DCIS and invasive cancer, respectively. CONCLUSION: NC-LCIS is rarely present in association with DCIS or invasive cancer, and it does not appear to impact LR outcomes following BCS.

Prognostic and Biologic Significance of ERBB2-Low Expression in Early-Stage Breast Cancer.

Importance: It is unclear whether ERBB2-low breast cancer should be considered an individual biologic subtype distinct from ERBB2-0 breast cancer. Objective: To investigate whether low ERBB2 expression is associated with distinct clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis among patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study was conducted using data from a prospectively maintained institutional database on all consecutive patients with breast cancer undergoing surgery between January 2016 and March 2021 at Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center. The study included 5235 patients with stage I through III, ERBB2-negative invasive breast cancer. Tumors were classified as ERBB2-low if they had an ERBB2 immunohistochemical (IHC) score of 1+ or 2+ with negative in situ hybridization assay and ERBB2-0 if they had an ERBB2 IHC score of 0. Data were analyzed from September 2021 through January 2022. Exposures: Standard treatment according to institutional guidelines. Main Outcomes and Measures: Comparison of clinicopathologic characteristics and disease outcomes (pathologic complete response rate [pCR], disease-free survival, distant disease-free survival, and overall survival) between patients with ERBB2-low and ERBB2-0 breast cancer. Results: Among 5235 patients with ERBB2-negative invasive breast cancer (5191 [99.2%] women; median [range] age at primary surgery, 59.0 [21.0-95.0] years), 2917 patients (55.7%) and 2318 patients (44.3%) had ERBB2-low and ERBB2-0 tumors, respectively. Expression of HR was significantly more common among ERBB2-low compared with ERBB2-0 tumors (2643 patients [90.6%] vs 1895 patients [81.8%]; P < .001). The rate of ERBB2-low tumors increased progressively, from 296 of 739 estrogen receptor (ER)-negative tumors (40.1%) to 31 of 67 ER-low (ie, ER 1%-9%) tumors (46.3%), 37 of 67 ER-moderate (ie, ER, 10%-49%) tumors (55.2%), 2047 of 3542 ER-high (ie, ER, 50%-95%) tumors (57.8%), and 499 of 803 ER-very high (ie, ER > 95%) tumors (62.1%) (P < .001). Among 675 patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy, those with ERBB2-0 tumors experienced higher pCR rates (95 patients [26.8%] vs 53 patients [16.6%]; P = .002). However, there were no statistically significant differences in pCR rate between ERBB2-low and ERBB2-0 tumors when separately analyzing HR-positive, ER-low, HR-positive without ER-low, or TNBC tumors. In exploratory survival analysis, no differences by ERBB2-low expression in disease-free survival, distant disease-free survival, or overall survival were observed among patients with HR-positive tumors or TNBC. Conclusions and Relevance: The results of this cohort study did not support the interpretation of ERBB2-low breast cancer as a distinct biologic subtype. ERBB2-low expression was positively associated with level of ER expression, and ER-low tumors were enriched among ERBB2-0 tumors, suggesting that, given the worse prognosis of ER-low tumors, they may be associated with confounding of prognostic analyses of ERBB2-low expression.

Invasive lobular carcinoma with extracellular mucin (ILCEM): clinicopathologic and molecular characterization of a rare entity.

Invasive lobular carcinoma with extracellular mucin (ILCEM) is a rare histologic subtype of breast cancer. Little is known about the pathologic or genomic signatures that distinguish ILCEM from classic invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) or mucinous carcinoma. We studied 17 breast cancers with lobular morphology and extracellular mucin. Thirteen tumors with sufficient tissue for DNA extraction were analyzed by a next generation sequencing (NGS) assay that interrogates 447 genes for mutations and copy number variations (CNVs). Median patient age was 66 yrs (range: 31-77 yrs). Sixteen patients presented with masses, 7 of which were >2 cm. Seven patients had lymph node metastases. The cases of ILCEM were moderately (n = 13) or poorly differentiated (n = 4), frequently exhibiting variant morphology that has not been previously described or emphasized, including grade 3 nuclei (n = 11), diffuse signet ring cells (n = 10), solid growth (n = 4), tumor necrosis (n = 3) or apocrine features (n = 2). All tumors showed absent or reduced membranous E-cadherin expression. Concurrent lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) was seen in 11/17 cases, 1 of which was a striking example of signet ring cell LCIS with extracellular mucin. Receptor profiles were ER+/HER2- (n = 15) and ER+/HER2+ (n = 2). With a median follow-up of 83.5 months (range: 3-171 months) in 12 patients with available information, 8 patients had recurrences resulting in 4 cancer-related deaths. The most common CNVs were 16q loss (n = 11) and 1q gain (n = 9). CDH1 gene-level alterations were detected in all but one case, including frameshift (n = 7), nonsense (n = 2), and donor splice site (n = 1) mutations and indels (n = 2). Recurrent mutations were also seen in PIK3CA (n = 3), POLQ (n = 3), TP53 (n = 3), ERBB3 (n = 3), ERBB2 (n = 2), and RUNX1 (n = 2). Genes with recurrent amplifications included GATA3 (n = 4), FOXA1 (n = 3), CCND1 (n = 2). Our data highlights ILCEM as a distinct variant of ILC that often presents with higher-grade and variant morphologic features and is associated with an aggressive clinical course. NGS data support an overall lobular-type molecular profile and reveal potentially targetable alterations in a subset of cases with recurrence.

Atypical Lobular Hyperplasia and Classic Lobular Carcinoma In Situ Can Be Safely Managed Without Surgical Excision.

BACKGROUND: Based on modern series demonstrating low upgrade rates for pure lobular neoplasia (LN) diagnosed on core needle biopsy (CNB), our institution no longer recommends routine excision, provided imaging is concordant. This study describes outcomes in patients managed without surgical excision. METHODS: From an institutional database, we identified all patients with a diagnosis of pure atypical lobular hyperplasia and/or classic lobular carcinoma in situ on CNB managed without surgical excision (i.e., conservative management) from 2015 to 2019. The primary outcome of interest was failure of conservative management, defined as development of ipsilateral same-quadrant ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive breast cancer within 2 years of CNB, or need for ipsilateral same-quadrant excisional biopsy. We also evaluated rates of ipsilateral same-quadrant CNB during follow-up. RESULTS: Among 96 pure LN lesions on CNB since 2015, 80 (83%) were managed without surgical excision. Median follow-up was 27 months (IQR: 16-28), with only 2 (2%) patients lost to follow-up. No patients developed an ipsilateral, same-quadrant breast cancer. The 3-year risk of conservative management failure was 6.2% (95% CI 2.3-15.7%). All failures were a result of need for excisional biopsy due to progressive imaging abnormalities at the initial CNB site, with benign final pathology. The 3-year risk of ipsilateral same-quadrant CNB was 9.2% (95% CI 3.8-21.5%). CONCLUSION: Non-surgical management of pure LN is safe, and the likelihood of requiring subsequent surgical excision or repeat CNB during follow-up is low. These data provide reassurance that routine excision of pure LN in the setting of radiologic-pathologic concordance is not required.

Mucin Neovascularization as a Diagnostic Aid to Distinguish Mucinous Carcinomas From Mucocele-like Lesions in Breast Core Needle Biopsies.

The distinction between mucinous carcinomas (MCs) and mucocele-like lesions (MLLs), particularly those containing detached epithelial fragments, can be problematic in the limited samples afforded by breast core needle biopsies (CNBs). Neovascularization of mucin has been proposed as a criterion to distinguish MC from MLL, but its value in helping to categorize mucin-producing breast lesions in CNB has not been previously investigated. To address this, we evaluated mucin neovascularization on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections of 140 CNB containing mucin-producing breast lesions including 52 MC, 17 mucin-producing ductal carcinoma in situ (mDCIS), and 71 MLL. In 116 cases with sufficient remaining material (42 MC, 16 mDCIS, and 58 MLL), we also assessed mucin neovascularization on CD31 immunostains. On H&E-stained sections, neovascularization of mucin, defined as delicate, thin-walled microvessels in mucin, and unassociated with fibrous septae, was identified significantly more frequently in MC than in MLL (69.2% vs. 14.1%; P=0.0001). The difference in the frequency of mucin neovascularization between MC and MLL was even greater on CD31 immunostains (97.6% vs. 13.8%, P<0.00001). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of mucin neovascularization for categorizing a lesion as MC were 69.2%, 85.8%, 78.3%, and 79.2%, respectively, for H&E-stained sections and 97.6%, 86.2%, 83.7%, and 98.0%, respectively, for CD31 immunostains. We conclude that mucin neovascularization is significantly more common in MC than in MLL in breast CNB on H&E-stained sections and particularly on CD31 immunostains and may be a valuable adjunct in distinguishing between MC and MLL in problematic cases.

Breast carcinomas of low malignant potential.

Some breast carcinomas have a very low likelihood of metastasis to regional lymph nodes and distant sites and may be considered carcinomas of low malignant potential. In this article, we review the clinical, pathologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular features of selected breast carcinomas of low malignant potential including low-grade adenosquamous carcinoma, fibromatosis-like metaplastic carcinoma, encapsulated papillary carcinoma, solid papillary carcinoma, and tall cell carcinoma with reversed polarity.