Female Surgeons in Cardiac Surgery: Does the Surgeon's Gender Affect the Outcome of Routine Coronary Artery Bypass Graft and Isolated Aortic Valve Surgery?

BACKGROUND: The increasing presence of female doctors in the field of cardiac surgery has raised questions about their surgical quality compared to their male colleagues. Despite their success, female surgeons are still underrepresented in leadership positions, and biases and concerns regarding their performance persist. This study aims to examine whether female surgeons perform worse, equally well, or better than their male counterparts in commonly performed procedures that have a significant number of female patients. METHOD: A retrospective cohort of patients from 2011 to 2020 who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and aortic valve surgery was studied. To compare the surgical quality of men and women, a 1:1 propensity score matching (two groups of 680 patients operated by men and women, respectively, factors: age, logarithm of EuroSCORE (ES), elective, urgent or emergent surgery, isolated aortic valve, or isolated CABG) was performed. Procedure time, bypass time, x-clamp time, hospital stay, and early mortality were compared. RESULTS: After propensity score matching between surgeons of both sexes, patients operated by males (PoM) did not differ from patients operated by females (PoF) in mean age (PoM: 66.72 ± 9.33, PoF: 67.24 ± 9.19 years, p = 0.346), log. ES (PoM: 5.58 ± 7.35, PoF: 5.53 ± 7.26, p = 0.507), or urgency of operation (PoM: 43.09% elective, 48.97% urgent, 7.94% emergency, PoF: 40.88% elective, 55.29% urgent, 3.83% emergency, p = 0.556). This was also the case for male and female patients separately. Female surgeons had higher procedure time (PoM: 224.35 ± 110.54 min; PoF: 265.41 ± 53.60 min), bypass time (PoM: 107.46 ± 45.09 min, PoF: 122.42 ± 36.18 min), and x-clamp time (PoM: 61.45 ± 24.77 min; PoF: 72.76 ± 24.43 min). Hospitalization time (PoM: 15.96 ± 8.12, PoF: 15.98 ± 6.91 days, p = 0,172) as well as early mortality (PoM: 2.21%, PoF: 3.09%, p = 0.328) did not differ significantly. This was also the case for male and female patients separately. CONCLUSION: Our study reveals that in routine heart surgery, the gender of the surgeon does not impact the success of the operation or the early outcome of patients. Despite taking more time to perform procedures, female surgeons demonstrated comparable surgical outcomes to their male counterparts. It is possible that women's inclination for thoroughness contributes to the longer duration of procedures, while male surgeons may prioritize efficiency. Nevertheless, this difference in duration did not translate into significant differences in primary outcomes following routine cardiac surgery. These findings highlight the importance of recognizing the equal competence of female surgeons and dispelling biases regarding their surgical performance.

Mitral Valve Repair in Advanced Age Groups: Does Cardiac Age Differ from Chronological Age?

OBJECTIVE: Advanced age is a risk factor in cardiac surgery contributing significantly to a worse outcome. The reasons are frailty and multimorbidity. In this study, we asked: Is there an aging of the heart which differs from chronological age? METHODS: Propensity score matching was performed between 115 seniors ≥ 80 years and 345 juniors < 80 years. After the patients were found to be comparable in terms of cardiac and noncardiac disease and risk profiles, they were further analyzed for cardiac parameters. In addition, the seniors and juniors were compared in terms of cardiac health and postoperative outcome. Furthermore, the patients were subdivided into several age groups (<60 years, 60-69 years, 70-79 years, and >80 years) and compared regarding outcome. RESULTS: The seniors demonstrated significantly lower tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), significantly more frequent diastolic dysfunction, significantly higher plasma levels of NT-proBNP, and significantly larger left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters and left atrial diameters (p < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, in-hospital mortality and most postoperative complications were significantly higher in seniors compared with juniors. While old cardiac healthy patients showed better outcome than old cardiac aged patients, the outcome from young cardiac aged patients was better than old cardiac aged patients. The outcome and survival deteriorated with increasing life decades. CONCLUSIONS: The elderly suffer significantly more from cardiac deterioration, i.e., cardiac aging, and show higher multimorbidity. Mortality risk is significantly higher and they suffer more often from a complicated postoperative course compared to younger patients. Further approaches to prevention and treatment of cardiac aging are needed to address the needs of an aging society.

How Can We Best Measure Frailty in Cardiosurgical Patients?

BACKGROUND: Frailty is gaining importance in cardiothoracic surgery and is a risk factor for adverse outcomes and mortality. Various frailty scores have since been developed, but there is no consensus which to use for cardiac surgery. METHODS: In an all-comer prospective study of patients presenting for cardiac surgery, we assessed frailty and analyzed complication rates in hospital and 1-year mortality, as well as laboratory markers before and after surgery. RESULTS: 246 included patients were analyzed. A total of 16 patients (6.5%) were frail, and 130 patients (52.85%) were pre-frail, summarized in the frail group (FRAIL) and compared to the non-frail patients (NON-FRAIL). The mean age was 66.5 ± 9.05 years, 21.14% female. The in-hospital mortality rate was 4.88% and the 1-year mortality rate was 6.1%. FRAIL patients stayed longer in hospital (FRAIL 15.53 ± 8.5 days vs. NON-FRAIL 13.71 ± 8.94 days, p = 0.004) and in intensive/intermediate care units (ITS/IMC) (FRAIL 5.4 ± 4.33 days vs. NON-FRAIL 4.86 ± 4.78 days, p = 0.014). The 6 min walk (6 MW) (317.92 ± 94.17 m vs. 387.08 ± 93.43 m, p = 0.006), mini mental status (MMS) (25.72 ± 4.36 vs. 27.71 ± 1.9, p = 0.048) and clinical frail scale (3.65 ± 1.32 vs. 2.82 ± 0.86, p = 0.005) scores differed between patients who died within the first year after surgery compared to those who survived this period. In-hospital stay correlated with timed up-and-go (TUG) (TAU: 0.094, p = 0.037), Barthel index (TAU-0.114, p = 0.032), hand grip strength (TAU-0.173, p < 0.001), and EuroSCORE II (TAU 0.119, p = 0.008). ICU/IMC stay duration correlated with TUG (TAU 0.186, p < 0.001), 6 MW (TAU-0.149, p = 0.002), and hand grip strength (TAU-0.22, p < 0.001). FRAIL patients had post-operatively altered levels of plasma-redox-biomarkers and fat-soluble micronutrients. CONCLUSIONS: frailty parameters with the highest predictive value as well as ease of use could be added to the EuroSCORE.

Spheroid formation and luteinization of granulosa cells of felids in a long-term 3D culture.

In the present study, granulosa cells (GCs) from domestic cats and Persian leopard were cultured and characterized from selected days. The culture period was divided into two phases: maintenance, which lasted for 7 days, and luteinization, which followed for up to 11 days. Luteinization was performed on ultra-low attachment plates, supporting the formation of spheroids in a medium supplemented with insulin, forskolin, and luteinizing hormone (LH). GCs of domestic cat produced estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) during the maintenance phase. The gene expressions of some proteins involved in steroidogenesis were stable (STAR, HSD3B1) or decreased over time (CYP11A1, HSD17B1, CYP17A1, and CYP19A1), which was similar to the expressions of gonatropin receptors (LHCGR and FSHR). During the luteinization phase, P4 concentration significantly increased (P < 0.05), and E2, in contrast to the proliferation phase, was below detection range. The expression of genes of proteins involved in steroidogenesis (STAR, CYP11A1, HSD3B1, HSD17B1, CYP17A1, and CYP19A1) and of gonadotropin receptors (LHCGR and FSHR) significantly increased during the luteinization period, but some expressions exhibited a decrease at the end of the phase (LHCGR, FSHR, HSD17B1, CYP19A1). The morphology of the luteinized GCs of domestic cat resembled large luteal cells and had numerous vacuole-like structures. Also, the GCs of Persian leopard underwent luteinization, shown by increasing P4 production and HSD3B1 expression. This study confirms that GCs from felids can be luteinized in a 3D spheroid system which can be a basis for further studies on luteal cell function of felids. Additionally, we could show that the domestic cat can serve as a model species for establishing cell culture methods which can be transferred to other felids.

Gender-Related Outcomes after Surgical Resection and Level of Satisfaction in Patients with Left Atrial Tumors.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac tumors are rare, with a low incidence of between 0.0017 and 0.19%. The majority of cardiac tumors are benign and predominantly occur in females. The aim of our study was to examine how outcomes differ between men and women. METHODS: From 2015 to 2022, 80 patients diagnosed with suspected myxoma were operated on. In all patients, preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative data were recorded. Such patients were identified and included in a retrospective analysis focused on gender-related differences. RESULTS: Patients were predominantly female (n = 64; 80%). The mean age was 62.76 ± 13.42 years in female patients and 59.65 ± 15.84 years in male patients (p = 0.438). The body mass index (BMI) was comparable in both groups: between 27.36 ± 6.16 in male and 27.09 ± 5.75 (p = 0.945) in female patients. Logistic EuroSCORE (LogES) (female: 5.89 ± 4.6; male: 3.95 ± 3.06; p = 0.017) and EuroSCORE II (ES II) (female: 2.07 ± 2.1; male: 0.94 ± 0.45; p = 0.043), both scores to predict the mortality in cardiac surgery, were significantly higher in female patients. Two patients died early, within 30 days after surgery: one male and one female patient. Late mortality was defined as the 5-year survival rate, which was 94.8%, and 15-year survival rate, which was 85.3% in our cohort. Causes of death were not related to the primary tumor operation. The follow up showed that satisfaction with surgery and long-term outcome was high. CONCLUSION: Predominately female patients presented with left atrial tumors over a 17-year period. Relevant gender differences aside from that were not evident. Surgery could be performed with excellent early (within 30 days after surgery) and late results (follow up after discharge).

Does Age Influence the Preoperative Condition and, Thus, the Outcome in Endocarditis Patients?

Background: Demographic changes have led to an increase in the proportion of older patients undergoing heart surgery. The number of endocarditis cases is also steadily increasing. Given the sharp increase in patients who have received valve prostheses or electrophysiological implants, who are on chronic dialysis or taking immunosuppressants, the interdependence of these two developments is quite obvious. We have studied the situation of older patients suffering from endocarditis compared to younger ones. Are they more susceptible, and are there differences in outcomes? Patients and Methods: A total of 162 patients was studied from our database, enrolled from 2020 to 2022. Fifty-four of them were older than 75 years of age (mean age 79.9 ± 3.8 years). The remaining 108 patients had a mean age of 61.6 ± 10.1 years. EuroSCORE II (ES II) was higher in the older patients (19.3 ± 19.7) than in the younger ones (13.2 ± 16.84). The BMI was almost identical. The preoperative NYHA proportions did not differ. A statistical analysis was performed using R. Results: Older patients had a lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), a higher proportion of coronary heart disease (CHD), a higher amount of N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptides (NT-proBNPs), worse coagulation function, worse renal function than younger patients, and were more often valve prosthesis carriers compared to the younger patients. The diagnostic interval was 66.85 ± 49.53 days in the younger cohort, whereas it was only 50.98 ± 30.55 in the elderly (p = 0.081). Significantly fewer septic emboli were observed in the older patients than in the younger patients, but postoperative delirium and critical illness polyneuropathy and critical illness myopathy (CIP/CIM) were observed significantly more frequently compared to younger patients. In-hospital mortality was higher in older patients than in younger patients, but did not reach statistical significance (29.91% vs. 40.38%; p = 0.256). The postoperative clinical status was worse in older patients than in the younger ones (NYHA-stage, p = 0.022). Conclusions: Age did have an impact on the outcome, probably due to causing a higher number of cumulative preoperative risk factors. However, an interesting phenomenon was that older patients had fewer septic emboli than younger patients. It can only be speculated whether this was due to a shorter diagnostic interval or lower mobility, i.e., physical exertion. Older patients suffered more frequently than younger ones from typical age-related postoperative complications, such as delirium and CIP/CIM. In-hospital mortality was high, but not significantly higher compared to the younger patients. Considering the acceptable mortality risks, and in light of the lack of alternatives, older patients should not be denied surgery. However, individual consideration is necessary.

What Exactly Makes Age a Risk Factor for an Unfavorable Outcome after Mitral Valve Surgery?

Objective: Age has an undeniable impact on perioperative mortality. However, it is not necessarily a predictor of frailty per se, as older patients have different outcomes. To verify specific conditions underlying frailty, we examined demographics, comorbidities, frequency, and distribution of postoperative complications influencing outcomes in a challenging cohort of patients undergoing mitral valve surgery. Methods: The study enrolled 1627 patients who underwent mitral valve surgery. Patients younger than 40 years who had been diagnosed with endocarditis were excluded. Patients were divided into three groups with ages ranging from 40−59 (n = 319), 60−74 (n = 795), and >75 years (n = 513). Baseline, comorbidities, postoperative complications, and mortality were recorded. Results: The older the patients were, the more frequently they suffered from pre- and postoperative renal insufficiency (p < 0.001). The likelihood of postoperative renal failure requiring dialysis was significantly higher with pre-existing renal failure. There was a significant association between postoperative renal insufficiency and the development of postoperative pleural or pericardial effusion (p < 0.001, p = 0.016). A significant decrease in BMI was observed in patients >75 years of age compared to the 60−74 years group (27.3 vs. 28.2 kg/m2, p = 0.007). The development of critical illnesses such as myopathy and neuropathy (CIP/CIM) was age-dependent and increased significantly with age (p = 0.04). Hospitalization duration and mortality also increased significantly with age (p = 0.013, p < 0.001). Conclusions: It appears that elderly patients with advanced renal failure have a significantly higher risk of mortality, postoperative renal failure, need for dialysis, and possibly the development of pleural and pericardial effusions in mitral valve surgery. In addition, more frequent CIP/CIM with concomitant decrease in BMI in the most advanced age group indicate sarcopenia and thus an additional feature of frailty besides renal failure.

Every day mitral valve reconstruction: What has changed over the last 15 years?

OBJECTIVE: Mitral valve reconstruction (MVR) is one of the cardiosurgical procedures which cannot be substituted by any intervention owing to the quality of the quasi-anatomical, physiological repair. However, technique and strategies have changed over the years. We looked at procedural characteristics and outcome in an all-comer, non-selected cohort of patients. METHODS: 738 out of 1.977 patients were retrospectively analyzed receiving MVR with and without concomitant procedures. The cohort was divided into three periods. P1: 2004-2009 (134 pts.); P2: 2010-2014 (294 pts.), and P3: 2015-2019 (310 pts.). RESULTS: Early mortality increased from P1 to P2 and decreased from P2 to P3 (9% P1, 13% P2, 10% P3). All patients received an annuloplasty-ring. In P1 resection measures dominated. In P3 artificial chordae were dominant. Age, BMI, and risk scores correlated with early mortality. Survival rates were 66% (5-years), 55% (10-years), 44% (15-years) in P1, 63% (5-years), 50% (10-years) in P2, and 80% (5-years) in P3. Odds ratio for reduced long-term survival were concomitant venous only bypass surgery (10-years 2,701, p = 0.026). 10-year survival was positively influenced by isolated MVR (0.246, p = 0.001), concomitant isolated arterial bypass (IMA) (0.153, p = 0.051), posterior leaflet measure (0.178, p<0.001), and use of artificial chordae (5-years 0.235, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Indication for ring implantation remained mandatory while preference changed alongside improved designs. Procedural characteristics changed from mainly resection maneuvers to predominant use of artificial chordae. Long-term results were negatively influenced by co-morbidities and positively influenced by posterior leaflet repair and artificial chordae. MVR underwent a qualitative evolution and remains a valuable cardiosurgical procedure.

Relations between the time of ovulation and fecal estrogen concentration in sows.

Artificial insemination (AI) is the most important biotechnology in pig reproduction. To achieve the best possible fertility results, appropriate timing of the insemination is essential. The optimal time for AI is 12 h before to 4 h after ovulation. This time-frame, unlike in estrus, is not recognizable through external indicators. It would, therefore, be beneficial to find simple and economical methods that support manual estrus checks and are able to determine the time of ovulation more accurately. On this basis, starting 80 h after weaning, 14 DanBred sows (parity: 5.2 ± 2.4) were checked for ovulation via ultrasound scans every 8 h over a period of 72 h. Additionally, rectal fecal samples were taken and analyzed for their estrogen concentration to assess possible relations to ovulation time. On average, sows ovulated 121 ± 10 h after weaning and 16 ± 9 h after onset of heat. There was a prominent drop in fecal estrogen levels 4 h before ovulation when compared to almost all other points in time (before ovulation: 20 h (P = 0.056), 12 h (P = 0.006); after ovulation: 4 h and 12 h (P < 0.001)). There are, however, significant differences in the sow-individual fecal estrogen concentrations for which several influencing factors must be considered.

CALA: Cumulative Volume of Calcified Lesions of the Aorta in Cardiac Surgery.

One of the major key questions raised in this retrospective study was to identify any correlation of atherosclerotic plaque volume of the ascending aorta and aortic arch with adverse events such as postoperative stroke, critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy, as well as delirium and all-cause in-hospital mortality. In a second phase of this study, we investigated the relationship between atherosclerotic plaque volume and adverse events regarding the construction of proximal anastomosis on coronary artery bypass grafting procedures using different clamping techniques such as construction of anastomosis on cross-clamping or cross-clamping plus consecutive partial clamping of the aorta. The key findings of our research were that the size of calcium lesions of the ascending aorta and aortic arch correlates with early mortality, critical illness polyneuropathy/myopathy, and delirium but not with stroke. On the other hand, there were no significant differences between isolated cross-clamping versus cross-clamping plus consecutive partial clamping of the aorta regarding the primary adverse events by means of mean plaque volume.

Effects of tubing degradation and pump position on extracorporeal circulation performance.

Extracorporeal circulation (ECC) is an integral part of cardiac surgery. Yet, the contact with artificial surfaces, mechanical stress, shear, and suction forces within the ECC pose a pronounced risk for damaging the corpuscular components of the blood. These suction forces may be reduced by a repositioning of the roller pumps employed below the reservoir. Furthermore, the repeated compression of the involved silicone tubing is likely to cause degradation. We present our observations regarding changes in the ECC performance following this degradation process. In vitro experiments were performed in a standard as well as a simplified ECC setup and included measurements of pressure, effective flow, and tubing restoring force over a time frame of 12 hours with two different pump positions utilizing transit time flow measurement. Suction forces within the tubing could be significantly reduced by shifting the pump position below the reservoir. Regardless of the setup, the tubing showed significant loss of restoring force as well as effective flow over time. A shift of the pump position within the ECC setup can be recommended to prevent blood damaging negative pressures. Further research is necessary to evaluate the exact cause of the reduction of restoring force overtime as well as its risks for the patients. Finally, our results underline the importance of transit time flow measurements to collect reliable flow data.

Wrapping in Ascending Aortic Aneurysms as an Alternative for Replacement: Is It Beneficial?

BACKGROUND: Prosthetic replacement of aneurysms of the ascending aorta is the gold standard in terms of long-term stability. Wrapping seems to be a less invasive procedure. It has not yet been shown if it is as safe in terms of long-term outcome. METHODS: We present a single-center analysis of our experience over 13 years. We retrospectively analyzed data from patients who received either aortic prosthetic wrapping (AW) or aortic prosthetic replacement (AR) with or without aortic valve replacement and assessed them through phone calls. We used propensity score matching to adjust the baseline of the groups. RESULTS: Before propensity matching, 144 patients received AW and 91 patients underwent AR. Mean age was 64 ± 11.8 years. After propensity score matching and adjusting for significant differences in age, gender, body mass index, logistic EuroSCORE I, and left ventricular function, 69 patients in each group remained for further analysis. Rate of early reoperation due to tamponade, inhospital mortality, and survival rates did not differ. In both groups, the surgically treated aortic segment did not show enlargement, whereas the nontreated aortic arch showed comparable aneurysmatical progression. CONCLUSIONS: AW is safe and feasible and can be used in elderly or frail patients in order to avoid an AR. Progression of the remaining native aortic segments occurs, thus requiring strict life-long follow-up to ensure an elective and thus safe approach for appropriate consecutive surgical measures, if required.