Dr. Sidney Farber (1903-1973): Founder of Pediatric Pathology and the Father of Modern Chemotherapy.

Dr. Sidney Farber (Farber) was a distinguished pediatric pathologist and widely recognized pioneer of modern chemotherapy. In 1948, his influential study showed that various anti-folates, particularly 4-aminopteroylglutamic acid, also known as aminopterin, induced transient disease control in kids who had acute undifferentiated leukemia. The findings laid the basis for developing and using additional chemotherapies, individually or in combination, for treating pediatric and adult cancers. Farber also introduced actinomycin D to treat Wilms tumor in various stages. Underneath his oversight, the 'Jimmy Fund,' one of the earliest dedicated pediatric oncology centers, and the Children's Cancer Research Foundation, which subsequently evolved into the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, was established. Farber is known as the "Founder of Pediatric Pathology" and the "Father of Modern Chemotherapy," citing his immense contributions. This article is a tribute to the great scientist Farber for his significant contributions to the scientific field and the countless individuals he has impacted.

Granular Cell Tumor of the Breast: Understanding the Cancer Mimic through a Series of Three Cases.

Granular cell tumors of breast are rare neoplasms, majority of which are benign. Their imaging appearances are often indistinguishable from breast cancer. They may demonstrate a few differentiating features and unlike breast cancer, typically follow a benign course. Histopathology and immunochemistry form the cornerstone of diagnosis of granular cell tumor. In this article, we presented a series of three cases of granular cell tumors with variable presentations. Our goal is to increase familiarity for these neoplasms and for the readers to be able to distinguish them from the more common entity of breast cancer, as their prognosis and management differ.

Shining Light on Rarity: Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the Esophagus with Absence of MAML2 Gene Rearrangement.

Primary mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus is a rare condition characterized by a combination of squamous and mucin-secreting glandular malignant cells. Its clinical recognition is often challenging, pre-operative diagnosis is difficult, and there is a lack of standardized treatment protocols. Here, we present the clinicopathological characteristics of a previously underreported esophageal malignancy found in the distal esophagus of a 58-year-old woman. The initial endoscopic biopsy posed diagnostic challenges due to its small size and inadequate representation of glandular differentiation components making a final diagnosis of poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Recognizing the resectability of the tumor prompted surgical removal, revealing islands of squamous cells along with intermediate cells and mucin pools. Additionally, MECs in majority of the cases show MAML2 gene rearrangement; contrarily, the present case showed negative results. Enhanced clinicopathological awareness of esophageal MEC facilitated a definitive diagnosis and better patient management. It is imperative to increase awareness and globally document cases of esophageal MEC to enhance understanding, diagnosis, and management guidelines for this malignancy in this anatomical location.

Quantitative tissue analysis reveals AK2, COL1A1, & PLG protein signatures: Targeted therapeutics for meningioma.

BACKGROUND: Meningioma is the most prevalent primary intracranial brain tumor and accounts for one-third of all CNS tumors. Meningioma is known to be the most common yet life-threatening brain tumor with a higher recurrence rate. Globally, there is an increase in the healthcare burden due to meningioma and hence in its research. The present clinical approach includes surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation therapies to which the malignancy does not seem to respond efficiently. Targeted therapies and molecular markers provide elite patient treatment and care for individuals suffering from meningiomas as compared to conventional measures. Although there is proteomic data on meningioma the knowledge of potential biomarkers differentiating the grades is scarce. To identify the best set of biomarkers, validation of reported markers in large and independent sample cohorts in the future is necessary. METHODS: A total of 12 samples, 3 each of control (which made pool 1) Meningioma grade I (which made 2 sets: pool 2 and pool 3), and Meningioma grade II (which made pool 4) were taken for LC-MS/MS. After this, the expression of three proteins was checked by immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, and western blotting. RESULTS: Protein expression was analyzed using various techniques like mass spectrometry, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, and western blotting. Mass spectrometry is the most commonly used standard and reliable technique for identifying and quantifying protein expression. We got three highly upregulated proteins namely AK2, COL1A1, and PLG using this technique. The biomarker potential of these proteins was further checked by ICC, western blotting, and flow cytometry. Three important proteins were found to be upregulated namely AK2 (Adenylate Kinase 2), COL1A1 (Collagen 1A1), and PLG (Plasminogen). The order of increased protein expression was control < MG grade I < MG grade II according to mass spectrometry and western blotting. In immunocytochemistry, we found that COL1A1 expression increases significantly with grades in comparison to control. Similarly, AK2 and PLG also showed little increase but not as much as COL1A1. In flow cytometry, PLG showed higher upregulation in grades than control. While AK2 and COL1A1 showed little increase in expression in grades than control. All techniques, especially mass spectrometry and western blotting presented higher expression of these proteins in grades as compared to control. CONCLUSIONS: In the quest to find a suitable therapeutic marker, this study incorporates quantitative labeling and detection followed by flow cytometry, Immunocytochemistry, and western blotting for early diagnosis and treatment of meningioma. The article further explores the efficacy of some proteins namely AK2, COL1A1 & PLG to be the targeted molecules.

Upcycling Post-Consumer Paint Pail Plastic Waste.

The need for ending plastic waste and creating a circular economy has prompted significant interest in developing a new family of composite materials through recycling and recovery of waste resources (including bio-sourced materials). In this work, a family of natural fiber-reinforced plastic composites has been developed from paint pail waste recycled polypropylene (rPP) and waste wool fibers of different diameter and aspect ratio. Composites were fabricated by melt processing using polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride as a compatibilizer. The internal morphology, interfacial and thermal characteristics, viscoelastic behavior, water sorption/wettability, and mechanical properties of composites were studied using electron microscopy, high-resolution synchrotron Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy, thermal analysis, rheology, immersion test, contact angle measurement, tensile test and flexural test. The composite matrix exhibited an internal morphology of coalescent micro-droplets due to the presence of polyethylene and dry paint in the rPP phase. In general, the rheological and mechanical properties of the composites comprising higher-aspect-ratio (lower diameter) fibers exhibited relatively superior performance. About an 18% increase in tensile strength and a 39% increase in flexural strength were measured for composites with an optimal fiber loading of 10 wt.%. Interfacial debonding and fiber pull-out were observed as the main failure mechanism of the composites. The developed composites have potential for applications in automotive, decking, and building industries.

Evaluating the Impact of Tobacco Cessation Counseling on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life and Identifying Barriers to Quitting Among Tobacco Smokers.

Introduction Tobacco addiction is widely recognized as the most significant menace to both systemic and oral diseases, resulting in around eight million fatalities worldwide annually. The current investigation was conducted to assess the influence of tobacco cessation counseling on the quality of life linked to oral health and to identify obstacles to quitting among those who use tobacco. Methods This observational, follow-up study was carried out among patients referred to the tobacco cessation unit for the cessation of their smoking tobacco habit. Data on the participants was collected in two phases. Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) was assessed at baseline and again three months after quitting smoking habits in the second phase. The assessment of barriers to quitting was done by asking a few questions of all participants. A student t-test and a chi-square test were applied with a p-value <0.05 considering significance. Results The study comprised a total of 322 patients, ranging in age from 18 to 62, with a mean age of 32.58 ± 12.901 years. After three months of quitting tobacco, a comparison of the mean scores of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) domains revealed a significant reduction in the mean score across all domains. The reduction was statistically significant, with a p-value of 0.001. Upon investigating the association between obstacles to quitting tobacco and socioeconomic position, it was discovered that the expense of quitting aids or tobacco programs, as well as the likelihood of weight gain, were strongly linked to the socioeconomic status of the individuals involved in the study. Conclusion Based on the results, the present study concluded that oral health-related quality of life significantly improved after quitting.

Malignant Phyllodes Tumor With Chondroblastic Osteosarcomatous Differentiation: A Case Report.

Malignant phyllodes tumors (MPTs) represent the most pernicious type of intralobular stromal proliferation known as a "fibroepithelial lesion" (FEL). They comprise a small fraction of breast malignancies and can present as either a pure MPT or sometimes include a heterologous component (liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, or rhabdomyosarcoma). Of the fraction of MPTs that include heterologous components, very little about those with chondroblastic osteosarcomatous differentiation has been described in the literature. As such, a characteristic staining profile has yet to be established, even though morphological analysis is the cornerstone of diagnosis. The few reported cases have described a poor prognosis. Therefore, we present a case of MPT with chondroblastic osteosarcomatous differentiation to contribute to the dearth of literature examining this entity.

Comparison of Buccal and Lingual-Based Triangular Flap During Mandibular Third Molar Extraction for Reducing Postoperative Complications: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Surgical removal of the mandibular third molar requires reflection of the mucoperiosteal flap. Several studies have suggested different varieties and innovative designs for flap reflection. We have designed a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to check the feasibility of two flap designs: lingual-based triangular flap (LBTF) and buccal-based triangular flap (BBTF) by calculating the duration of surgery and evaluating postoperative complications such as pain, swelling, and trismus. Materials and Method: It was a non-inferiority parallel-group RCT. The trial was registered in the Control Trial Register of India (CTRI/2021/10/037182) and was performed according to Consolidated Standards of Registered Trial (CONSORT) guidelines. Intraoperative surgery time and postoperative pain, swelling, and trismus were measured and analyzed by a two-sample t test. The Chi-square test was used to measure gender distribution in the study. Result: Of the total of 88 required subjects, gender distribution and performed surgical time were statistically insignificant with a p-value of 0.76 and 0.48, respectively. The pain was significantly higher in the LBTF group in the 5th and 7th postoperative days with a p-value of 0.02 and 0.028. The swelling was statistically higher during all the follow-ups except for the 28th day in the LBTF group with values of 0.006, 0.002 and 0.003, respectively. There was no significant difference in inter-incisional distance (IID) between the groups during postoperative check-ups. Conclusion: LBTF shows no edge over BBTF during mandibular third molar disimpaction.

Treatment Complications of Head and Neck Cancers and Rehabilitation Measures: A Narrative Review.

Head and neck cancers (HNCs) are malignant tumors mainly from squamous cells in the head and neck tissues. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach with surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, the long-term prognosis for patients with advanced-stage tumors is guarded, with a median survival time of approximately 24 months. HNC patients have very high rates of depression and anxiety and the highest suicide rate among all cancers due to the intense and challenging nature of the treatment, underscoring the importance of our collective efforts. Rehabilitation success depends on various factors, including tumor, patient, and treatment-related factors. Patients may require post-treatment oral rehabilitation measures, including implants, obturators, and flexible dentures. These measures are crucial, but they often need to be more utilized. Patients may face challenges in maintaining oral hygiene and managing mucositis. Additionally, it is essential to address other intricacies such as trismus, xerostomia, gustatory dysfunctions, neuropathy, speech impairments, and psychological disturbances. Unfortunately, there is little literature on post-treatment rehabilitative measures. Despite its crucial role in improving patients' quality of life, rehabilitation often receives inadequate attention compared to treatment. Our narrative review, which covers various factors that affect rehabilitation, including oral rehabilitation measures and post-treatment complications, is anticipated to deliver practical insights to professionals and inspire positive changes in their regular practice.

The origin of intraluminal pressure waves in gastrointestinal tract.

The gastrointestinal (GI) peristalsis is an involuntary wave-like contraction of the GI wall that helps to propagate food along the tract. Many GI diseases, e.g., gastroparesis, are known to cause motility disorders in which the physiological contractile patterns of the wall get disrupted. Therefore, to understand the pathophysiology of these diseases, it is necessary to understand the mechanism of GI motility. We present a coupled electromechanical model to describe the mechanism of GI motility and the transduction pathway of cellular electrical activities into mechanical deformation and the generation of intraluminal pressure (IP) waves in the GI tract. The proposed model consolidates a smooth muscle cell (SMC) model, an actin-myosin interaction model, a hyperelastic constitutive model, and a Windkessel model to construct a coupled model that can describe the origin of peristaltic contractions in the intestine. The key input to the model is external electrical stimuli, which are converted into mechanical contractile waves in the wall. The model recreated experimental observations efficiently and was able to establish a relationship between change in luminal volume and pressure with the compliance of the GI wall and the peripheral resistance to bolus flow. The proposed model will help us understand the GI tract's function in physiological and pathophysiological conditions.

Iatrogenic breast pseudoaneurysm in a lactating female: A rare breast emergency treated with ultrasound guided thrombin administration.

Pseudoaneurysm development is a well-recognized consequence of arterial injury, frequently observed in procedures involving arterial groin access. Breast emergencies are infrequent but need prompt attention. We present a notable case of breast pseudoaneurysm postcore needle biopsy, incidentally, identified through subsequent magnetic resonance imaging. Remarkably, the patient's lactating status emerged as a unique risk factor. Our report thoroughly explores the pathogenesis, etiology, preventive measures, and treatment strategies specific to breast pseudoaneurysms. A comprehensive understanding of this phenomenon is essential for radiologists at large, with particular importance for specialists in breast imaging.

Squamous cell carcinoma of breast metastasising to upper lip.

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous set of carcinomas comprising a subgroup of invasive ductal carcinomas and numerous infrequent subtypes. Primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) breast is sporadic, accounting for less than 0.1% of all invasive subtypes. Primary metastases to soft tissues of the oral cavity are incredibly rare, amounting to 0.1% of oral malignancies. Diagnosing metastasis to the oral cavity is an enigma to clinicians without pathognomonic signs and symptoms. Here, we report a case of SCC breast, who developed metastatic deposits in the left upper lip after a disease-free survival of 1 year. There are no reports of SCC breast metastasising to the oral cavity, and probably, this is the first such case getting reported. The survival of such patients is abysmal, with most cases surviving less than a year post diagnosis. While treating patients with a history of malignancy, a high degree of clinical presentiment is required.

NRP1 interacts with endoglin and VEGFR2 to modulate VEGF signaling and endothelial cell sprouting.

Endothelial cells express neuropilin 1 (NRP1), endoglin (ENG) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), which regulate VEGF-A-mediated vascular development and angiogenesis. However, the link between complex formation among these receptors with VEGF-A-induced signaling and biology is yet unclear. Here, we quantify surface receptor interactions by IgG-mediated immobilization of one receptor, and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) measurements of the mobility of another coexpressed receptor. We observe stable ENG/NRP1, ENG/VEGFR2, and NRP1/VEGFR2 complexes, which are enhanced by VEGF-A. ENG augments NRP1/VEGFR2 interactions, suggesting formation of tripartite complexes bridged by ENG. Effects on signaling are measured in murine embryonic endothelial cells expressing (MEEC+/+) or lacking (MEEC-/-) ENG, along with NRP1 and/or ENG overexpression or knockdown. We find that optimal VEGF-A-mediated phosphorylation of VEGFR2 and Erk1/2 requires ENG and NRP1. ENG or NRP1 increase VEGF-A-induced sprouting, becoming optimal in cells expressing all three receptors, and both processes are inhibited by a MEK1/2 inhibitor. We propose a model where the maximal potency of VEGF-A involves a tripartite complex where ENG bridges VEGFR2 and NRP1, providing an attractive therapeutic target for modulation of VEGF-A signaling and biological responses.

Nintedanib-induced osteomyelitis of the jaw against the background of COVID-19 infection.

PURPOSE: Various medications are administered to treat Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and prevent its complications. Some medicines have complications and long-term effects, which may mimic other conditions, making precise diagnosis difficult. This report aims to bring to light one such complication, medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ), secondary to a commonly prescribed medication for preventing lung fibrosis post-COVID-19 infection. METHOD: A 33-year-old male reported to our department with the typical clinical and radiological features of Mucormycosis of the upper jaw post-COVID-19 infection. However, on detailed evaluation of his history (controlled diabetic and short duration of steroid therapy) and review of the mycology staining, bacteriology, culture, and histopathological reports, we came to a negative diagnosis for Mucormycosis. The patient was, however, on treatment for the prevention of lung fibrosis with Nintedanib (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) 150 mg twice a day for one month. RESULT: In the absence of predisposing factors and negative laboratory findings for mucormycosis, we arrived at a diagnosis of MRONJ, attributable to Nintedanib therapy given to prevent lung fibrosis post-COVID-19 infection. CONCLUSION: The use of Nintedanib has recently increased due to the high incidence of lung fibrosis post-COVID-19 infection. However, Nintedanib should be considered a causative agent for osteonecrosis of the jaw in the absence of other obvious predisposing factors. Therefore, Nintedanib must be administered after a thorough consideration of risk factors.

Comparative evaluation of colistin broth disc elution (CBDE) and broth microdilution (BMD) in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with special reference to heteroresistance.

PURPOSE: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been ever-increasing. Among other reasons, colistin resistance might be attributed to limited routine testing by approved methods. Both broth microdilution (BMD) and colistin broth disc elution (CBDE) methods have been advocated, with limited data on the performance of these methods in the Indian settings. This prospective study was conducted to determine colistin resistance in P. aeruginosa, compare the BMD and CBDE methods with special reference to heteroresistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 100 isolates of P. aeruginosa from admitted patients were included. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done against standard antibiotics by disc diffusion test. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against polymyxins was studied by BMD and CBDE (for colistin only). Heteroresistance to colistin was studied by population analysis profile (PAP). CBDE and BMD were compared by performance calculations. Discrepancy in results were analyzed based on heteroresistance. RESULTS: Majority of the P. aeruginosa isolates were from pus samples (62, 62 â€‹%). Disc diffusion method revealed maximum susceptibility towards aztreonam (74, 74 â€‹%) followed by meropenem (68, 68 â€‹%) and piperacillin-tazobactam (65, 65 â€‹%). Polymyxin B resistance was seen in 6 â€‹% (6) while colistin resistance was seen in 9 â€‹% (9) isolates by BMD. CBDE revealed 8 â€‹% (8) resistance to colistin, having 97 â€‹% essential agreement and 95 â€‹% categorical agreement with BMD. Further, by PAP analysis, 9 isolates were resistant to colistin which included 9 resistant isolates by BMD. On discrepancy analysis, 1 isolate was found to be heteroresistant to colistin. No heteroresistance was seen in the isolates that were susceptible by all the methods. CONCLUSIONS: Heteroresistance to colistin in P. aeruginosa accounted for the discrepancy in results where CBDE method failed to detect heteroresistant isolate. As heteroresistance is a least studied phenotype, it's exact prevalence should be studied so that challenges in susceptibility testing could be addressed.

Drug target therapy and emerging clinical relevance of exosomes in meningeal tumors.

Meningioma is the most common central nervous system (CNS) tumor. In recent decades, several efforts have been made to eradicate this disease. Surgery and radiotherapy remain the standard treatment options for these tumors. Drug therapy comes to play its role when both surgery and radiotherapy fail to treat the tumor. This mostly happens when the tumors are close to vital brain structures and are nonbenign. Although a wide variety of chemotherapeutic drugs and molecular targeted drugs such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, alkylating agents, endocrine drugs, interferon, and targeted molecular pathway inhibitors have been studied, the roles of numerous drugs remain unexplored. Recent interest is growing toward studying and engineering exosomes for the treatment of different types of cancer including meningioma. The latest studies have shown the involvement of exosomes in the theragnostic of various cancers such as the lung and pancreas in the form of biomarkers, drug delivery vehicles, and vaccines. Proper attention to this new emerging technology can be a boon in finding the consistent treatment of meningioma.

Myoepithelial Carcinoma of Sinonasal Cavity: Peculiar Diagnosis, Conventional Treatment.

Myoepithelial carcinoma is a morphologically diverse tumor which either arises de novo or from the malignant transformation of its benign counterpart i.e. myoepithelioma. These are relatively lesser known entities and are rarely found in head and neck region. Although rare, their first presentation is usually a painless growing mass as seen in our case presentation as well and are infamous for lymph node recurrence and distant metastasis. Due to their clinical presentation and varied morphology these become tedious to diagnose and pose difficulty for a surgeon when presented at a later date due to their effect on the adjacent vital structures. We report a case of myoepithelial carcinoma in head and neck region arising from the nasal cavity, it's mass effect on the adjacent vital organs and the diagnosis and treatment plan to render the patient free of this tumor, preservation of the vision and keeping the recurrence of the tumor at bay.

Acute incarcerated intrathoracic sleeve herniation after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: an uncommon yet urgent complication-a comprehensive case report and literature review.

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) stands as one of the most frequently performed bariatric procedures in the USA. While hiatal hernia or intrathoracic migration of the staple line is frequently described as a chronic complication, this review article sheds light on the seldom-discussed acute presentation of this alarming complication. We present a compelling case of a young female who experienced sudden and intractable vomiting shortly after LSG. Utilizing a multidisciplinary approach, upper gastrointestinal imaging (UGI) and computed tomography (CT) scans unequivocally confirmed incarcerated intrathoracic migration of the gastric sleeve, necessitating immediate surgical intervention. Radiologists must be equipped with the knowledge to recognize subtle yet crucial imaging findings from UGI and CT scans to ensure timely intervention, thus mitigating the risks associated with this underreported acute complication of LSG and ultimately improving patient outcomes and safety.

Prevalence of Oral Submucous Fibrosis, Its Correlation of Clinical Grading to Various Habit Factors among Patients of Bihar: A Cross Sectional Study.

Aim: To find out the prevalence of OSMF and its Co-relation of clinical grading to various habit factors (time span of habit practiced in years, repetition of habit practiced per day, time of habit practiced in minutes per use). Method: This descriptive, cross-sectional survey was carried out and close ended questionnaire was used for data collection. Demographic details like gender & age and different tissue exploiting habits like, chewing gutkha, chewing areca nut, chewing panmasala with or without tobacco, plain tobacco, mawa, smoking, alcohol was recorded. Also, duration of habit in years, repetition of habit per day, time of habit per use & site of involvement was recorded. Results: Among 5297 patients examined at OPD, 120 were diagnosed with OSMF. The present study found no statistical relation between age, gender & OSMF. The present study concluded that majority 83 (69.17%) of the OSMF patients are guthka user and buccal mucosa was most affected site. OSMF was more prevalent in patients who practiced the habit for more than 15 years. Conclusion: Among the OSMF patients, guthka was most commonly practiced & buccal mucosa was most commonly involved. Duration and frequency of consumption were significantly associated with severity of OSMF.

Scopoletin a potential phytochemical therapy for antitubercular treatment drug induced liver injury (ATT-DILI) model in Wistar rats.

OBJECTIVES: The hepatoprotective properties of scopoletin have been explored in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver injury but not in drug-induced liver injury (DILI) scenarios. Only N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) has proven efficacy in DILI treatment. Accordingly, we conducted a study to assess the hepatoprotective action of scopoletin in the anti-tubercular treatment (ATT)-DILI model in Wistar rats, if any. METHODS: A total of 36 rats were evaluated, with six in each group. A 36-day ATT at 100 mg/kg dose for isoniazid, 300 mg/kg for rifampicin and 700 mg/kg for pyrazinamide were fed to induce hepatotoxicity in rats. Group I and II-VI received normal saline and ATT, respectively. Oral scopoletin (1,5 and 10 mg/kg) and NAC 150 mg/kg were administered in groups III, IV, V and VI, respectively, once daily for the last 15 days of the experiment. LFT monitoring was performed at baseline, days 21, 28, and 36. Rats were sacrificed for the histopathology examination. RESULTS: Aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin levels were significantly increased in group II (receiving ATT) compared to normal control on day 28 and day 36 (p<0.05). All three doses of scopoletin and NAC groups led to the resolution of AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin changes induced by ATT medications effect beginning by day 28 and persisting on day 36 (p<0.01). An insignificant effect was observed on albumin and total protein levels. The effect was confirmed with antioxidants and histopathology analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirms the hepatoprotective efficacy of scopoletin in a more robust commonly encountered liver injury etiology.