Fracture in Irradiated Rat Femur: A Description of an Experimental Model and Evaluation of its Effectiveness.

Objective We aim to describe an experimental model for studying femoral fractures in rats after exposure to ionizing radiation, demonstrating a way to apply a substance for analysis, the method for patterning fracture and irradiation, and how to evaluate its effectiveness based on radiographic studies. Methods We used 24 rats divided into 2 groups of 12 animals each. The STUDY group was exposed to ionizing radiation and treated with saline solution, and the CONTROL group was not exposed to radiation and was treated with saline solution. All animals were subjected to standardized fracture of the right femur that was fixed with intramedullary wire. The efficiency of the bone union was assessed by radiographic exam. Results Fracture healing was more efficient in bones not exposed to ionizing radiation ( p = 0.012). All fractures met the criteria of being simple, diaphyseal, transverse or short oblique. Conclusion The experimental model presented is an efficient alternative for the study of fractures in irradiated bones in rats.

Fracture in Irradiated Rat Femur: A Description of an Experimental Model and Evaluation of its Effectiveness / Fratura em fêmur irradiado de rato: Descrição de um modelo experimental e avaliação de sua eficácia

Abstract Objective We aim to describe an experimental model for studying femoral fractures in rats after exposure to ionizing radiation, demonstrating a way to apply a substance for analysis, the method for patterning fracture and irradiation, and how to evaluate its effectiveness based on radiographic studies. Methods We used 24 rats divided into 2 groups of 12 animals each. The STUDY group was exposed to ionizing radiation and treated with saline solution, and the CONTROL group was not exposed to radiation and was treated with saline solution. All animals were subjected to standardized fracture of the right femur that was fixed with intramedullary wire. The efficiency of the bone union was assessed by radiographic exam. Results Fracture healing was more efficient in bones not exposed to ionizing radiation (p = 0.012). All fractures met the criteria of being simple, diaphyseal, transverse or short oblique. Conclusion The experimental model presented is an efficient alternative for the study of fractures in irradiated bones in rats.

Resumo Objetivo Nosso objetivo é descrever um modelo experimental para estudo de fraturas de fêmur em ratos após exposição a radiação ionizante, demonstrando uma forma de aplicação de uma substância para análise, o método de padronização de fratura e irradiação e a forma de avaliação de sua eficácia com base em estudos radiográficos. Métodos Utilizamos 24 ratos divididos em dois grupos de 12 animais cada. O grupo ESTUDO foi exposto à radiação ionizante e tratado com soro fisiológico, enquanto o grupo CONTROLE não foi exposto à radiação e foi tratado com soro fisiológico. Todos os animais foram submetidos à fratura padronizada do fêmur direito e sua fixação com fio intramedular. A eficácia da consolidação óssea foi determinada por exame radiográfico. Resultados A cicatrização de fraturas foi mais eficiente em ossos não expostos à radiação ionizante (p = 0,012). Todas as fraturas atenderam aos critérios de serem simples, diafisárias, transversas ou oblíquas curtas. Conclusão O modelo experimental apresentado é uma boa alternativa para o estudo de fraturas em ossos irradiados em ratos.

Multiple Myeloma (Part 2) - Update on The Approach to Bone Disease.

The increase in life expectancy of the world population has led to a concomitant increase in the prevalence of multiple myeloma (MM), a disease that usually affects the elderly population. Bone lesions are frequent in patients with this condition, demanding an early approach, from drug treatment, through radiotherapy to orthopedic surgery (prophylactic or therapeutic) with the objective of preventing or delaying the occurrence of fracture, or, when this event has already occurred, treat it through stabilization or replacement (lesions located in the appendicular skeleton) and/or promote stabilization and spinal cord decompression (lesions located in the axial skeleton), providing rapid pain relief, return to ambulation and resocialization, returning quality of life to patients. The aim of this review is to update the reader on the findings of pathophysiology, clinical, laboratory and imaging, differential diagnosis and therapeutic approach of multiple myeloma bone disease (MMBD).

Multiple Myeloma (Part 1) - Update on Epidemiology, Diagnostic Criteria, Systemic Treatment and Prognosis.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy characterized by unregulated and clonal proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow; these cells produce and secrete an anomalous monoclonal immunoglobulin, or a fragment of this, called M protein. The clinical manifestations of MM result from the proliferation of these plasmocytes, the excessive production of monoclonal immunoglobulin and the suppression of normal humoral immunity, leading to hypercalcemia, bone destruction, renal failure, suppression of hematopoiesis and humoral immunity, increasing the risk for the development of infections. The increase in life expectancy of the world population led to a concomitant increase in the prevalence of MM, a pathology that usually affects the elderly population. The aim of this review is to update the reader on epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis with other monoclonal gammopathies, systemic treatment and prognosis of MM.

Multiple Myeloma (Part 2) - Update on The Approach to Bone Disease / Mieloma múltiplo (Parte 2) - Atualização sobre a abordagem da doença óssea

Abstract The increase in life expectancy of the world population has led to a concomitant increase in the prevalence of multiple myeloma (MM), a disease that usually affects the elderly population. Bone lesions are frequent in patients with this condition, demanding an early approach, from drug treatment, through radiotherapy to orthopedic surgery (prophylactic or therapeutic) with the objective of preventing or delaying the occurrence of fracture, or, when this event has already occurred, treat it through stabilization or replacement (lesions located in the appendicular skeleton) and/or promote stabilization and spinal cord decompression (lesions located in the axial skeleton), providing rapid pain relief, return to ambulation and resocialization, returning quality of life to patients. The aim of this review isto update the reader on the findings of pathophysiology, clinical, laboratory and imaging, differential diagnosis and therapeutic approach of multiple myeloma multiple myeloma bone disease (MMBD).

Resumo O aumento da expectativa devida da população mundial levou a incremento concomitante na prevalência de mieloma múltiplo (MM), patologia que geralmente afeta a população idosa. Lesões ósseas são frequentes nos portadores desta condição, demandando abordagem precoce, desde o tratamento medicamentoso, passando pela radioterapia até a cirurgia ortopédica (profilática ou terapêutica) com os objetivos de prevenir ou retardar a ocorrência de fratura, ou, quando este evento já ocorreu, tratá-la mediante estabilização ou substituição (lesões situadas no esqueleto apendicular) e/ou promover estabilização e descompressão medular (lesões situadas no esqueleto axial), proporcionando rápido alívio da dor, retorno à deambulação e ressocialização, devolvendo a qualidade de vida aos pacientes. O objetivo desta revisão é atualizar o leitor sobre a fisiopatologia, a clínica, exames laboratoriais e de imagem, diagnóstico diferencial e abordagem terapêutica da doença óssea no mieloma múltiplo (DOMM).

Multiple Myeloma (Part 1) - Update on Epidemiology, Diagnostic Criteria, Systemic Treatment and Prognosis / Mieloma múltiplo (Parte 1) - Atualização sobre epidemiología, critérios diagnósticos, tratamento sistêmico e prognóstico

Abstract Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy characterized by unregulated and clonal proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow; these cells produce and secrete an anomalous monoclonal immunoglobulin, or a fragment of this, called M protein. The clinical manifestations of MM result from the proliferation of these plasmocytes, the excessive production of monoclonal immunoglobulin and the suppression of normal humoral immunity, leading to hypercalcemia, bone destruction, renal failure, suppression of hematopoiesis and humoral immunity, increasing the risk for the development of infections. The increase in life expectancy of the world population led to a concomitant increase in the prevalence of MM, a pathology that usually affects the elderly population. The aim of this review is to update the reader on epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis with other monoclonal gam-mopathies, systemic treatment and prognosis of MM.

Resumo O mieloma múltiplo (MM) constitui neoplasia maligna de origem hematológica caracterizada pela proliferação desregulada e clonal de plasmócitos na medula óssea; estas células produzem e secretam imunoglobulina monoclonal anômala, ou um fragmento desta, denominado proteína M. As manifestações clínicas do MM decorrem da proliferação destes plasmócitos, da produção excessiva de imunoglobulina monoclonal e da supressão da imunidade humoral normal, levando à hipercalcemia, destruição óssea, insuficiência renal, supressão da hematopoiese e da imunidade humoral,aumentandooriscoparaodesenvolvimento de infecções. O aumento na expectativa de vida da população mundial levou a concomitante incremento na prevalência do MM, patologia que habitualmente acomete a população idosa. O objetivo desta revisão é atualizar o leitor sobre a epidemiologia, critérios diagnósticos, diagnóstico diferencial com outras gamopatias monoclonais, tratamento sistêmico e prognóstico do MM.

Pathological fracture after radiotherapy: systematic review of literature.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the epidemiological data and available treatments for fractures secondary to radiotherapy treatment. METHODS: Identification of publications on pathological skeletal fractures previously exposed to ionizing radiation. RESULTS: The incidence of fractures after irradiation varies from 1.2% to 25% with a consolidation rate of 33% to 75%, being more frequent in the ribs, pelvis, and femur. The time elapsed between irradiation and fracture occurs years after radiotherapy. Risk factors include age above 50 years, female gender, extensive periosteal detachment, circumferential irradiation, tumor size, and anterior thigh location. The etiology is still uncertain, but cellular disappearance, reduction of bone turnover and activity were observed hematopoietic as possible causes of failure of consolidation. CONCLUSION: There is no consensus in the literature on the factors related to the development of fractures, with radiation dose, previous tumor size and periosteal detachment being suggested as potential factors.

Pathological fracture after radiotherapy: systematic review of literature

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the epidemiological data and available treatments for fractures secondary to radiotherapy treatment. METHODS: Identification of publications on pathological skeletal fractures previously exposed to ionizing radiation. RESULTS: The incidence of fractures after irradiation varies from 1.2% to 25% with a consolidation rate of 33% to 75%, being more frequent in the ribs, pelvis, and femur. The time elapsed between irradiation and fracture occurs years after radiotherapy. Risk factors include age above 50 years, female gender, extensive periosteal detachment, circumferential irradiation, tumor size, and anterior thigh location. The etiology is still uncertain, but cellular disappearance, reduction of bone turnover and activity were observed hematopoietic as possible causes of failure of consolidation. CONCLUSION: There is no consensus in the literature on the factors related to the development of fractures, with radiation dose, previous tumor size and periosteal detachment being suggested as potential factors.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Avaliar dados epidemiológicos e tratamentos disponíveis para fraturas secundárias ao tratamento radioterápico. MÉTODOS: Identificação de publicações sobre as fraturas patológicas ocorridas em esqueleto previamente exposto à radiação ionizante. RESULTADOS: A incidência de fraturas após irradiação varia de 1,2% a 25% com taxa de consolidação de 33% a 75%, sendo mais frequente em costelas, pelve e fêmur. O tempo decorrido entre a irradiação e a fratura ocorre anos após a radioterapia. Os fatores de risco incluem idade acima de 50 anos, sexo feminino, descolamento periosteal extenso, irradiação circunferencial, tamanho do tumor e localização anterior na coxa. A etiologia ainda é incerta, mas foram observados desaparecimento celular, redução do turnover ósseo e da atividade hematopoiética como possíveis causas da falha de consolidação. CONCLUSÃO: Não há consenso na literatura avaliada sobre os fatores relacionados ao desenvolvimento de fraturas, sendo a dose de radiação, o tamanho prévio do tumor e o descolamento periosteal sugeridos como fatores potenciais.

Piriformis Pyomyositis in a Patient with Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease - A Case Report and Literature Review / Piomiosite do piriforme em um paciente com doença de Kikuchi-Fujimoto-relato de caso e revisão da literatura

Abstract Primary pyomyositis is a deep bacterial infection of the skeletal muscle. If left undiagnosed and untreated, the infection spreads, leading to sepsis, septic shock, and even death. The authors report a 23-year-old female presenting with piriformis pyomyositis during a treatment for Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease. Pyomyositis is a rare but potentially severe infection, which can lead to septic shock. The present case shows the need for a high degree of clinical suspicion for patients with compromised immune systems to begin treatment at an early stage. The literature demonstrates that outcomes of the treatment of piriformis pyomyositis are good.

Resumo A piomiosite primária é uma infecção bacteriana profunda do músculo esquelético. Quando não diagnosticada ou tratada, a infecção pode evoluir para sepse, choque séptico e até morte. Os autores relatam o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino, 23 anos, apresentando piomiosite do músculo piriforme durante o tratamento da doença de Kikuchi-Fujimoto. A piomiosite é uma infecção rara, mas potencialmente grave, que pode levar ao choque séptico. Esse caso mostra a necessidade em se elevar o grau de suspeição clínica em pacientes com comprometimento do sistema imunológico, para que o tratamento seja iniciado em estágio precoce. A literatura mostra que os resultados do tratamento da piomiosite do piriforme são bons.

Influence of biomaterials on scintigraphic diagnosis of periprosthetic infections. Ceftizoxime-99m technetium model

Abstract Purpose: To compare the influence of two metallic implants in the diagnosis of periprosthetic infection using 99m technetium-labeled ceftizoxime. Methods: Twenty rats were randomly divided into four groups, which received sterile and contaminated titanium and stainless steel implants. After 3 weeks, scintilographic images were obtained using a gamma chamber. Radioactivity counts were obtained for the region of interest (ROI) on the operated and non-operated paws. Results: Groups A, B, and C showed homogenous distribution of the radiopharmaceutical. Hyper uptake was observed in the operated paw from group D. The ROI target count was higher in the two groups with stainless steel implants. Among the control groups, the count was higher in the stainless steel group. Furthermore, among the contaminated groups, the uptake was higher in the stainless steel group, with a significant difference. The target: non-target ratio was significantly lower in the control and contaminated groups with both titanium and stainless steel, but the comparison between control groups and contaminated groups was only significant in the former. The cpm/g observed after a decay of 48h showed statistically significant differences between groups. Conclusion: Different biomaterials used in implants have an influence on the results of scintigraphy with 99mTc-CFT.

Amputation risk after the revascularization procedures in sarcoma resections.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of vascular reconstructive surgery after resection of bone and soft tissue tumors in extremities and the risk of progression to amputation. METHODS: This is a retrospective, observational data collection from medical records of patients who underwent resection of bone and soft tissue tumors in the period of 2002-2015. Thirteen patients met the inclusion criteria, which evaluated the correlations between certain factors (gender, tumor type, location, reconstruction, revascularization and patency, infection) with amputation in the postoperative period. RESULTS: In this study, of the 13 patients undergoing reconstruction, five (38.46%) evolved to amputation. All patients who progressed to amputation had the following in common: presence of bone sarcoma (p = 0.005), having undergone reconstruction with an orthopedic prosthesis (p = 0.005), lack of vascular patency in the revascularization site in the postoperative period (p = 0.032), and surgical site infection (p = 0.001). None of the patients with soft tissue sarcoma underwent amputation, and the only patient with bone sarcoma who did not undergo amputation had no infection and maintained vascular patency of the graft. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of infection appears to be one of the main risk factors for failure of revascularization, especially in cases of bone sarcoma in which vascular reconstruction is performed with placement of a non-conventional joint prosthesis.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a eficácia da cirurgia de reconstrução vascular após ressecção de tumores ósseos e tecidos moles em extremidades e o risco de evolução para amputação. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, observacional, de coleta de dados em prontuário médico de pacientes submetidos a ressecção de tumores ósseos e de tecidos moles de 2002 a 2015; 13 pacientes preencheram o critério de inclusão, foram avaliadas as correlações de determinados fatores (gênero, tipo de tumor, localização, reconstrução, revascularização e patência, infecção) com amputação no pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: No presente estudo, dos 13 pacientes submetidos à reconstrução, cinco (38,46%) evoluíram com amputação. Todos os pacientes que evoluíram com amputação tinham em comum o fato de ser portadores de sarcoma ósseo (p = 0,005), ter sido submetidos a reconstrução com prótese ortopédica (p = 0,005) e não apresentar patência vascular no local da revascularização no período pós-operatório (p = 0,032), além de apresentar infecção no local da cirurgia (p = 0,001). Nenhum dos pacientes portadores de sarcoma de partes moles foi submetido à amputação e o único paciente do grupo com sarcoma ósseo que não sofreu amputação não apresentava infecção e mantinha patência vascular no enxerto. CONCLUSÃO: A ocorrência de infecção parece ser um dos principais fatores de risco para a falência da revascularização, especialmente nos casos de sarcoma ósseo em que a reconstrução vascular é feita juntamente com colocação de próteses articulares não convencionais.

Amputation risk after the revascularization procedures in sarcoma resections / Risco de amputação após procedimento de revascularização nas ressecções de sarcoma

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of vascular reconstructive surgery after resection of bone and soft tissue tumors in extremities and the risk of progression to amputation. METHODS: This is a retrospective, observational data collection from medical records of patients who underwent resection of bone and soft tissue tumors in the period of 2002-2015. Thirteen patients met the inclusion criteria, which evaluated the correlations between certain factors (gender, tumor type, location, reconstruction, revascularization and patency, infection) with amputation in the postoperative period. RESULTS: In this study, of the 13 patients undergoing reconstruction, five (38.46%) evolved to amputation. All patients who progressed to amputation had the following in common: presence of bone sarcoma (p = 0.005), having undergone reconstruction with an orthopedic prosthesis (p = 0.005), lack of vascular patency in the revascularization site in the postoperative period (p = 0.032), and surgical site infection (p = 0.001). None of the patients with soft tissue sarcoma underwent amputation, and the only patient with bone sarcoma who did not undergo amputation had no infection and maintained vascular patency of the graft. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of infection appears to be one of the main risk factors for failure of revascularization, especially in cases of bone sarcoma in which vascular reconstruction is performed with placement of a non-conventional joint prosthesis.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a eficácia da cirurgia de reconstrução vascular após ressecção de tumores ósseos e tecidos moles em extremidades e o risco de evolução para amputação. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, observacional, de coleta de dados em prontuário médico de pacientes submetidos a ressecção de tumores ósseos e de tecidos moles de 2002 a 2015; 13 pacientes preencheram o critério de inclusão, foram avaliadas as correlações de determinados fatores (gênero, tipo de tumor, localização, reconstrução, revascularização e patência, infecção) com amputação no pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: No presente estudo, dos 13 pacientes submetidos à reconstrução, cinco (38,46%) evoluíram com amputação. Todos os pacientes que evoluíram com amputação tinham em comum o fato de ser portadores de sarcoma ósseo (p = 0,005), ter sido submetidos a reconstrução com prótese ortopédica (p = 0,005) e não apresentar patência vascular no local da revascularização no período pós-operatório (p = 0,032), além de apresentar infecção no local da cirurgia (p = 0,001). Nenhum dos pacientes portadores de sarcoma de partes moles foi submetido à amputação e o único paciente do grupo com sarcoma ósseo que não sofreu amputação não apresentava infecção e mantinha patência vascular no enxerto. CONCLUSÃO: A ocorrência de infecção parece ser um dos principais fatores de risco para a falência da revascularização, especialmente nos casos de sarcoma ósseo em que a reconstrução vascular é feita juntamente com colocação de próteses articulares não convencionais.

Total knee replacement in patients with diffuse villonodular synovitis.

This paper reports a case of diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis (DPVNS), associated with advanced gonarthrosis, submitted to total knee replacement. The patient had progressive pain and swelling. She had two previous surgeries, firstly arthroscopic synovectomy and subsequently open synovectomy associated with radiotherapy, with recurrence of the disease. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed diffuse synovitis, advanced arthrosis, and bone cysts. The patient was submitted to a total knee replacement and synovectomy. There was a good postoperative clinical course, with improvement of pain, function, and joint edema on examination. The patient will be followed regarding the possibility of disease recurrence and implant survival.

Este trabalho relata um caso de sinovite vilonodular pigmentada forma difusa (SVNPD), associada a genoartrose avançada, que foi submetida a artroplastia total do joelho. A paciente apresentava dor e edema em joelho de caráter progressivo, já submetida previamente a duas sinovectomias, uma por via artroscópica e outra por via aberta, além de radioterapia, com recidiva da doença. As radiografias demonstravam obliteração dos espaços articulares, além de erosões e cistos intraósseos na tíbia e no fêmur. Ressonância magnética evidenciou sinovite difusa extensa, além de artrose avançada e cistos ósseos. A paciente foi submetida a artroplastia total do joelho combinada com sinovectomia ampla. Ela apresentou boa evolução clinica pós-operatória, com melhoria da dor, da função e do edema. A paciente será acompanhada quanto à possibilidade de recorrência da doença e sobrevida do implante.

Biomechanical study of the effect of platelet rich plasma on the treatment of medial collateral ligament lesion in rabbits

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the use of platelet-rich plasma in the early stages of healing of traumatic injury of the medial collateral ligament in the knee of rabbits. Methods: Thirty rabbits were subjected to surgical lesion of the medial collateral ligament. Of these, 16 were treated with platelet-rich plasma and 14 with saline (control). After 3 and 6 weeks of treatment, 50% of the animals from each group were sacrificed, and biomechanical tests were performed on the injured ligament to compare the tensile strength between the two groups. Results: Platelet-rich plasma significantly increased the tensile strength of the ligament in the groups treated after3 and 6 weeks. In the group treated with platelet-rich plasma vs. saline, the tensile strength values were 3192.5 ± 189.7 g/f vs. 2851.1 ± 193.1 g/f at3 weeks (p = 0.005) and 5915.6 ± 832.0 g/f vs. 4187.6 ± 512.9 g/f at 6 weeks (p = 0.0001). Conclusion: The use of platelet-rich plasma at the injury site accelerated ligament healing in an animal model, demonstrated by an increase in the tensile strength of the medial collateral ligament.

Total knee replacement in patients with diffuse villonodular synovitis / Artroplastia total do joelho em paciente com sinovite vilonodular pigmentada forma difusa

ABSTRACT This paper reports a case of diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis (DPVNS), associated with advanced gonarthrosis, submitted to total knee replacement. The patient had progressive pain and swelling. She had two previous surgeries, firstly arthroscopic , synovectomy and subsequently open synovectomy associated with radiotherapy, with recurrence of the disease. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed diffuse synovitis, advanced arthrosis, and bone cysts. The patient was submitted to a total knee replacement and synovectomy. There was a good postoperative clinical course, with improvement of pain, function, and joint edema on examination. The patient will be followed regarding the possibility of disease recurrence and implant survival.,

RESUMO Este trabalho relata um caso de sinovite vilonodular pigmentada forma difusa (SVNPD), associada a genoartrose avançada, que foi submetida a artroplastia total do joelho. A paciente apresentava dor e edema em joelho de caráter progressivo, já submetida previamente a duas sinovectomias, uma por via artroscópica e outra por via aberta, além de radioterapia, com recidiva da doença. As radiografias demonstravam obliteração dos espaços articulares, além de erosões e cistos intraósseos na tíbia e no fêmur. Ressonância magnética evidenciou sinovite difusa extensa, além de artrose avançada e cistos ósseos. A paciente foi submetida a artroplastia total do joelho combinada com sinovectomia ampla. Ela apresentou boa evolução clinica pós-operatória, com melhoria da dor, da função e do edema. A paciente será acompanhada quanto à possibilidade de recorrência da doença e sobrevida do implante.

Extra-abdominal desmoid tumor: local recurrence and treatment options

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the rate of local recurrence of extra-abdominal desmoid tumor and compare the outcomes of surgical treatment and conservative treatment. METHODS: Twenty one patients (14 women and seven men), mean age 33.0±8.7 years old, with a diagnosis of desmoid tumor were evaluated. The mean follow-up period was 58.5±29.0 months. Fourteen cases involved the lower limbs, four cases involved the upper limbs, and three cases involved the trunk. The average tumor size was 12.7±7.5 cm. Of the 21 patients, 14 did not undergo previous treatment and seven patients relapsed before the initial evaluation. Surgical treatment was performed in 16 patients and conservative treatment was performed in five patients. RESULTS: Recurrence occurred in seven patients (33%) and six of them relapsed within the first 18 months. No significant difference was observed between conservative and surgical treatment. However, a significant difference was observed among patients undergoing wide resection and who experienced improved local control. CONCLUSION: The recurrence rate of desmoid tumor was 33.3%. There was no difference in recurrence between conservative and surgical treatment. In surgical treatment, wide margins showed better results for recurrence control. Level of Evidence III. Retrospective Observational Study

EXTRA-ABDOMINAL DESMOID TUMOR: LOCAL RECURRENCE AND TREATMENT OPTIONS.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the rate of local recurrence of extra-abdominal desmoid tumor and compare the outcomes of surgical treatment and conservative treatment. METHODS: Twenty one patients (14 women and seven men), mean age 33.0±8.7 years old, with a diagnosis of desmoid tumor were evaluated. The mean follow-up period was 58.5±29.0 months. Fourteen cases involved the lower limbs, four cases involved the upper limbs, and three cases involved the trunk. The average tumor size was 12.7±7.5 cm. Of the 21 patients, 14 did not undergo previous treatment and seven patients relapsed before the initial evaluation. Surgical treatment was performed in 16 patients and conservative treatment was performed in five patients. RESULTS: Recurrence occurred in seven patients (33%) and six of them relapsed within the first 18 months. No significant difference was observed between conservative and surgical treatment. However, a significant difference was observed among patients undergoing wide resection and who experienced improved local control. CONCLUSION: The recurrence rate of desmoid tumor was 33.3%. There was no difference in recurrence between conservative and surgical treatment. In surgical treatment, wide margins showed better results for recurrence control. Level of Evidence III. Retrospective Observational Study.

Efficacy of (99m)Tc-Labeled Ceftizoxime in the Diagnosis of Subclinical Infections Associated with Titanium Implants in Rats.

BACKGROUND: Metal implants are used frequently in orthopedic procedures and the occurrence of subclinical low-virulence infection is difficult to diagnose. The objective of this study was to examine the hypothesis that peri-prosthetic subclinical infections may be diagnosed effectively in a murine model system using scintigraphic imaging with (99m)Tc-labeled ceftizoxime. METHODS: A sample population of 3-mo old Wistar rats (mean weight 327 g) was divided randomly into a control group (n=6), which received sterile implants, and an experimental group (n=6), which received implants contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus strain ATCC6538-P. Animals were anesthetized and femoral titanium implants were fixed beneath muscle tissue in left hind limbs. Three weeks after surgery, animals were injected with (99m)Tc-ceftizoxime solution (62.9 MBq) and scintigraphic images were obtained at 3.5 and 6.5 h after tracer injection. RESULTS: According to the scintigraphic images, the radiopharmaceutical showed affinity for the operated thigh areas of experimental animals but not for those of the control group. There was no difference between the control and experimental groups regarding the amount of radioactivity in the regions of interest measured at 3.5 h after injection of radiolabeled antibiotic, but the between-group difference determined at 6.5 h after treatment was statistically significant (p=0.026). Moreover, the level of radioactivity recorded in resected thigh tissues derived from experimental animals was greater than that of the control group (p=0.035). CONCLUSION: (99m)Tc-ceftizoxime scintigraphy can localize preferentially periprosthetic-infected areas adjacent to metal implants in a murine model. Furthermore, the radiolabeled antibiotic appears to be capable of detecting alterations in the micro-environment close to the implant and of reaching the bacteria attached to the implant surface.

Giant cell tumors of bone: nonsurgical factors associated with local recurrence.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rate of giant cell tumor (GCT) recurrence and evaluate the factors associated with its recurrence in patients who underwent surgery and submitted to only one adjuvant method. METHODS: Forty-one patients (22 female, 19 male; mean age: 34.22 ± 9.70 years) with GCT, who underwent surgical and one adjuvant treatment, were evaluated after a mean follow-up period of 40.17 ± 22.08 months. The average tumor size was 8.51 ± 3.69 cm. The tumors in 18 patients (43.9%) were grade II and in 23 patients (56.1%) grade III, according to the system developed by Campanacci et al. The surgical margin was intralesional resection and curettage in 60.9% of the patients, and marginal or wide resection in 39.1%. RESULTS: Nine (22%) of the 41 patients had recurrence. None of the gender (p=0.436), age (p=0.310), site of the tumor (p=0.940), surgical margins (p=0.400) and the type of the filling material (PMMA or autograft) (p=0.680) had an association with recurrence. However, Campanacci grade III (p=0.028) and the size of the tumor (p=0.034) was associated with the recurrence. CONCLUSION: Tumor size and tumor grade III according to the Campanacci system appear to be risk factors for local recurrence after the local resection of GCT.

Mecanismos de adesão bacteriana aos biomateriais / Mechanisms of bacterial adhesion to biomaterials

A adesão bacteriana aos biomateriais é processo de alta complexidade que demanda importante preocupação médica dada a sua evidente influência sobre a morbimortalidade dos pacientes que fazem uso de próteses, além dos vultosos gastos que o envolvem. Nesta revisão com base na literatura médica são apresentados os principais microrganismos envolvidos na adesão aos biomateriais, discutindo a patogênese desseprocesso, sendo abordada cada uma de suas etapas, inclusive a formação do biofilme, que é etapa ímpar para o estabelecimento da infecção. São indicados, também, os principais fatores que influenciam o mecanismo de adesão, incluindo as características bacterianas e dos materiais, assim como as propriedades do meio.

Bacterial adhesion to biomaterials is a highly complex process that warrants careful medical scrutiny given not only its obvious influence on morbidity and mortality of patients who use dentures, but also the substantial costs involved. In this literature-based review we present the main microorganisms involved in adhesion to biomaterials and discuss the pathogenesis involved, addressing each of its stages, including biofilm formation, which is a crucial step in the the establishment of infection. We also highlight the main factors influencing the adhesion mechanism, including bacterial, materials and medium properties.