Time-course effects of functional fitness sessions performed at different intensities on the metabolic, hormonal, and BDNF responses in trained men.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the time-course effects of a self-regulated training session (performed at an rating perceived exertion of 6/10), all-out session, and a control session on the metabolic, hormonal, and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) responses in Functional-Fitness (FFT) participants. METHODS: In a randomized, crossover fashion, eight healthy males (age 28.1 ± 5.4 years old; body mass 77.2 ± 4.4 kg; VO2max: 52.6 ± 4.6 mL.(kg.min)-1; 2000 m rowing test 7.35 ± 0.18 min; 1RM back squat 135.6 ± 21.9 kg) performed a FFT session under two different conditions: all-out, or with the intensity controlled to elicit an rating perceived exertion (RPE) of 6 in the Borg 10-point scale (RPE6). A control session (no exercise) was also completed. Metabolic (lactate and creatine kinase), hormonal (testosterone and cortisol), and BDNF responses were assessed pre, post-0 h, 1 h, 2 h and 24 h after the sessions. RESULTS: Creatine kinase concentrations were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) after 24 h for both training sessions. Total and free testosterone concentrations were lower post-2 h for all-out when compared to the RPE6 session (p ≤ 0.05). Serum cortisol concentration increased post-0 h (p = 0.011) for RPE6 and post-0 h (p = 0.003) and post-1 h (p = 0.030) for all-out session when comparing to baseline concentrations. BDNF was significantly higher (p = 0.002) post-0 h only for the all-out session when compared to baseline. A positive correlation between blood lactate concentrations and BDNF (r = 0.51; p = 0.01) was found for both effort interventions. CONCLUSIONS: A single FFT session when performed in all-out format acutely increases the concentrations of serum BDNF. However, physiological stress markers show that the all-out session requires a longer recovery period when compared to the RPE6 protocol. These findings can be helpful to coaches and practitioners design FFT session.

Protective role of intergenerational paternal resistance training on fibrosis, inflammatory profile, and redox status in the adipose tissue of rat offspring fed with a high-fat diet.

AIMS: We evaluated the role of intergenerational paternal exercise on fibrosis, inflammatory profile, and redox status in the adipose tissue of male rat offspring fed with high-fat diet (HFD) and explored to what extent programming affects the systemic metabolic profile. MAIN METHODS: Adult wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: sedentary fathers and trained fathers (8 weeks of resistance training (RT), three times per week). The offspring were obtained by mating with sedentary females. Upon weaning, male offspring were divided into four groups (7 animals per group): offspring of sedentary fathers exposed to either a control diet (SFO-C) or a high-fat diet (SFO-HF); offspring of trained fathers exposed to a control diet (TFO-C) or a high-fat diet (TFO-HF). KEY FINDINGS: Paternal RT was effective in attenuating body weight gain, adipocyte size, collagen deposition, as well as downregulating genes (CTGF, VEGF, C/EBPα SREBP1, MCP-1, and NF-kB), pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha and Interleukin-1-beta), matrix metalloproteinase -2 activity, and ROS production in the epididymal adipose tissue of offspring fed with HFD (TFO-HF vs. SFO-HF; P < 0.05). Moreover, paternal RT increased adiponectin and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the tissue. These beneficial effects were accompanied by the increase of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and α-Klotho), while decreasing pro-oxidant agents (F2-isoprostanes, protein carbonyls levels), and metabolic markers (insulin and leptin, HOMA-ß, and HOMA-IR) in the offspring blood circulation. SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings reveal protective effects of intergenerational paternal RT on adipose tissue remodeling and metabolic health of offspring fed with HFD.

Epigenética e exercício físico: influência em transtornos de ansiedade? / Epigenetics and physical exercise: influence in anxiety disorders?

Introdução: A embora o número de estudos que correlacionam os efeitos da atividade física com aspectos morfofisiológicos cerebrais e com transtornos de ansiedade tenha crescido, existe limitação no campo do treinamento de força (TF) e seu papel de modificador comportamental, assim como sua relação com eventos epigenéticos. Objetivo: realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura em relação aos efeitos do exercício físico e à influência transgeracional das características epigenéticas em quadros de transtornos de ansiedade. Métodos: realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica em Literatura científica nacional e internacional, nas bases eletrônicas: Literatura Latino-Americana em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) e Public Medline (PubMed). Na busca, sem limitação de período de tempo, utilizaram-se as seguintes palavras-chave, em português/inglês: "Ansiedade"; "Ansiedade e exercício físico"; "Treino de força e Transtorno de Ansiedade"; "Transtorno do Pânico"; "Transtorno de Ansiedade Generalizada"; "Epigenética". Resultados: notou-se que, nos quadros de transtornos de ansiedade, os ajustes fisiológicos aos quais o organismo se torna submetido extrapolam o âmbito do sistema nervoso autônomo e atingem o sistema endócrino e imunitário, tornando-se duradouro. A prática de exercício físico e a epigenética demonstraram relevante papel na modificação dos principais sinais e sintomas dessa psicopatologia. Conclusões: os artigos estudados apresentaram tipos de estudo bastante distintos entre si, demonstrando o benefício alcançado pela prática de exercício físico nos quadros de transtorno de ansiedade, mas não possibilitaram delinear que tipos e metodologias são os mais adequados. Ficou evidente a necessidade da correlação entre Treinamento de força e epigenética.

Introduction: Although the number of studies that correlate the effects of physical activity with brain morphophysiological aspects and anxiety disorders have grown in recent years, there is great limitation in the strength training (ST) field and its role as the modifier of such behaviors. Objective: to conduct a systematic review of the literature regarding the effects of physical exercise and the trans-generational influence of epigenetic characteristics in cases of anxiety disorders. Methods: A bibliographic research held in national and international scientific literature was carried out in the following electronic databases: Latin American Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), Scientific Electronic Library On-line (SciELO) and Public Medline (PubMed). The search, without time limitation, used the following key words: "Anxiety"; "Anxiety and exercise"; "Strength training and Anxiety Disorder"; "Panic Disorder"; "Generalized Anxiety Disorder"; "Epigenetics". Results: In the anxiety disorder frames, some physiological adjustments which the body is subjected to undergo beyond the scope of the autonomic nervous system affecting the endocrine and immune systems, making them durable, were observed. The practice of physical exercises and epigenetics have shown important role in modifying the course of the main signs and symptoms that involves this psychopathology. Conclusions: The study criteria in the articles selected in the present research were quite distinct from each other. It was possible to demonstrate the benefit achieved by physical exercise on anxiety disorder frames, but it was not possible to delineate which types or methods are the best suited. The need for researches in the strength training (ST) field and trans-generational transmission became evident.

Effects of different volumes of resistance exercise on the food intake of rats / Efeitos de diferentes volumes de exercício de resistência sobre o consumo alimentar de ratos / Efectos de diferentes volúmenes de ejercicio de resistencia sobre el consumo alimentario de ratas

ABSTRACT Introduction: Physical exercise changes food intake after an acute session; however further research is needed to identify the effects of resistance exercise (RE) with different training volumes. Objective: To investigate the effects of acute RE (two sessions) with different training volumes on the food intake of rats. Methods: Twenty four Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: control group (who did not perform RE; n=8); RE (stair climbing) with four series (G4, n=8) and overload of 50%, 75%, 90%, and 100% of the maximum load capacity of the animal and RE with eight series (G8; n=8) with two increases of each overload of 50%, 75%, 90%, and 100% of the maximum load capacity of the animal. The average amount of ingested feed was measured for each experimental group 24 and 48 hours after the first RE session and 72 hours after the second RE session. Results: The food intake of the groups that performed the RE session was significantly lower (p<0.05) when compared to the control group only at 24 hours after the first training session. After the second training session (72 h), the G8 showed a significantly lower food intake (p<0.05) when compared to G4 and the control group. However, the food consumption relative to the body mass of the animals (g/gBM) was significantly lower only after the second training session (72 h) in G8 (p<0.05) compared to G4 and the control group. Conclusion: Therefore, the resistance exercise decreases the food intake of rats after an acute session; in addition, a higher training volume seems to be more advantageous. Level of Evidence II; Therapeutic studies - Investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução: O exercício físico altera o consumo alimentar nas horas subsequentes a uma sessão aguda; no entanto, são necessárias novas investigações com o propósito de identificar os efeitos do exercício de resistência (ER) realizado com diferentes volumes de treinamento. Objetivo: Investigar os efeitos do ER agudo (duas sessões) com diferentes volumes de treinamento sobre o consumo alimentar de ratos. Métodos: Foram utilizados vinte e quatro ratos Wistar, divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos: grupo controle (que não realizaram ER; n = 8); ER (escaladas na escada) com quatro séries (G4; n = 8) e sobrecarga de 50%, 75%, 90% e 100% da capacidade máxima de carga do animal e ER com oito séries (G8; n = 8) com duas elevações de cada sobrecarga de 50%, 75%, 90% e 100% da capacidade máxima de carga do animal. A quantidade média de ração ingerida foi medida para cada grupo experimental 24 e 48 horas após a primeira sessão de ER e 72 horas após a segunda sessão de ER. Resultados: O consumo alimentar dos grupos que realizaram a sessão de ER foi significativamente menor (p < 0,05) quando comparado ao grupo controle apenas nas 24 horas após a primeira sessão de treinamento. Após a segunda sessão de treinamento (72 h), o G8 apresentou um consumo alimentar significativamente menor (p < 0,05) quando comparado ao G4 e ao grupo controle. Entretanto, o consumo alimentar relativo à massa corporal dos animais (g/gMC) foi significativamente menor apenas após a segunda sessão de treinamento (72 h) no G8 (p < 0,05) comparado com o G4 e o grupo controle. Conclusão: Assim sendo, o exercício de resistência diminui a ingestão alimentar de ratos após uma sessão aguda, além disso, um maior volume de treino parece ser mais vantajoso. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El ejercicio físico altera el consumo de alimentos en las horas posteriores a una sesión aguda; sin embargo, son necesarias nuevas investigaciones con el propósito de identificar los efectos del ejercicio de resistencia (ER) realizado con diferentes volúmenes de entrenamiento. Objetivo: Investigar los efectos del ER agudo (dos sesiones) con diferentes volúmenes de entrenamiento sobre el consumo alimentario de ratas. Métodos: Se utilizaron 24 ratas Wistar, divididas aleatoriamente en tres grupos: grupo control (que no realizaron ER; n = 8); ER (subidas en la escalera) con cuatro series (G4, n = 8) y sobrecarga de 50%, 75%, 90% y 100% de la capacidad máxima de carga del animal y ER con ocho series (G8; n = 8) con dos elevaciones de cada sobrecarga del 50%, 75%, 90% y 100% de la capacidad máxima de carga del animal. La cantidad promedio de ración ingerida se midió para cada grupo experimental 24 y 48 horas después de la primera sesión de ER y 72 horas después de la segunda sesión. Resultados: El consumo de alimentos de los grupos que llevaron a cabo la sesión de ER fue significativamente menor (p < 0,05) en comparación con el grupo control sólo en las 24 horas después de la primera sesión de entrenamiento. Después de la segunda sesión de entrenamiento (72 h), el G8 presentó un consumo alimentario significativamente menor (p < 0,05) en comparación con el G4 y el grupo control. Sin embargo, la ingesta de alimentos relativa a la masa corporal de los animales (g/gMC) fue significativamente menor sólo después de la segunda sesión de entrenamiento (72 h) en el G8 (p < 0,05) en comparación con el G4 y el grupo control. Conclusión: Por lo tanto, el ejercicio de resistencia disminuye la ingesta de alimentos de ratas después de la sesión aguda; además, un mayor volumen de entrenamiento parece ser más ventajoso. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

The Effects of Muscle Strength Responsiveness to Periodized Resistance Training on Resistin, Leptin, and Cytokine in Elderly Postmenopausal Women.

Prestes, J, Nascimento, DdC, Neto, IVS, Tibana, RA, Shiguemoto, GE, Perez, SEA, Botero, JP, Schoenfeld, BJ, and Pereira, GB. The effects of muscle strength responsiveness to periodized resistance training on resistin, leptin, and cytokine in elderly postmenopausal women. J Strength Cond Res 32(1): 113-120, 2018-The aim of this study was to evaluate muscle strength responsiveness and to determine whether interleukin 4 (IL-4), leptin, and resistin would be affected by the individual pattern of response to a resistance training (RT) periodization program. Twenty-six elderly postmenopausal women participated in the present study (mean age = 62.57 ± 6.69 years and body mass index = 28.09 ± 4.83 kg·m). Four-month longitudinal training program was performed consisting of 2 whole-body sessions per week with increasing intensity and decreasing volume by using 6-14 repetitions maximum (RM). Two acute whole-body RT sessions (before and after chronic training) were also performed comprising 3 sets of 12-14RM. The responsiveness was determined based on their relative muscle strength gains in 45° leg press. High responders were defined as relative muscle strength gains ≥32% and low responders <32% (n = 13 in each group). Muscle strength increased by a higher amount in the high-responsive group as compared with the low-responsive group in the 45° leg press and bench press, whereas muscle strength increased for both groups when compared with pretraining evaluation (p = 0.001). Low responders displayed higher plasma leptin levels when compared with high responders at baseline (p = 0.001), and after 16 weeks of training, leptin levels were significantly lower when compared with baseline (pretraining period). Both groups displayed a decrease in baseline resistin values after 16 weeks of RT, but only a statistically simple main effect was observed for low responders. In addition, there were no effect of time and no significant interaction between the responsiveness and time on IL-4 concentration. In conclusion, RT is effective in improving upper and lower limb muscle strength in elderly women, with higher magnitudes of increase seen for those classified as high responders. Resistin and leptin displayed a decrease over time, regardless of responsiveness classification.

Relationship between adiposity and heart rate recovery following an exercise stress test in obese older women / Relação entre a adiposidade e a recuperação da frequência cardíaca após teste de esforço em mulheres idosas obesas

Abstract The aim of the present study was to compare differences in heart rate (HR) response during and following exercise in obese older women with different percent body fat levels. Ninety older, obese women aged 60-87 years participated in the study, were categorized, and enrolled to one of two groups based on a lower percent body fat (LPBF ≤ 41.10 %) or higher percent body fat (HPBF > 41.10 %) as measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The peak HR during exercise and in the first and second minutes of recovery period were compared between groups. The HPBF group presented a lower peak HR during exercise (p =.001) and an impaired HR recovery (p =.001) when compared to LPBF group. The present study demonstrated that older women who were in exceedingly obese level have an impaired heart rate response during exercise and in the recovery period, indicating possible autonomic dysfunction.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a reposta da frequência cardíaca (FC) durante e após um teste de esforço entre mulheres idosas obesas com diferentes níveis de percentual de gordura corporal. Noventa idosas obesas com idade entre 60-87 anos participaram desse estudo e foram separadas em dois grupos com base no baixo percentual (LPBF ≤ 41.10 %) e alto percentual de gordura corporal (HPBF > 41.10 %) medido por absorciometria de raio-x de dupla energia. A FC pico durante o teste e no primeiro e segundo minuto de recuperação foram comparadas entre os grupos. O grupo HPBF apresentou FC pico inferior durante o teste (p = 0.001) e também após o período de recuperação (p = 0.001) quando comparado com o grupo LPBF. Os dados desse estudo demonstraram que mulheres idosas com alto percentual de gordura corporal apresentaram FC pico inferior e menor recuperação da FC durante o período de recuperação, indicando possivelmente uma disfunção autonômica.

Relação entre obesidade com a pressão arterial e força muscular de idosas obesas hipertensas / Relationship between obesity, blood pressure and muscle strength among obese elderly women

A hipertensão é uma doença complexa e multifatorial no qual fatores de risco como obesidade estão envolvidos. Cerca de 48% da população brasileira feminina já apresenta sobrepeso, sendo que a prevalência de excesso de peso acomete 58% da população com idade maior ou igual a 65 anos de idade. Deve-se considerar que a obesidade é um fator de risco para hipertensão nessa população. Em mulheres de meia idade já se verifica também a sua influência negativa sobre a força muscular, sugerindo reprodutibilidade dos resultados nessa população. O objetivo desse estudo é determinar se existe uma relação negativa do IMC sobre a força muscular e pressão arterial de idosas hipertensas e comparar a força muscular de idosas hipertensas com e sem obesidade. Quarenta e oito idosas sedentárias e hipertensas participaram voluntariamente do estudo e foram divididas em dois grupos: grupo com IMC < 30,0 (kg/m²) e com IMC ≥ 30,0 (kg/m²). Os resultados do estudo demonstraram que o grupo de idosas obesas apresentou significativamente maior pressão arterial sistólica (p ≤ 0,05), pressão arterial diastólica (p ≤ 0,05), medidas antropométricas superiores (p ≤ 0,05) e menor força muscular (p ≤ 0,05) quando comparado com idosas com IMC < 30,0 (kg/m²). Ademais, o IMC correlacionou-se negativamente com a força muscular e positivamente com a pressão arterial na população estudada. O presente estudo apresenta indícios de que o IMC influencia negativamente a força muscular e pressão arterial de mulheres idosas obesas. Além disso, sugere o ponto de corte de IMC >30 kg/m² como critério prático para avaliar seu efeito negativo sobre a força muscular e pressão arterial de idosas hipertensas. (AU)

Hypertension is a complex and multifactorial disease and obesity is one of the most important associated risk factors. Considering that 48% of the female Brazilian population presents overweight, the prevalence is higher in elderly people (65 years). Considering that obesity is an independent risk factor for this age group, there are indications from previous study that obesity affects muscle strength in middle-aged women, but no study was found for elderly women. The aim of this study is to determine whether there is a negative relationship between BMI and muscle strength and blood pressure and to compare muscle strength between obese and non-obese elderly hypertensive women. Forty-eight elderly hypertensive women volunteered and were divided into two groups: participants with BMI < 30.0 (kg / m²) and BMI ≥ 30.0 (kg / m²). In addition, elderly obese women presented a higher systolic blood pressure (p ≤ 0.05), higher diastolic blood pressure (p ≤ 0.05), lower muscle strength (p ≤ 0.05), and higher anthropometric values (p ≤ 0.05) than participants with BMI < 30.0 (kg / m²). Moreover, BMI predicted negative changes in muscle strength and SBP. These results suggest that BMI predict negative changes on muscle strength and blood pressure in elderly obese hypertensive women. Moreover, suggests that the BMI of >30 kg/m² score might be a practical tool to evaluate the negative effect of obesity on blood pressure and muscle strength. (AU)

New insights into the effects of irisin levels in HIV-infected subjects: correlation with adiposity, fat-free mass, and strength parameters

ABSTRACT Objective Patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased risk of metabolic disorders and alterations on irisin levels. Therefore, the purpose of the current investigation was to quantify the circulating irisin concentration in HIV-infected subjects under highly active antiretroviral therapy and to determine possible correlations between irisin levels with fat mass, fat-free mass, body mass index (BMI), and muscle strength. Subjects and methods Cross-sectional study of 10 men (36.7 ± 11.3 years) and 10 women (42.5 ± 10.3 years) infected with HIV, recruited from the Specialized Service Center in the State Center of Reference for High and Medium Complexity. Blood samples were collected to determine plasma irisin levels, glucose, HDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL. Body composition (fat mass, fat-free mass) and anthropometrics (body mass index; BMI) were measured by bioelectrical impedance. Muscle strength was assessed using a mechanic hand dynamometer and one maximum repetition tests. Results Irisin levels correlated positively with fat mass (r = 0.67; p = 0.001) and BMI (r = 0.48; p = 0.036). In contrast, there was an inverse correlation between irisin levels and fat-free mass (r = -0.41; p = 0.008) and five strength parameters: right hand grip (r = -0.46; p = 0.044); left hand grip (r = -0.50; p = 0.027), relative hand grip (r = -0.79; p = 0.001), bench press (r = -0.58; p = 0.009), leg press (r = -0.40; p = 0.085), and biceps curl (r = -0.059; p = 0.009). Conclusion Irisin levels correlated positively with body fat and negatively with fat-free mass and strength parameters in HIV-infected patients. Female patients infected with HIV receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy have higher levels of irisin compared with men in a similar circumstance.

Quantificação da carga da sessão de treino no Crossfit® por meio da percepção subjetiva do esforço: um estudo de caso e revisão da literatura / Crossfit® training load quantification through session-rate of perceived exertion: a case study and review

A aplicação de uma adequada carga de treinamento é um dos fatores fundamentais para proporcionar adaptações positivas com consequente melhora do desempenho. O método da percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) após da sessão tem sido proposto como uma das melhores alternativas para quantificar a carga de reinamento (CT), principalmente pela sua fácil compreensão e a pela sua relativa simplicidade. O objetivo do presente estudo de caso foi quantificar a magnitude da CT através da PSE da sessão em dois atletas amadores de CrossFit® e comparar a carga de treinamento com outras modalidades esportivas. A carga de treinamento média durante as 11 semanas foram 173,5 UA (unidade arbitrárias) para o sujeito A e 190,6 UA para o sujeito B. Após á análise de diversos estudos que avaliaram a CT média pelo método da PSE da sessão, todos os esportes apresentaram scores da PSE da sessão maiores doque os observados no treino de CrossFit® utilizado no presente estudo. Em conclusão, os resultados apresentados sugerem que o método da PSE da sessão é capaz de distinguir diferentes cargas de treinamento em momentos de polimento, sobrecarga e recuperação, além disso, cada atleta apresenta uma resposta característica, o que ajuda a individualizar as análises...(AU)

The application of the appropriate training load (TL) is one of the fundamental factors to allow positive adaptations accompanied by improve in performance. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) method of the session has been proposed as one of the best alternatives to quantify the TL, mainly due to the easy comprehension and relatively simplicity. The aim of the present case-study was to quantify the magnitude of the TL through RPE of the session in two CrossFit® athletes and to compare the TL with other training modalities. The mean training loads during the 11 weeks were 173.5 AU (arbitrary units) for the subject A and 190.6 AU for the subject B. After the analysis of several studies which evaluated the mean TL by the session RPE, all training modalities presented higher scores of session RPE as compared with the CrossFit® training used in the present study. In conclusion, the results presented suggest that the session RPE is able to distinguish different TL at times of tapering, overloading and recovery. In addition, each athlete presents a characteristic response, which helps to individualize the results...(AU)

Efeito de dois ritmos de dança de salão na resposta da pressão arterial pós-exercício: uma comparação entre o samba e o bolero / Effect of two rhythms of ballroom dance on post exercise blood pressure response: a comparison between samba and bolero

A dança de salão pode representar uma alternativa de exercício físico para controle da pressão arterial (PA), tanto de forma crônica como aguda. O objetivo foi avaliar e comparar a resposta da PA após uma sessão de samba da gafieira e após uma sessão de bolero. Dezenove mulheres não hipertensas (21,9 ± 3,4 anos e IMC de 21,5 ± 2,5 kg/m2) praticantes da dança de salão avançada foram submetidas a duas sessões experimentais de dança de salão com dois ritmos, bolero e samba de gafieira, sendo avaliada a frequência cardíaca (FC) e a pressão arterial (PA) de repouso, durante as sessões (apenas FC) e a cada 10 min durante 60 min após as sessões. Durante as sessões, a FCmédia atingida no bolero foi 145 ± 15 bpm (78 ± 8 %FCmax) e no samba foi 178 ± 13 bpm (92 ± 6 %FCmax), representando intensidade moderada e vigorosa, respectivamente. No ritmo bolero, após 10 min do final da sessão, a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) já apresentou valores semelhantes (p > 0,05) ao re-pouso (112,0 ± 12,9 mmHg), sendo mantidos até 60 min após a dança. No samba, a PAS entre os 30 a 60 min foi menor (p < 0,05) que em repouso (114,0 ± 13,0 mmHg), evidenciando hipotensão pós-exercício. Não foram observadas reduções da pressão arterial diastólica após as danças. O ritmo mais intenso, representado pelo samba, induziu hipotensão pós-exercício, o que não ocorreu com o ritmo bolero, que apresentou apenas uma diminuição do trabalho do miocárdio.

The ballroom dance could represent an alternative exercise to both acute and chronic control of blood pressure (BP). The objective was to evaluate and to compare the BP response after a single session of samba da gafieira and single session of bolero. Nineteen advanced ballroom dancers and normotensive women (21.9 ± 3.4 years and BMI of 21.5 ± 2.5 kg/m2) performed two experimental sessions of ballroom dancing with two rhythms, bolero and samba de gafieira. Heart rate (HR) and BP were measured before and every 10 min during 60 min following the experimental sessions. HR was also measured during the sessions. Mean HR was 145 ± 15 bpm (78 ± 8 %FCmax) and 178 ± 13 bpm (92 ± 6 %FCmax) for bolero and samba, respectively. This means that the intensity of bolero was moderate and samba was vigorous. After 10 min of bolero and at the end of the evaluation (60 min), systolic blood pressure (SBP) was not different (p > 0.05) from rest (112.0 ± 12.9 mmHg). SBP between the 30th and 60th min following the samba session was different (p < 0.05) from rest (114.0 ± 13.0 mmHg), showing post-exercise hypotension. Diastolic blood pressure did not present reduction following the experimental sessions. The most intense rhythm, representing by samba, elicited post-exercise hypotension, which did not occur with the bolero rhythm. Bolero only presented a decrease in myocardial work.

Acute eccentric resistance exercise decreases matrix metalloproteinase activity in obese elderly women.

The association of ageing with obesity commits elderly women and has been correlated with multiple degenerative processes, which could be occasioned by an enhancing in levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and metalloproteinase-9 (MMPs) as well by an cytokine unbalance that included an enhancing on interleukin-6 (IL-6). Furthermore, other factors could be also related to degenerative process, as they could be reduced by eccentric resistance exercise (ERE), which seems particularly important to initiate resistance training in obese older adults. In this view, this study aims to determinate the effects of an acute ERE session on serum MMP-2, MMP-9 and IL-6 in elderly obese women. Ten elderly obese women participated in this study and completed a 10 repetitions maximum test (10 RM) utilizing leg extension exercise. Subjects then completed an acute ERE session consisting of seven sets of 10 repetitions at 110% of 10 RM with a rest of 3 min between sets. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, 3, 24 and 48 h following the ERE session. Zymograms were utilized to measure the MMP-2 and MMP-9 enzymes from all individuals. Moreover, IL-6 concentration was also determinated. After ERE session, MMP-2 and MMP-9 decreased, remaining significantly below baseline values after 48 h (P<0·05). Although not statistically significant, there was a tendency for IL-6 to decrease 48 h after the ERE when compared with 3 h (P = 0·06). An acute ERE session decreases MMP-9, MMP-2 and IL-6 in elderly obese women, possibly indicating a transient protection against the low grade inflammation present in this specific population.

Blood lactate minimum of rats during swimming test using three incremental stages / Lactato sanguíneo mínimo de ratos durante teste de natação usando três etapas incrementais / Lactato sanguíneo mínimo de ratas durante la prueba de natación con tres pasos incrementales

The purpose of this study was to determine the lactate minimum intensity (LMI) by swimming LACmintest using three incremental stages (LACmintest3) and to evaluate its sensitivity to changes in aerobic fitness (AF). Twenty Wistar rats performed: LACmintest3 (1): induction of hyperlactacidemia and incremental phase (4%, 5% and 6.5% of bw); Constant loads tests on (2) and above (3) the LMI. Half of the animals were subjected to training with the individual LMI and the tests were performed again. The mean exercise load in LACmintest3 was 5.04 ± 0.13% bw at 5.08 ± 0.55 mmol L-1 blood lactate minimum (BLM). There was a stabilize and disproportionate increase of blood lactate in tests 2 and 3, respectively. After the training period, the mean BLM was lower in the trained animals. The LACmintest3 seems to be a good indicator of LMI and responsive to changes in AF in rats subjected to swim training.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a intensidade no lactato mínimo (ILM) pelo LACminteste usando três estágios incrementais (LACminteste3) e avaliar sua sensibilidade às alterações do condicionamento aeróbio (CA). Vinte ratos realizaram: LACminteste3 (1): indução da hiperlactacidemia e fase incremental (4%, 5% e 6,5% do pc); Testes de cargas constantes equivalentes (2) e acima (3) da ILM. Metade dos animais foi submetida ao treinamento físico na ILM individual e os testes foram efetuados novamente. A sobrecarga média no LACmintest3foi 5,04 ± 0,13% pc à 5,08 ± 0,55 mmol L-1 de lactato sanguíneo mínimo (LSM). Houve estabilização e aumento desproporcional do lactato sanguíneo nos testes 2 e 3, respectivamente. Após o período de treinamento, o LSM médio foi menor no grupo treinado. O LACminteste3 parece ser um bom indicador da ILM e responsivo às mudanças no CA em ratos treinados por natação.

Determinar la intensidad del lactato mínimo (ILM) por LACmintest incremental mediante tres etapas graduales (LACmintest3) y evaluar su sensibilidad a los cambios en condiciones aerobias (CA). Veinte ratas realizaron: LACmintest3 (1): inducción de hiperlactacidemia y fase incremental (4 %, 5% y 6,5 % de pc); pruebas de cargas constantes equivalente (2) y arriba (3) de la ILM. Mitad de los animales fueron sometidos a entrenamiento físico con la persona carga equivalente a la ILM y las pruebas se realizaron nuevamente. La carga media en LACmintest3fue 5,04 ± 0,13 % pc a 5,08 ± 0,55 mmol L-1 de lactato mínimo en la sangre (LMS). Se observó una estabilización y desproporcionado aumento de lactato sanguíneo en las pruebas 2 y 3, respectivamente. Después del período de entrenamiento físico, la media fue menor en el grupo entrenado. LACmintest3resultó ser un buen indicador de la ILM y sensible a los cambios que se producen en el CA en ratas entrenadas por nadar.

Classification of pro-inflammatory status for interleukin-6 affects relative muscle strength in obese elderly women.

BACKGROUND: Obesity, defined by an excess amount of body fat or a percent body fat higher than 30 % for women is a complex chronic disorder with multifactorial etiology and is accompanied by chronic low-grade inflammation, which results in elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines. AIMS: The aim of this study was to compare muscle strength between high and low pro-inflammatory status in obese elderly women and to verify the relationship of IL-6 with muscle strength and fat-free mass. METHODS: Eighty-nine elderly women (age 69.47 ± 6.07 years; body mass 64.70 ± 12.04 kg; height 1.52 ± 0.06 m; body mass index 27.78 ± 4.75 kg/m(2)) were divided into two groups: high and low inflammatory status for IL-6. Lower limb muscle strength was tested using bilateral leg extension with the ten repetitions maximum test, IL-6 was measured by ELISA and body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Women classified from the high pro-inflammatory status presented lower relative muscle strength (P = 0.056) when compared with the low inflammatory status group, with no differences for absolute muscle strength (P = 0.18). There was a significant negative correlation of IL-6 with relative muscle strength (P = 0.03, R = -0.22) and a considerable trend toward significance (P = 0.06, R = -0.19) and negative association with fat-free mass (P = 0.84, R = -0.02). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides insights that a high pro-inflammatory status in sedentary obese elderly women might impair muscle strength and negatively affect fat-free mass. Thus, elderly women classified with high pro-inflammatory status for IL-6 should receive further health care attention to prevent this deleterious condition.

Comparison of percentage body fat and body mass index for the prediction of inflammatory and atherogenic lipid risk profiles in elderly women.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical classification of the body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat (PBF) for the prediction of inflammatory and atherogenic lipid profile risk in older women. METHOD: Cross-sectional analytical study with 277 elderly women from a local community in the Federal District, Brazil. PBF and fat-free mass (FFM) were determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The investigated inflammatory parameters were interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein. RESULTS: Twenty-five percent of the elderly women were classified as normal weight, 50% overweight, and 25% obese by the BMI. The obese group had higher levels of triglycerides and very low-density lipoproteins than did the normal weight group (P≤0.05) and lower levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) than did the overweight group (P≤0.05). According to the PBF, 49% of the elderly women were classified as eutrophic, 28% overweight, and 23% obese. In the binomial logistic regression analyses including age, FFM, and lipid profile, only FFM (odds ratio [OR]=0.809, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.739-0.886; P<0.0005) proved to be a predictor of reaching the eutrophic state by the BMI. When the cutoff points of PBF were used for the classification, FFM (OR=0.903, CI=0.884-0.965; P=0.003) and the total cholesterol/HDL ratio (OR=0.113, CI=0.023-0.546; P=0.007) proved to be predictors of reaching the eutrophic state. CONCLUSION: Accurate identification of obesity, systemic inflammation, and atherogenic lipid profile is key to assessing the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Classification based on dual energy X-ray absorptiometry measures, along with biochemical and inflammatory parameters, seems to have a great clinical importance, since it allows the lipid profile eutrophic distinction in elderly overweight women.

Crossfit® riscos ou benefícios? O que sabemos até o momento? / Crossfit® risks or benefits? What do we know so far?

O CrossFit® é um método de treinamento novo caracterizado pela realização de exercícios funcionais, constantemente variados em alta intensidade1. Este tipo de treinamento utiliza exercícios do levantamento olímpico como agachamentos, arrancos, arremessos e desenvolvimentos, exercícios aeróbios como remos, corrida e bicicleta e movimentos ginásticos como paradas de mão, paralelas, argolas e barras1,2,3.O CrossFit® é um dos programas de condicionamento extremo que mais cresce em número de adeptos, além de contar com mais de 10000 academias conveniadas pelo mundo (Crossfit.com). O modelo de treinamento criado em 1995 por Greg Glassman visa desenvolver o condicionamento de forma ampla, inclusiva e geral, preparando os treinados para qualquer contingência física necessitada...

Effects of resistance exercise versus combined training on post-exercise hypotension in women with metabolic syndrome / Efeitos do exercício de força versus combinado sobre a hipotensão pós-exercício em mulheres com síndrome metabólica

The aim of the present study was to analyze the response of systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood following three experimental sessions: resistance exercise (RE), combined exercise (COMB-aerobic and RE) and control session (CON). Thirty women with metabolic syndrome (MS) were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: RE (n=10; 36.1 ± 9.0 years) (3 sets of 8-12 repetitions at 80% of 10RM in six exercises for whole body); COMB (n=10; 33.1 ± 5.0 years) (30 min of aerobic exercise at 65-70% of reserve heart rate which was followed by the same RE session) and CON (n=10; 30.4 ± 6.6 years). The SBP and DBP were measured before and every 15 min during 60 min following the experimental sessions. The COMB group presented greater delta SBP (ΔSBP) decrease at 15, 30 and 45 min post-exercise as compared with CON group (p <0.05); the RE group presented greater ΔSBP reduction at 30 and 45 min post-exercise also compared with CON group (p <0.05). In addition, the area under the curve of ΔSBP for COMB group (~30 mmHg of hypotension during 60 min, p ≤ 0.0005) and RE group (~19 mmHg of hypotension during 60 min, p = 0.024) were greater than the CON group. Therefore, RE and COMB elicited post-exercise hypotension in women with MS; COMB provided a greater decrease which may be of value in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar as respostas de pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) após três sessões experimentais: exercício de força (EF), exercício combinado (COMB-aeróbio e EF) e controle sem exercício (CON). Trinta mulheres com síndrome metabólica (SM) foram randomicamente alocadas a uma das três sessões experimentais: EF (n=10; 36,1 ± 9,0 anos) (3 séries de 8-12 repetições a 80% de 10RM em 6 exercícios para o corpo todo); COMB (n=10; 33,1 ± 5,0 anos) (30 min de exercício aeróbio a 65-70% da frequência cardíaca de reserva, sucedido da mesma sessão de EF) e CON (n=10; 30,4 ± 6,6 anos). A PAS e PAD foram medidas antes e a cada 15 min, nos 60 min subsequentes às sessões experimentais. O grupo COMB apresentou maior diminuição do delta da PAS (ΔPAS), nos momentos 15, 30 e 45 min pós-exercício, quando comparado ao grupo CON (p <0,05); o grupo EF apresentou maior redução ΔPAS (p < 0,05), nos momentos 30 e 45 minutos pós-exercício, também comparado ao grupo CON. Adicionalmente, a área abaixo da curva do ΔPAS para os grupos COMB (~30 mmHg de hipotensão em 60 min, p ≤ 0,0005) e EF (~19 mmHg de hipotensão em 60 min, p = 0,024) foram maiores em relação ao grupo CON. Portanto, tanto o EF como o COMB induziram hipotensão pós-exercício em mulheres com SM, com maior magnitude para o grupo COMB, o que pode ser interessante para prevenção e tratamento de problemas cardiovasculares.

Dissociação do polimorfismodo gene da enzima conversora de angiotensina com a força, volume e qualidade muscular em mulheres sedentárias / Dissociation of the polymorphism of angiotensin-converting enzyme with strength, and muscle volume and quality in sedentary women

Introdução: A força e a massa muscular refletem a interação entre fatores ambientais e elementos genéticos. Objetivo: Analisar a influência do genótipo da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) sobre a força, volume, qualidade e massa muscular total em mulheres brasileiras de meia idade sedentárias. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 32 mulheres, separadas em dois grupos em razão do polimorfismo I/D e submetidas à avaliação da força muscular, mensuração do volume muscular do quadríceps e bíceps por meio da ultrassonografia, qualidade muscular do bíceps e quadríceps e massa muscular total. Resultados: Não foram observadas diferenças na força muscular, no volume, na qualidade muscular do quadríceps e bíceps e na massa muscular total. Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo não demonstraram um papel importante do polimorfismo no gene da ECA na determinação dos fenótipos da força, volume e qualidade muscular de mulheres sedentárias de meia idade.

Introduction: Strength and muscle mass reflect the interactions between environmental factors and genetics. Objective: To analyze the influence of the genotype of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) on strength, muscle volume, quality and total-body skeletal muscle mass in middle-aged sedentary women. Methods: The sample consisted of 32 women divided into two groups according to the I/D polymorphism that underwent assessments of muscular strength tests of 1RM. In addition muscle volume measurements of the quadriceps and biceps by ultrasound were obtained, and the muscle quality of the biceps and quadriceps. Results: There was no difference on muscle strength, volume and quality neither of the quadriceps and biceps muscles, nor in the total-body skeletal muscle mass. Conclusions: The findings of this study did not demonstrate an important role of the polymorphism in the ACE gene in determining the phenotypes of strength, muscle volume and quality of middle-aged sedentary women.

Effects of dietary restriction or swimming on lymphocytes and macrophages functionality from old rats.

Although aging compromises the functionality of macrophages (MΦ) and lymphocytes (LY), and dietary restriction (DR) and exercise partially counterbalance immunosenescence, it is unknown what effects of both strategies have on the functionality of these immune cells. Rats were randomly distributed into adult control (AD), older group (OLD), older submitted to 50% of DR (DR) and older submitted to swimming (EX) (n = 10 in each group). The function of immune cells (proliferative index, phagocytic capacity and H2O2 production), the weight and protein content of lymphoid organs (thymus and spleen), plasma glutamine concentration, interleukins (IL-1, IL-2, IL-6) and, immunoglobulins (IgA and IgG) were analysed. There was an increase of 74% in body weight in aged animals as compared with the AD group, while body weight reduced 19% in the DR as compared with the OLD group. Swimming training stimulated MΦ phagocytosis, while the EX group presented a decrease of the proliferative capacity of LY from the mesenteric lymph nodes (44% and 62%, respectively), when stimulated with ConA and LPS as compared with the old rats. These data demonstrated that DR and exercise affects differentially MΦ and LY function.

Identification of high responders for interleukin-6 and creatine kinase following acute eccentric resistance exercise in elderly obese women.

OBJECTIVES: Resistance exercise is used as a non-pharmacological tool to elicit both gains in and maintenance of physical function in the elderly. Thus, the present study examined the acute response of creatine kinase and interleukin-6 following an eccentric resistance exercise session in elderly obese women classified as high responders or normal responders. DESIGN: Cross-sectional field study. METHODS: Ninety elderly obese women (69.4 ± 6.01 years) were tested for a 10 repetition maximum on the leg extension exercise and then completed an acute eccentric resistance exercise session consisting of seven sets of 10 repetitions at 110% of 10 repetition maximum with a rest of 3 min between sets. Subjects were divided into normal response or high response on the basis of the peak serum interleukin-6 (NR = 59 and HR = 7) and creatine kinase (NR = 81 and HR = 9) concentration being greater than (HR) or less than (NR) the 90th percentile. RESULTS: Creatine kinase was higher at 0 h, 3h, 24h and 48 h following the ERE for the HR group. The peak creatine kinase was significantly higher in HR group versus the normal response group. The average increase in the serum interleukin-6 Δ for the HR group (∼ 850%) was significantly higher versus the normal response group (∼ 55%). Serum interleukin-6 was significantly higher at 0 h and 24h following eccentric resistance exercise only for the high response group, while peak levels were significantly higher in high response group versus the normal response group (p ≤ 0.005). Only one subject met the criteria to be classified as high response for both creatine kinase and interleukin-6 responsiveness. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly individuals classified as high response experienced greater creatine kinase and interleukin-6 responses to ERE. Thus, a prudent approach for eccentric resistance exercise prescription might be programming additional recovery days and/or lower intensity training, especially in the beginning stages of a program.

Respostas da percepcao subjetiva de esforco em teste incremental de mulheres idosas sedentarias / Ratings of perceived exertion in an incremental test in elderly women

Apesar da percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) ser utilizada para a avaliação e prescrição de exercícios em idosos, alguns indivíduos podem apresentar dificuldades de entendimento a escala de Borg. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do estudo foi verificar se mulheres idosas percebem, associam e relatam alterações no esforço físico por meio da PSE, em resposta a um teste de esforço máximo, bem como se é possível predizer o ponto de compensação respiratória (PCR) pela escala de Borg. Vinte e seis mulheres idosas realizaram uma avaliação de esforço máximo em esteira com análise ergoespirométrica, eletrocardiográfica e PSE em protocolo de rampa. As respostas de PSE entre diferentes zonas de intensidade baixa, moderada e alta foram consideradas para avaliar a percepção, associação e relato de alterações no esforço. Oito voluntárias (30,77%) não perceberam, associaram e relataram alterações no esforço por meio da PSE. Naquelas que perceberam, associaram e relataram alterações no esforço, o percentual da potência máxima no momento da PSE 13 (69,92 ± 10,30) e 14 (78,90 ± 11,00) não diferiu significativamente do momento do PCR (75,45 ± 9,65). Por fim, conclui-se que mulheres idosas podem apresentar dificuldades em perceber, associar e relatar alterações no esforço por meio da escala de Borg. Contudo, naquelas que percebem, associam e relatam alterações no esforço por meio da escala de Borg, as PSE 13 e 14 coincidem com o PCR.

Although the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is used in the evaluation and prescription of physical activity for the elderly, some subjects might find it hard tounderstand the Borg scale. This study aimed to verify whether elderly women could notice, associate, and report changes in physical effort using the perceived exertion scale in response to a stress test. We also aimed to verify the possibility of predicting a respiratory compensation point (RCP) using the Borg scale. Twenty six elderly women took a stress test on a treadmill, with ergospirometry and ECG monitoring and RPE in a ramp protocol. Based on the RPEs for different exercise intensities (low, moderate, high), we assessed the women's perception, association, and report of changes in physical effort. Eight subjects (30.77%) did not notice, associate or report changes in effort using RPE. For those who did, the percentage of maximum workload at the moment of RPE 13 (69.92 ± 10,30) and 14 (78.90 ± 11,00) did not differ significantly from the one at the moment of RCP (75.45 ± 9.65). We conclude that some elderly women may have difficulties noticing, associating and reporting changes in physical effort using the Borg scale. However, for those who do not have any difficulty, RPE 13 and 14 coincide with the RCP.