Bronchial oncocytic carcinoma in an adult: a case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Lung salivary-type tumors originating from bronchial submucosal glands are rare, only four types of salivary gland-type tumors are listed in 2015 WHO classification of lung tumors. Here, we report a rare case of oncocytic carcinoma (OC) in the right main bronchus. CASE PRESENTATION: A 34-year-old man presented to our hospital with a two-month history of recurrent hemoptysis and with one month of inspiratory dyspnea. Pulmonary function tests showed mild restrictive ventilatory dysfunction and severe diffusion dysfunction. Furthermore, the flow volume loop showed a variable extra-thoracic obstruction. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest revealed that a polypiform nodule of 13 mm in diameter was at the proximal right main bronchus. Testing for purified protein derivative was positive (category 2). The nodule was resected under bronchoscopy. The bronchial aspirate was negative for mycobacterium tuberculosis and tumor cells. The biopsy sample showed a solid and acinar predominant pattern with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. The bronchial mucosa was destroyed and replaced by tumor cells. The loose edematous stromal reaction could be seen in a local area. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were positive for CK, EMA, Vimentin, CD117, CK7, S100, Mammaglobin and SOX10. Only scattered tumor cells were stained by basal cell markers, including CK5/6, P40 and P63. Electron microscopy revealed numerous swelling mitochondria with lacking mitochondrial cristae in tumor cells. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) testing for MAML2 and ETV6 rearrangement were negative. Next-generation sequencing analysis of 520 genes in the tissue biopsy specimen showed no somatic mutation. The diagnosis of OC was made. Subsequently, the patient underwent a right upper lobectomy with sleeve resection of the main bronchus and lymph dissection. No recurrent evidence was seen during two years of chest CT follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first case of primary OC in the bronchus. This patient has no recurrence during two years of follow-up, indicating that primary OC in the bronchus has the same favorable prognosis as in salivary glands. Moreover, complete excision and thorough sampling to know the invasive growth pattern is important to reach the correct diagnosis.

Efficacy of cecal retroflexion observed on adenoma missing of ascending colon during colonoscopy: A prospective, randomized, pilot trial.

BACKGROUND: Although colonoscopic retroflexion has been proved effective in reducing missed adenomas, there is still a lack of comprehensive and in-depth research focused on the ascending colon. We aimed to conduct a randomized controlled trial and tandem colonoscopy to investigate whether cecal retroflexion observed during colonoscopy can reduce missed adenomas in the ascending colon. METHODS: Men and women required to be between 45 and 80 years of age were screened for enrollment in the trial. Patients were randomly assigned according to a 1:1 ratio to either the trial group or control group. Patients in the trial group underwent 2 forward examination and a cecal retroflexion observed in the ascending colon, while patients in the control group underwent only 2 forward examinations in the ascending colon. The primary outcome was adenoma miss rate. The secondary outcomes contained adenoma detection rate, polyp miss rate, polyp detection rate, insertion time and withdrawal time. Differences between groups in the primary outcome and in the other categorical indicators were tested using chi-squared test and Fisher exact test. For the comparison of continuous outcomes, the Student t test was applied. RESULTS: A total of 60 subjects were eligible for the study between April to June 2020, of which 55 were randomized and eligible for analysis (26 to the control group and 29 to the trial group). The characteristics of patients were no significant differences statistically between the trial group and the control group. Similarly, the characteristics of the colonoscopy procedures included cecal insertion distance, the length of cecum and ascending colon, insertion time, withdrawal time, quality of bowel preparation, numerical rating scale for pain, polyps detected, and adenomas detected, and there were no significant differences statistically between the 2 groups (P = .864, P = .754, P = .700, P = .974, P = .585, P = .835, P = .373, P = .489). The characteristics of the polyps were also no significant differences statistically between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: This pilot trial failed to show benefit of cecal retroflexion observed on adenoma missing of ascending colon during colonoscopy; however, further conclusions require a prospective study with a higher level of evidence. (NCT03355443).

Comparison and fusion prediction model for lung adenocarcinoma with micropapillary and solid pattern using clinicoradiographic, radiomics and deep learning features.

To investigate whether the combination scheme of deep learning score (DL-score) and radiomics can improve preoperative diagnosis in the presence of micropapillary/solid (MPP/SOL) patterns in lung adenocarcinoma (ADC). A retrospective cohort of 514 confirmed pathologically lung ADC in 512 patients after surgery was enrolled. The clinicoradiographic model (model 1) and radiomics model (model 2) were developed with logistic regression. The deep learning model (model 3) was constructed based on the deep learning score (DL-score). The combine model (model 4) was based on DL-score and R-score and clinicoradiographic variables. The performance of these models was evaluated with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and compared using DeLong's test internally and externally. The prediction nomogram was plotted, and clinical utility depicted with decision curve. The performance of model 1, model 2, model 3 and model 4 was supported by AUCs of 0.848, 0.896, 0.906, 0.921 in the Internal validation set, that of 0.700, 0.801, 0.730, 0.827 in external validation set, respectively. These models existed statistical significance in internal validation (model 4 vs model 3, P = 0.016; model 4 vs model 1, P = 0.009, respectively) and external validation (model 4 vs model 2, P = 0.036; model 4 vs model 3, P = 0.047; model 4 vs model 1, P = 0.016, respectively). The decision curve analysis (DCA) demonstrated that model 4 predicting the lung ADC with MPP/SOL structure would be more beneficial than the model 1and model 3 but comparable with the model 2. The combined model can improve preoperative diagnosis in the presence of MPP/SOL pattern in lung ADC in clinical practice.

ZY-444 inhibits the growth and metastasis of prostate cancer by targeting TNFAIP3 through TNF signaling pathway.

Prostate cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies, and androgen deprivation therapy remains the mainstay of treatment for prostate cancer patients. Although androgen deprivation can initially come to remission, the disease often develops into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is still dependent on androgen receptor (AR) signaling and is related to a poor prognosis. Some success against CRPC has been achieved by drugs that target AR signaling, but secondary resistance uninterrupted emerges, and new therapies are urgently needed. In this study, we identified a potent small molecule compound, ZY-444, that suppressed PCa cells proliferation and metastasis, and inhibited tumor growth both in subcutaneous. Transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that TNFAIP3 was significantly elevated in prostate cancer cells after ZY-444 treatment. Further studies through overexpression of TNFAIP3 confirmed that TNFAIP3, as a direct target gene of ZY-444, contributes to the functions of ZY-444. In addition, we demonstrated the effects of TNFAIP3 on prostate cancer cell apoptosis, migration and proliferation to elucidate the mechanism of ZY-444. We found that TNFAIP3 inhibited the TNF signaling pathway, which could inhibit cell migration and proliferation and contribute to apoptosis. Overall, these findings highlighted TNFAIP3 as a tumor suppressor gene in the regulation of the progression and metastatic potential of prostate cancer and that targeting TNFAIP3 by ZY-444 might be a promising strategy for prostate cancer treatment.

Changes in patient peripheral blood cell microRNAs after total body irradiation during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Background: Ionizing radiation exposure is a great threat to human health. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to play an important role in radiation-induced biological effects. Here, we investigated plasma miRNA expression changes and differentially expressed miRNAs in radiotherapy patients exposed to cobalt-60 (60Co) gamma rays to provide an experimental basis for human plasma miRNAs as an estimation indicator for ionizing radiation injury. Methods: Six patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) received continuous 5 gray (Gy) total body irradiation (TBI) twice. At 12 hours after irradiation, miRNA microarray was applied to screen for differentially expressed miRNAs, with some miRNAs confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Bioinformatic analysis was carried out to identify the relevant target genes and biological function of the differentially expressed miRNAs. Results: After radiotherapy patients were exposed to 5 Gy gamma radiation, the expression of 9 plasma miRNAs was significantly upregulated, and the expression of 2 miRNAs was downregulated. After irradiation with 10 Gy gamma radiation, the blood plasma of radiotherapy patients contained 18 differentially expressed miRNAs, of which 17 were upregulated and 1 was downregulated (P<0.05). The expression of miR-4532, miR-4634, miR-4655-5p, miR-4763-3p, miR-4785, miR-6087, miR-6850-5p, and miR-6869-5p were significantly upregulated in both the 5-Gy and 10-Gy dose groups, showing a certain dose-response relationship. The RT-PCR results were consistent with the findings of high-throughput sequencing. In addition, the target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs were mainly involved in RNA transcription and DNA damage. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed that these miRNAs participated in phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), Ras, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and other signaling pathways. Conclusions: The expression of differential plasma miRNAs of radiotherapy patients was associated with irradiation injury and showed a certain dose-effect relationship. These differentially coexpressed plasma miRNAs could be used as an early indicator for estimating radiation injury.

Laminaria japonica hydrolysate promotes fucoxanthin accumulation in Phaeodactylum tricornutum.

Fucoxanthin (Fx) has gained a growing attention due to the remarkable biological activities. The limited biomass of was the restrictive factor for Fx production in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. In this study, Laminaria japonica hydrolysate (LPH) with a low addition proportion of 1.5 ml/L, was proved to promote fucoxanthin accumulation and cell growth simultaneously. Fx topped at 27.9 mg/L after 10-d cultivation in the LPH group, with a biomass of 1.59 g/L and a Fx content of 17.55 mg/g. Three key plant hormones in LPH were screened responsible for promoting fucoxanthin accumulation. Transcriptomic analysis and qRT-PCR results showed that genes related to Fx formation were generally up- regulated. The study demonstrated that LPH addition was a feasible and efficient strategy to enhance production of fucoxanthin, facilitating the scale-up production of Fx in autotrophic culture.

Panax quinquefolium saponin Optimizes Energy Homeostasis by Modulating AMPK-Activated Metabolic Pathways in Hypoxia-Reperfusion Induced Cardiomyocytes.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of Panax quinquefolium saponin (PQS) on energy deficiency in hypoxia-reperfusion (H/R) induced cardiomyocytes. METHODS: The H/R injury involved hypoxia for 3 h and then reperfusion for 2 h. Cardiomyocytes recruited from neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) were randomly divided into control, H/R, H/R+compound C (C.C), H/R+PQS, and H/R+C. C+PQS groups. BrdU assay, lactase dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and early apoptosis rate were evaluated to assess cell damages. Contents of high energy phosphate compounds were conducted to detect the energy production. Protein expression levels of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase a (AMPKα), glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), phosphate fructose kinase 2 (PFK2), fatty acid translocase/cluster of differentiation 36 (FAT/CD36), and acetyl CoA carboxylase 2 (ACC2) in the regulatory pathways were measured by Western blotting. Immunofluorescence staining of GLUT4 and FAT/CD36 was used to observe the mobilization of metabolic transporters. RESULTS: PQS (50 mg/L) pretreatment significantly alleviated H/R-induced inhibition of NRVMs viability, up-regulation of LDH leakage, acceleration of early apoptosis, and reduction of energy production (P<0.05). Compared with the H/R group, up-regulated expression of AMPKα, GLUT4, PFK2, FAT/CD36 and ACC2 were observed, and more GLUT4 and FAT/CD36 expressions were detected on the membrane in the H/R+PQS group (P<0.05). These effects of PQS on H/R-induced NRVMs were eliminated in the H/R+C.C+PQS group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: PQS has prominent advantages in protecting NRVMs from H/R-induced cell damages and energy metabolic disorders, by activation of AMPKα-mediated GLUT4-PFK2 and FAT/CD36-ACC2 pathways.

Outcome of the modified Dunn procedure in severe slipped capital femoral epiphysis.

BACKGROUND: The modified Dunn procedure has rapidly gained popularity as a treatment for slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) during the past few years. However, there is limited information regarding its safety and efficacy in severe slips with this procedure. The purpose of this study is to present clinical results and incidence of complications associated with the modified Dunn osteotomy in a consecutive series of severe SCFE cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively assessed the outcomes of all twenty patients who had been treated with the modified Dunn procedure in our tertiary-care institution. According to the Loder and Fahey criteria, all cases were classified as severe slips; nineteen cases were stable, and one case was an unstable slip. All surgical procedures were performed by one senior orthopedic surgeon who had specific training in the modified Dunn procedure. Operative reports, outpatient records, follow-up radiographs, and the intraoperative findings were reviewed to determine the demographic information, type of fixation, final slip angle, presence of avascular necrosis (AVN), and any additional complications. The mean age of the patients was 13.2 ± 1.6 years (range, 10 to 17 years). Twenty patients (twenty-one hips) with a mean of 31.2 ± 14 months (range, 12 to 57 months) follow-up met the inclusion criteria. Pain and function were assessed by the modified Harris score and WOMAC score. Radiographic anatomy was measured using the slip angle and α-angle. The radiographic findings related to the anatomy of the femoral head-neck junction, as well as signs of early-onset of osteoarthritis (OA) and AVN, were evaluated pre- and postoperatively. RESULTS: Overall, nineteen patients had excellent clinical and radiographic outcomes with respect to hip function and radiographic parameters. One patient (5%) who developed implant failure at 3 months postoperatively had a poor outcome. The mean preoperative slip angle was corrected from 63.2 ± 8.1° (range, 51 to 84°) to a normal value of 7.5 ± 3.5° (range, 2 to 15°) (p < 0.01). The mean α-angle was improved from an average of 94.5 ± 21.1° (range, 61 to 123°) to postoperative 42 ± 6.4° (range, 25 to 55°) (p < 0.01). The mean modified Harris hip and WOMAC scores postoperatively were 96.7 ± 13.4 (range, 40 to 100) and 95.4 ± 10.6 (range, 38 to 100), respectively. There were no cases of the development of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and the progression of OA. We did not record any case of AVN, closure of the growth plate, heterotopic ossification (HO), trochanteric nonunion, or limb length discrepancy that occurred postoperatively either at the most recent follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Our series of severe SCFEs treated with the modified Dunn osteotomy demonstrated that the procedure is safe and capable of restoring more normal proximal femoral anatomy by maximum correction of the slip angle, minimizing probability of secondary FAI and early onset of OA. However, despite its lower surgical complication rate compared with alternative treatment described in the literature for SCFE, AVN can and do occur postoperatively which should always be concerned in every hip.

A novel zipper device versus sutures for wound closure after surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

We performed an updated meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of the zipper device and sutures for wound closure after surgery. A computerised literature search was performed for published trials in PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. Two reviewers independently scrutinised the trials, extracted data, and assessed the quality of trials. The primary outcome was surgical site infections (SSI). The secondary outcomes were wound dehiscence, total wound complications, wound closure time, and scar score. Statistical analysis was performed in the Stata 12.0. Of the 130 citations, eight trials (1207 participants) met eligibility criteria and were included. The zipper device achieved a lower SSI rate (RR: 0.63, [95% CI: 0.41-0.96, P = 0.032]), a shorter wound closure time (SMD: -8.53 [95% CI: -11.93 to -5.13, P = 0.000]) and a better scar score (SMD: 0.42 [95% CI: 0.22-0.62, P = 0.000]) than sutures. No significant difference was shown in the incidence of wound dehiscence and total wound complications. Therefore, the zipper device provides the advantages of anti-infection, time-saving, and cosmesis for wound closure.

The long noncoding RNA H19 attenuates force-driven cartilage degeneration via miR-483-5p/Dusp5.

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a common hip disease characterized by abnormal development of the acetabulum and femoral head. In most cases, DDH ultimately leads to osteoarthritis. Anomalous biomechanical force plays an important role in cartilage degeneration in DDH. However, in addition to mechanical wear, the underlying molecular mechanisms in cartilage degeneration in DDH remain unclear. This study analyzed the effect of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA)-H19 on DDH cartilage degradation. To elucidate the specific role of lncRNA H19, we established an intermittent cyclic mechanical stress (ICMS) cell force model to simulate abnormal biomechanical environment in vitro. Then, the roles of lncRNA-H19 were also determined in vivo by establishing a model of swaddling DDH. We observed that patients with DDH possessed low levels of lncRNA-H19, COL2A1, and Aggrecan but high levels of MMP3 and Adamts5. The same results were also obtained in a DDH rat model. Furthermore, the data suggested that ICMS promoted cartilage degeneration and caused reorientation of the cytoskeleton, and lncRNA H19 helped inhibit cartilage degeneration. Bioinformatics analysis and lncRNA sequencing were performed, and luciferase assays showed that lncRNA H19 and Dusp5 are both direct targets of miR-483-5p. Moreover, Dups5 plays a negative role in ICMS-induced cartilage degradation by activating the Erk and p38 pathways. In vivo, lncRNA H19 had protective effects on the swaddling DDH model. These findings indicate that lncRNA-H19 played a positive role in cartilage degradation in DDH through the lncRNA H19/miR-483-5p/Dusp5 axis.

Immediate Nipple Reconstruction Following Breast Reduction.

Necrosis of nipple-areola complex is one of the major complications of breast reduction in gigatomastia. We present a case study of a 32-year-old patient with severe gigantomastia, who required an immediate nipple reconstruction during breast reduction. The final reconstruction was satisfactory. No complications were observed within three months postoperatively.

Positive correlation between programmed death ligand-1 and p53 in triple-negative breast cancer.

PURPOSE: Tumors with high mutation load tend to have a stronger immune response in some tumors. The correlation between expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), a biomarker of immune response in tumors, and p53, accepted as the most frequently mutated gene in many cancers, in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has not been fully investigated in cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 132 cases of TNBC and 32 cases of non-TNBC paraffin-embedded tissue sections were selected to detect the expression of PD-L1 and p53 by immunohistochemistry, and results were correlated with clinical data and survival outcomes. The staining of PD-L1 in tumor cells (TCs) and tumor-associated immune cells (TAICs) was assessed separately. RESULTS: Strong positive correlations were observed between expression of p53 and PD-L1 both in TCs (r=0.338, P=0.000) and TAICs (r=0.186, P=0.033). The same positive correlation was found in the expression of PD-L1 in TCs and TAICs (r=0.764, P=0.000). Like p53 (P=0.024), positive rate of PD-L1 in TCs was significantly higher in TNBC than in non-TNBC (P=0.02). PD-L1 and p53 in TCs staining were significantly associated with histological grade, tumor size and Ki67 index (P<0.05). PD-L1 in TCs staining was also associated with lymphatic metastasis status (P=0.000). However, PD-L1 in TAICs was only related to histological grade in statistically (P=0.012). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that positive groups of p53, PD-L1 in TCs and TAICs had a worse overall survival and a worse progression-free survival as compared with the negative groups, but marginal significance was found only in overall survival of PD-L1 in TCs and TAICs, and progression-free survival of PD-L1 in TAICs (P=0.074, 0.097, 0.068, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that positive correlation between p53 and PD-L1 in TNBC and the higher expression rates are closely correlated with some key prognostic factors and worse survival outcomes. These findings would lay the foundation for further study on the relationship of p53 and PD-L1 and the combination of mutated p53 inhibitors and PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies in TNBC.

Methods used for evaluation of volume retention rate in autologous fat grafting for breast augmentation: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Autologous fat grafting has gained popularity in breast augmentation. Various methods can be used to estimate the volume retention rate. This systematic review aimed to establish whether the type of method used for measuring breast volume is a factor that influences the reported volume retention rate. METHODS: Studies were identified using the electronic databases PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science from inception of the database up to February 2019. Articles describing autologous fat grafting for breast augmentation were selected based on pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The characteristics of the included studies were summarized, and the reported volume retention rate from the studies was compared. A quality assessment of all included articles was performed using the methodological index for non-randomized studies criteria. RESULTS: A total of 618 articles were identified, of which 12 studies, with a total of 1337 cases, were eligible. The retention rate of injected adipose tissue varied when the method of fat grafting and volume analysis used were both the same, as well as when the method of fat grafting was the same but the method of volumetric evaluation used was different. CONCLUSIONS: Currently, the tools available for estimating the volume retention rate come with limitations. In order to objectively evaluate the percentage of graft retention, a standard protocol that applies to the different methods should be established in the future.

Multiphase contrast-enhanced computed tomography imaging features of salivary duct carcinoma: differentiation from other salivary gland malignancies.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the imaging features of salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) with multiphase contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) and to compare them with those of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), and acinic cell carcinoma. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 63 patients with histologically diagnosed salivary gland malignancies underwent preoperative multiphase CECT. Clinical information, location, size, mass pattern, enhancement pattern, borders, invasion of adjacent tissues, and lymph node metastasis were evaluated. Computed tomography (CT) number attenuation patterns were calculated. RESULTS: SDCs were significantly more common in males and in the parotid gland (P ≤ .018). They were more likely to invade into adjacent tissues and metastasize to lymph nodes (P ≤ .032). Six SDCs (66.7%) had comedonecrosis, as detected on histopathologic examination, and 3 lesions presented cribriform necrosis on CECT. CT numbers during delayed-phase scanning were significantly higher in SDC than in ACC (P = .031). Significant differences were discovered between MEC and ACC for CT numbers during arterial-phase scanning (P = .047) and in the ratio of CT numbers (P = .018). CONCLUSIONS: SDC exhibits some specific CT features, and multiphase CECT imaging is useful in the differential diagnosis of salivary gland malignancies.

Inflammatory and fibrosis infiltration in synovium associated with the progression in developmental dysplasia of the hip.

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a common musculoskeletal disorder characterized by progressive joint soreness and limited mobility. The aim of the present study was to investigate the pathological changes and inflammatory infiltration in the hypertrophic synovium of the hip joint associated with the progression of DDH. Synovial biopsies in the hip joint are obtained from patients with moderate DDH and severe DDH during surgery. These biopsies are processed for histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis and investigation of the pathological processes in a synovium, including types of inflammatory cell infiltration, synovial angiogenesis and fibrosis, neuron endings and neuropeptide invasion. Correlation analysis was performed between the mean optical density (MOD) of each antibody, and Harris hip score (HHS) and visual analogue score (VAS) using the Spearman correlation test. Chronic inflammation in the synovium was observed via the positive IHC staining of inflammatory cells, such as T cells, B cells, macrophages and leukocytes. Excessive staining of vimentin and α smooth muscle actin in the synovium of severe DDH represented significant fibrosis and angiogenesis. These targets were also significantly correlated with HHS in severe DDH. The MOD levels of CD68 (indicators of macrophage) indicated apparent correlations with HHS and VAS in patients with severe DDH. The labels of nerve fibers and pain transmission indicators were as follows: Neurofilament­200 and substance P. Calcitonin gene­related peptide was upregulated in the synovium of severe DDH in contrast to that in the synovium of moderate DDH. The MOD levels of NF­200, SP and CGRP were correlated with VAS in severe DDH. The pathology of DDH includes chronic inflammatory cell infiltration corresponding with nerve fibers and fibroblastic proliferation, which might contribute to arthritis progression and joint soreness in DDH.

Adenoma miss rate determined by very shortly repeated colonoscopy: Retrospective analysis of data from a single tertiary medical center in China.

Adenoma miss rate (AMR) has been calculated in several tandem colonoscopy studies, but it costs overmuch to carry out a clinical trial.We aimed to put forward AMR by taking advantage of retrospective data, and to judge the comparability between AMRs from prospective and retrospective data.Data of the patients accepting repeated colonoscopies during January to September 2016 was retrospectively collected and analyzed. Information was recorded, including bowel preparation quality of the first colonoscopy, size, location, histology and whether missed within the first colonoscopy of each single adenoma. AMR was compared by different risk factors through χ test and multivariable logistic regression.Around 267 adenomas were detected during 309 pairs of repeated colonoscopies, of which 66 were missed during the first colonoscopies. AMRs of the lesions small in size, nonadvanced in histology, in poor bowel preparation context and located in the proximal colon, were significantly higher than the opposite ones, and old age and male were related to adenoma missing (P < .05). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, adenoma-related factors (diminutive in size, poor bowel preparation and located in ascending colon, transverse colon or sigmoid colon), and patient-related factors (older than 60 years, male and poor bowel preparation) were found to be independently associated with missing adenomas (P < .05).AMR of retrospective data is comparable to that of tandem studies. Several risk factors influence AMR dramatically, which should be paid attention to.

Cyclic compressive stress-induced scinderin regulates progress of developmental dysplasia of the hip.

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a common musculoskeletal disorder characterized by a mismatch between acetabulum and femoral head. Mechanical force plays an important role during the occurrence and development of abnormities in acetabulum and femoral head. In this study, we established a mechanical force model named cyclic compressive stress (Ccs). To analyze the effect of Ccs on DDH, we detected special genes in chondrocytes and osteoblasts. Results showed that Ccs downregulated chondrogenesis of ADTC5 in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, the mRNA level of Scinderin (Scin) considerably increased. We established lentivirus-SCIN(GV144-SCIN) to transfect hBMSCs, which were treated with different Ccs levels (0.25 Hz*5 cm, 0.5 Hz*5 cm, and 1 Hz*10 cm); the result showed that overexpression of Scin upregulated osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. By contrast, expression of chondrocyte-specific genes, including ACAN, COL-2A, and Sox9, decreased. Further molecular investigation demonstrated that Scin promoted osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis through activation of the p-Smad1/5/8, NF-κB, and MAPK P38 signaling pathways, as well as stimulated the expression of key osteoclast transcriptional factors NFATc1 and c-Fos. Moreover, Scin-induced osteogenesis outweighed osteoclastogenesis in defective femur in vivo. The results of the analysis of Micro-CT confirmed these findings. Overall, Ccs influenced the development of DDH by promoting osteogenesis and cartilage degradation. In addition, Scin played a vital role in the development of DDH.

Gremlin2 Suppression Increases the BMP-2-Induced Osteogenesis of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Via the BMP-2/Smad/Runx2 Signaling Pathway.

Osteoblasts are essential for maintaining skeletal architecture and modulating bone microenvironment homeostasis. From numerous associated investigations, the BMP-2 pathway has been well-defined as a vital positive modulator of bone homeostasis. Gremlin2 (Grem2) is a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists. However, the effect of Grem2 on the BMP-2-induced osteogenesis of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) remains ambiguous. This study aimed to analyze the procedure in vitro and in vivo. The differentiation of hBMSCs was assessed by determining the expression levels of several osteoblastic genes, as well as the enzymatic activity and calcification of alkaline phosphatase. We found that Grem2 expression was upregulated by BMP-2 within the range of 0-1 µg/mL, and significant increases were evident at 48, 72, and 96 h after BMP-2 treatment. Si-Grem2 increased the BMP-2-induced osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs, whereas overexpression of Grem2 had the opposite trend. The result was confirmed using a defective femur model. We also discovered that the BMP-2/Smad/Runx2 pathway played an important role in the process. This study showed that si-Grem2 increased the BMP-2-induced osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs via the BMP-2/Smad/Runx2 pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 286-297, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Protective effects of paeoniflorin and albiflorin on chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression in mice.

Paeonia lactiflora root (baishao in Chinese) is a commonly used herb in traditional Chinese medicines (TCM). Two isomers, paeoniflorin (PF) and albiflorin (AF), are isolated from P. lactiflora. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of PF and AF on myelosuppression induced by chemotherapy in mice and to explore the underlying mechanisms. The mouse myelosuppression model was established by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of cyclophosphamide (CP, 200 mg·kg(-1)). The blood cell counts were performed. The thymus index and spleen index were also determined and bone morrow histological examination was performed. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in serum and colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in plasma were measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) and the serum levels of interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophagecolony-stimulatingfactor (GM-CSF), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The levels of mRNA expression protein of IL-3, GM-CSF and G-CSF in spleen and bone marrow cells were determined respectively. PF and AF significantly increased the white blood cell (WBC) counts and reversed the atrophy of thymus. They also increased the serum levels of GM-CSF and IL-3 and the plasma level of G-CSF and reduced the level of TNF-α in serum. PF enhanced the mRNA level of IL-3 and AF enhanced the mRNA levels of GM-CSF and G-CSF in the spleen. PF and AF both increased the protein levels of GM-CSF and G-CSF in bone marrow cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that PF and AF promoted the recovery of bone marrow hemopoietic function in the mouse myelosuppression model.