LILRB2/PirB mediates macrophage recruitment in fibrogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Inhibition of immunocyte infiltration and activation has been suggested to effectively ameliorate nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB) and its human ortholog receptor, leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B (LILRB2), are immune-inhibitory receptors. However, their role in NASH pathogenesis is still unclear. Here, we demonstrate that PirB/LILRB2 regulates the migration of macrophages during NASH by binding with its ligand angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL8). Hepatocyte-specific ANGPTL8 knockout reduces MDM infiltration and resolves lipid accumulation and fibrosis progression in the livers of NASH mice. In addition, PirB-/- bone marrow (BM) chimeras abrogate ANGPTL8-induced MDM migration to the liver. And yet, PirB ectodomain protein could ameliorate NASH by sequestering ANGPTL8. Furthermore, LILRB2-ANGPTL8 binding-promoted MDM migration and inflammatory activation are also observed in human peripheral blood monocytes. Taken together, our findings reveal the role of PirB/LILRB2 in NASH pathogenesis and identify PirB/LILRB2-ANGPTL8 signaling as a potential target for the management or treatment of NASH.

Progressively Enlarging Goiter: Case Reports of Primary Thyroid Lymphoma and Literature Review.

Primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL) is an exceptionally rare and highly aggressive potentially curable malignant disease. We report three typical cases of PTL referred to our hospital. All three cases had long history of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and presented with progressively enlarging neck mass. The first two cases were confirmed by surgical biopsy to be diffuse large B cell lymphoma, and received radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy, or received only chemotherapy. The third case was confirmed by core needle biopsy to be mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and received radiotherapy. In summary, confirmation of PTL diagnosis is essential for further clinical decisions. Core biopsy should be one of the most important methods to make the diagnosis of PTL, while the use of fine needle aspiration cytology alone is still limited in diagnosing PTL.

The preservation and application of the submandibular gland in oral squamous cell carcinoma (STROBE).

This prospective study aimed to investigate metastases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) to cervical lymph nodes and submandibular glands and to analyze the safety and feasibility of preserving and using submandibular glandular flaps to repair postoperative OSCC defects.Overall, 330 patients with OSCC who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study from January 2014 to July 2018. OSCC metastasis to cervical lymph nodes and submandibular glands was investigated using intraoperative frozen section and postoperative pathological observation. Fifteen patients who underwent repair of postoperative OSCC defects with submandibular glandular flaps were monitored for postoperative wound healing, complications, pathology, and appearance satisfaction and were followed up long term.Among the 330 patients with OSCC, the most common type was tongue cancer (138/330); 204 patients were node negative and 126 were node positive. Of 363 samples of the submandibular gland, 7 were metastatic with stage IV lesion, 5 were directly invaded by the primary tumor, and 2 were metastatic with extranodal extension in level Ib. None of the submandibular gland samples showed intraglandular hematogenous and nodal metastases. The repair of OSCC defects with submandibular glandular flaps was successful in all 15 patients, including 11 males and 4 females, with an age range of 19-74 years and a mean of 51 years. Of 15 patients, some had complications with heart and cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes, or chronic respiratory disease. All the submandibular glandular flaps survived postoperatively without any complications, and the mucosification on the surface was adequate. Follow-ups (median duration: 14 months) revealed the satisfactory recovery of shape and function without any local recurrences or distant metastases.Direct invasion is the main form of OSCC metastasis to the submandibular gland, while hematogenous and nodal metastases are uncommon. Preservation of the submandibular gland is oncologically safe. Thus, repair of postoperative OSCC defects with submandibular gland flaps is a feasible and promising procedure.