Evaluation of a 12-hole clock model for improving bronchoscopic skills in simulated normal and difficult airways among anesthesia residents: A randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Simulation-based training is used to improve fiberoptic bronchoscopic skills for novices. We developed a nonanatomical task trainer (named 12-hole clock model) that focused on training manipulation of bronchoscopes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the training effect of this model on bronchoscopic skills and learning interests in simulated normal and difficult airways among anesthesia residents. METHODS: Forty-three anesthesia residents without experience in bronchoscopic intubation were randomly divided into control (n = 22) and intervention groups (n = 21). All participants received standard multimedia learning and a baseline test using a normal airway manikin. Then, the control and intervention groups engaged in 60 minutes of training via a traditional airway manikin or the clock model, respectively. After training, the participants completed bronchoscopic performance assessments in simulated normal and difficult airways, as well as an electronic questionnaire related to the course. RESULTS: During training, the total hands-on time of bronchoscopic practice recorded by trainees' themselves was longer in the intervention group than in the control group (1568 ±â€…478 seconds vs 497 ±â€…172 s, P < .0001). Posttraining, the time required to visualize the carina in simulated normal airways was longer in the intervention group than in the control group (22.0 [18.0, 29.0] vs 14.0 [10.8, 18.3], P < .0001), while it was shorter for simulated difficult airways (24.0 [16.0, 32.0] s vs 27.0 [21.0, 35.5] s, P = .0425). The survey results indicated that confidence in bronchoscopic intubation increased in both groups, without significant differences in satisfaction, acceptance, or perceived difficulty between the groups. However, the interest ratings were higher in the intervention group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The 12-hole clock model is a simple and feasible method for improving bronchoscopic skills and promoting interest among trainees. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT05327842 at Clinicaltrials.gov.

TAF1 is needed for the proliferation and maturation of thyroid follicle cells via Notch signaling.

Thyroid dysgenesis (TD) is the common pathogenic mechanism of congenital hypothyroidism (CH). In addition, known pathogenic genes are limited to those that are directly involved in thyroid development. To identify additional candidate pathogenetic genes, we performed forward genetic screening for TD in zebrafish, followed by positional cloning. The candidate gene was confirmed in vitro using the Nthy-ori 3.1 cell line and in vivo using a zebrafish model organism. We obtained a novel zebrafish line with thyroid dysgenesis and identified the candidate pathogenetic mutation TATA-box binding protein associated Factor 1 (taf1) by positional cloning. Further molecular studies revealed that taf1 was needed for the proliferation of thyroid follicular cells by binding to the NOTCH1 promoter region. Knockdown of TAF1 impaired the proliferation and maturation of thyroid cells, thereby leading to thyroid dysplasia. This study showed that TAF1 promoted Notch signaling and that this association played a pivotal role in thyroid development.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In our study, we obtained a novel zebrafish line with thyroid dysgenesis (TD) and identified the candidate pathogenetic mutation TATA-box binding protein associated Factor 1 (taf1). Further researches revealed that taf1 was required for thyroid follicular cells by binding to the NOTCH1 promoter region. Our findings revealed a novel role of TAF1 in thyroid morphogenesis.

Dietary vitamin A modifies the gut microbiota and intestinal tissue transcriptome, impacting intestinal permeability and the release of inflammatory factors, thereby influencing Aß pathology.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder with no effective interventions for curing or modifying its progression. However, emerging research suggests that vitamin A in the diet may play a role in both the prevention and treatment of AD, although the exact mechanisms are not fully understood. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the dietary vitamin A modifies the gut microbiota and intestinal tissue transcriptome, impacting intestinal permeability and the release of inflammatory factors, thereby influencing Aß pathology shedding light on its potential as a dietary intervention for AD prevention and treatment. Methods: The APP/PS1-AD mouse model was employed and divided into three dietary groups: vitamin A-deficient (VAD), normal vitamin A (VAN), and vitamin A-supplemented (VAS) for a 12-week study. Neurobehavioral functions were assessed using the Morris Water Maze Test (MWM). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to quantify levels of Diamine Oxidase (DAO), D-lactate, IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNF-a cytokines. Serum vitamin A levels were analyzed via LC-MS/MS analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis and morphometry were performed to evaluate the deposition of Aß in brain tissue. The gut microbiota of APP/PS1 mice was analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. Additionally, transcriptomic analysis was conducted on intestinal tissue from APP/PS1 mice. Results: No significant changes in food intake and body weight were observed among the groups. However, the VAD and VAS groups showed reduced food intake compared to the VAN group at various time points. In terms of cognitive function, the VAN group performed better in the Morris Water Maze Test, indicating superior learning and memory abilities. The VAD and VAS groups exhibited impaired performance, with the VAS group performing relatively better than the VAD group. Serum vitamin A concentrations differed significantly among the groups, with the VAS group having the highest concentration. Aß levels were significantly higher in the VAD group compared to both the VAN and VAS groups. Microbial analysis revealed that the VAS and VAN groups had higher microbial diversity than the VAD group, with specific taxa characterizing each group. The VAN group was characterized by taxa such as Actinohacteriota and Desulfovibrionaceae, while the VAD group was characterized by Parabacteroides and Tannerellaceae. The VAS group showed similarities with both VAN and VAD groups, with taxa like Desulfobacterota and Desulfovibrionaceae being present. The VAD vs. VAS, VAD vs. VAN, and VAS vs. VAN comparisons identified 571, 313, and 243 differentially expressed genes, respectively, which associated with cellular and metabolic processes, and pathway analysis revealed enrichment in pathways related to chemical carcinogenesis, drug metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and immune-related processes. The VAD group exhibited higher levels of D-lactate, diamine oxidase, and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1ß, IL-6) compared to the VAN and VAS groups. Conclusion: Dietary vitamin A supplementation modulates the gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, inflammatory factors, and Aß protein formation, offering insights into the pathogenesis of AD and potential therapeutic avenues for further exploration. This research highlights the intricate interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and neurodegenerative processes, emphasizing the importance of dietary interventions in managing AD-related pathologies.

A comprehensive analysis and experimental validation of TK1 in uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma.

Uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) is becoming a main malignant cancer that threaten to women's health. Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is considering to be associated with tumorigenesis and development. Nevertheless, the function of TK1 in UCEC is still unclear. Herein, we analyzed the TK1 expression level in pan-cancer and found that TK1 was upregulated in a variety of cancers including UCEC. Patients of UCEC with high expression of TK1 were related to poor outcome. TK1 was also related to clinical stage, histologic grade and lymph node metastasis. Abnormal expression of TK1 in UCEC was related to promoter methylation while gene mutation was not frequent. TK1 and its associated genes appeared to be prominent in cell cycle and DNA replication, according to GO and KEGG analysis. Analysis of immune infiltration revealed a negative correlation between TK1 and CD8 + T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. In vitro experiments, TK1 knockdown resulted in the inhibition of proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT in UCEC cell lines.

TOP2A modulates signaling via the AKT/mTOR pathway to promote ovarian cancer cell proliferation.

Ovarian cancer (OC) is a form of gynecological malignancy that is associated with worse patient outcomes than any other cancer of the female reproductive tract. Topoisomerase II α (TOP2A) is commonly regarded as an oncogene that is associated with malignant disease progression in a variety of cancers, its mechanistic functions in OC have yet to be firmly established. We explored the role of TOP2A in OC through online databases, clinical samples, in vitro and in vivo experiments. And initial analyses of public databases revealed high OC-related TOP2A expression in patient samples that was related to poorer prognosis. This was confirmed by clinical samples in which TOP2A expression was elevated in OC relative to healthy tissue. Kaplan-Meier analyses further suggested that higher TOP2A expression levels were correlated with worse prognosis in OC patients. In vitro, TOP2A knockdown resulted in the inhibition of OC cell proliferation, with cells entering G1 phase arrest and undergoing consequent apoptotic death. In rescue assays, TOP2A was confirmed to regulate cell proliferation and cell cycle through AKT/mTOR pathway activity. Mouse model experiments further affirmed the key role that TOP2A plays as a driver of OC cell proliferation. These data provide strong evidence supporting TOP2A as an oncogenic mediator and prognostic biomarker related to OC progression and poor outcomes. At the mechanistic level, TOP2A can control tumor cell growth via AKT/mTOR pathway modulation. These preliminary results provide a foundation for future research seeking to explore the utility of TOP2A inhibitor-based combination treatment regimens in platinum-resistant recurrent OC patients.

[Exposure Level and Risk Impact Assessment of Pesticides and Veterinary Drugs in Aquaculture Environment].

To explore the exposure level of pesticides and veterinary drugs in an aquaculture environment and its impact on the ecological environment, this study took the aquaculture environment in Shanghai as an example, and samples of water, sediment, and inputs from 40 major aquaculture farms were collected from July to September 2022. The types and contents of pesticides and veterinary drugs were screened using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrostatic field orbital ion trap mass spectrometry, and the risk quotient (RQ) method was used to assess the ecological risk of pesticide contamination in water and sediment. The results showed that 13 drugs were screened out from 204 samples (72 samples of water, 72 samples of mud, and 60 samples of input), namely, chlorpromazine, carbendazim, thiophanate, diazepam, florfenicol, simazine, amantidine, diazepam, trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, mebendazole, and enrofloxacin. Among them, 12 species were found in water samples with concentrations ranging from 0.016 µg·L-1 to 2.084 µg·L-1. The concentrations of seven species in the mud samples ranged from 0.018 µg·kg-1 to 23.101 µg·kg-1. The results showed that there were four types of inputs, ranging from 1.979 µg·kg-1 to 101.940 µg·kg-1. Seven drugs were found in both water and sediment. The risk quotient (RQ) results showed that there were some high and middle risks in both water and sediment samples of aquaculture farms, and the ecological risks of carbendazim were the highest in both water and sediment samples of aquaculture farms; the RQ values were 3.848 and 1.580, respectively, indicating high risk. It is suggested to strengthen the control and management of exogenous pesticides and veterinary drugs in aquaculture environments to protect the ecosystem health of the aquaculture environment.

ALYREF-mediated RNA 5-Methylcytosine modification Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression Via Stabilizing EGFR mRNA and pSTAT3 activation.

5-Methylcytosine (m5C) is one of the most ubiquitous modifications of mRNA and contributes to cancer pathogenesis. Aly/REF export factor (ALYREF), an m5C reader, is associated with the prognosis of liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC). However, the effects of ALYREF on the progression of LIHC and the underlying molecular mechanisms remains elusive. Through an analysis of an online database and 3 independent LIHC cohorts, we found that ALYREF was markedly elevated in human liver cancer tissues and was significantly correlated with LIHC clinicopathological parameters, including Ki67+ cell rate, high-grade TNM stage, and poor prognosis. Several experiments were conducted to investigate the molecular basis and functional role of ALYREF-related progression in this study. ALYREF could enhance LIHC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. Mechanistically, ALYREF promoted the progression of human LIHC through EGFR pathways. Furthermore, ALYREF could directly bind to the m5C modification site of EGFR 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) to stabilize EGFR mRNA. Collectively, ALYREF played a crucial oncogenic role in LIHC via the stabilization of EGFR mRNA and subsequent activation of the STAT3 signaling pathway. Our results may help to elucidate the potential mechanisms of ALYREF-induced m5C modification in the progression of human LIHC.

FGF19 promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression by inducing angiogenesis via inhibiting TRIM21-mediated ANXA2 ubiquitination.

PURPOSE: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has characteristics of high invasion and early metastasis. Most NPC patients present with locoregionally advanced illness when first diagnosed. Therefore, it is urgent to discover NPC biomarkers. Fibroblast growth Factor 19 (FGF19) plays a role in various physiological or pathological processes, including cancer. In this research, we discovered the importance of FGF19 in NPC, and clarified its role in tumour angiogenesis. METHODS: Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and ELISA were used to investigate FGF19 expression in NPC. Then we took CCK8, colony formation, Transwell and wound healing assays to identify the influence of FGF19 on NPC malignant behaviours. The proliferative and metastatic capacity of FGF19 were evaluated in nude mice and zebrafish. The role of FGF19 in angiogenesis was investigated by tube formation and Matrigel plug angiogenesis assays. We then evaluated the variation in Annexin A2(ANXA2) levels with the treatment of FGF19. Lastly, co-immunoprecipitation and ubiquitination assays were performed to identify the mechanisms involved. RESULTS: FGF19 levels were elevated in tissues and serum of NPC patients and were associated with poor clinical stages. High expression of FGF19 promoted NPC malignant behaviours. In particular, FGF19 expression was correlated with microvessel density in tissues and NPC-derived FGF19 could accelerate angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, FGF19 influenced ANXA2 expression to promote angiogenesis. Moreover, tripartite motif-containing 21(TRIM21) interacted with ANXA2 and was responsible for ANXA2 ubiquitination. CONCLUSION: FGF19 promoted NPC angiogenesis by inhibiting TRIM21-mediated ANXA2 ubiquitination. It may serve as a noninvasive biomarker for NPC and provides new insights for therapy.

NTRK1-mediated protection against manganese-induced neurotoxicity and cell apoptosis via IGF2 in SH-SY5Y cells.

BACKGROUND: Excessive manganese (Mn) exposure has been linked to neurotoxicity, cognitive impairments. Neurotrophic Receptor Kinase 1 (NTRK1) encodes Tropomyosin kinase A (TrkA), a neurotrophic receptor, as a mediator of neuron differentiation and survival. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), a pivotal member of the insulin gene family, plays a crucial role in brain development and neuroprotection. Despite this knowledge, the precise mechanisms through which NTRK1 and IGF2 influence cell responses to Mn-induced neuronal damage remain elusive. METHODS: Cell apoptosis was assessed using CCK8, TUNEL staining, and Western blot analysis of cleaved Caspase-3. Lentiviral vectors facilitated NTRK1 overexpression, while small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) facilitated IGF2 knockdown. Real-time Quantitative PCR (qPCR) determined gene expression levels, while Western blotting measured protein expression. RESULTS: The study reveals that NTRK1 inhibits MnCl2-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. NTRK1 overexpression significantly upregulated IGF2 expression, and subsequent siRNA-IGF2 experiments confirmed IGF2's pivotal role in NTRK1-mediated neuroprotection. Notably, the study identifies that NTRK1 regulates the expression of IGF2 in the neuroprotective mechanism with the involvement of ER stress pathways. DISCUSSION: The study reveals NTRK1's neuroprotective role via IGF2 against Mn-induced neurotoxicity and ER stress modulation in SH-SY5Y cells. These findings offer insights into potential therapies for neurodegenerative disorders related to Mn exposure and NTRK1 dysfunction, driving future research in this domain.

Cost-utility analysis of commonly used anti-glaucoma interventions for mild-to-moderate primary open-angle glaucoma patients in rural and urban China.

OBJECTIVE: An increasing number of studies have explored the clinical effects of antiglaucoma surgical procedures; however, economic evidence was scarce. We aimed to compare the cost-effectiveness between maximal medical treatment (MMT) and commonly used surgical procedures (trabeculectomy, Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation, gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy and ab interno canaloplasty). DESIGN AND SETTING: A Markov model study. PARTICIPANTS: A hypothetical cohort of 100 000 patients with mild-to-moderate primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). OUTCOMES: Data were obtained from public sources. The main outcomes were incremental cost-utility ratios (ICURs) using quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Sensitivity analyses were conducted to verify the robustness and sensitivity of base-case results. MAIN RESULTS: Both cumulative costs and QALYs gained from surgical procedures (US$6045-US$13 598, 3.33-6.05 QALYs) were higher than those from MMT (US$3117-US$6458, 3.14-5.66 QALYs). Compared with MMT, all surgical procedures satisfied the cost-effectiveness threshold (lower than US$30 501 and US$41 568 per QALY gained in rural and urban settings, respectively). During the 5-year period, trabeculectomy produced the lowest ICUR (US$21 462 and US$15 242 per QALY gained in rural and urban settings, respectively). During the 10-year-follow-up, trabeculectomy still produced the lowest ICUR (US$13 379 per QALY gained) in urban setting; however, gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (US$19 619 per QALY gained) and ab interno canaloplasty (US$18 003 per QALY gained) produced lower ICURs than trabeculectomy (US$19 675 per QALY gained) in rural areas. Base-case results were most sensitive to the utilities and costs of initial treatment and maintenance. CONCLUSIONS: The long-term cost-effectiveness of commonly used surgical procedures could be better than the short-term cost-effectiveness for mild-to-moderate POAG patients in China. Health economic studies, supported by more rigorous structured real-world data, are needed to assess their everyday cost-effectiveness.

Streptococcus mutans sigX-inducing peptide inhibits the virulence of Candida albicans and oral candidiasis through the Ras1-cAMP-Efg1 pathway.

Oral candidiasis is the most common fungal infectious disease in the human oral cavity, and Candida albicans is the major pathogenic agent. Increasing drug resistance and the lack of new types of antifungals greatly increase the challenges for treating fungal infections. Targeting hyphal transition provides a promising strategy to inhibit the virulence of C. albicans and overcome drug resistance. This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of sigX-inducing peptide (XIP), a quorum-sensing signal peptide secreted by Streptococcus mutans, on C. albicans hyphal development and biofilm formation in vitro and oropharyngeal candidiasis in vivo. XIP significantly inhibited C. albicans yeast-to-hypha transition and biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner from 0.01 to 0.1 µM. XIP significantly downregulated expression of genes from the Ras1-cAMP-Efg1 pathway (RAS1, CYR1, TPK2, EFG1 and UME6), a key pathway to regulate C. albicans hyphal development. Importantly, XIP reduced the levels of key molecules cAMP and ATP from this pathway, while the addition of exogenous cAMP and overexpression of RAS1 restored the hyphal development inhibited by XIP. XIP also lost its hyphal inhibitory effects on ras1Δ/Δ and efg1Δ/Δ strains. These results further confirmed that XIP inhibited hyphal development through downregulation of the Ras1-cAMP-Efg1 pathway. A murine oropharyngeal candidiasis model was employed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of XIP on oral candidiasis. XIP effectively reduced the infected epithelial area, fungal burden, hyphal invasion and inflammatory infiltrates. These results revealed the antifungal effects of XIP, and highlighted that XIP can be a potential antifungal peptide against C. albicans infection.

Hypoxic nasopharyngeal carcinoma-derived exosomal miR-455 increases vascular permeability by targeting ZO-1 to promote metastasis.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), the most frequent reason for treatment failure in head and neck tumors, has the greatest incidence of distant metastases. Increased vascular permeability facilitates metastasis. Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the development of the premetastatic niche and are emerging as prospective biomarkers in cancer patients. We discovered that a higher level of miR-455 was connected to a larger propensity for NPC metastasis based on deep sequencing and RT-qPCR. We found that hypoxia promoted NPC exosomes release and increased miR-455 expression in a way that was hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) dependent. Exosomes from NPC cells with high levels of miR-455 were found to specifically target zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1), increasing the permeability of endothelial monolayers in vitro vascular permeability and transendothelial invasion experiments. Additional in vivo studies showed that zebrafish with sustained miR-455-overexpressing NPC cell xenografts displayed increased tumor cell mass throughout the body. In vivo, zebrafish vascular tight junction integrity was disrupted by exosomes produced by NPC cells with elevated miR-455 expression. Mice-bearing xenografts further supported the finding that exosomes containing miR-455 might reduce ZO-1 expression in addition to promote NPC cell growth. These findings suggest that in a hypoxic microenvironment, exosomal miR-455 released by NPC cells enhances vascular permeability and promotes metastasis by targeting ZO-1. The HIF-1α-miR-455-ZO-1 signaling pathway may be a promising predictor and potential therapeutic target for NPC with metastasis.

Glucose metabolic reprogramming and its therapeutic potential in obesity-associated endometrial cancer.

Endometrial cancer (EC) is a common gynecological cancer that endangers women health. Although substantial progresses of EC management have been achieved in recent years, the incidence of EC still remains high. Obesity has been a common phenomenon worldwide that increases the risk of EC. However, the mechanism associating obesity and EC has not been fully understood. Metabolic reprogramming as a remarkable characteristic of EC is currently emerging. As the primary factor of metabolic syndrome, obesity promotes insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycaemia. This metabolic disorder remodels systemic status, which increases EC risk and is related with poor prognosis. Glucose metabolism in EC cells is complex and mediated by glycolysis and mitochondria to ensure energy requirement. Factors that affect glucose metabolism may have an impact on EC initiation and progression. In this study, we review the glucose metabolic reprogramming of EC not only systemic metabolism but also inherent tumor cell metabolism. In particular, the role of glucose metabolic regulation in malignant properties of EC will be focused. Understanding of metabolic profile and glucose metabolism-associated regulation mechanism in EC may provide novel perspective for treatment.

Economic evaluation of combined population-based screening for multiple blindness-causing eye diseases in China: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

BACKGROUND: More than 90% of vision impairment is avoidable. However, in China, a routine screening programme is currently unavailable in primary health care. With the dearth of economic evidence on screening programmes for multiple blindness-causing eye diseases, delivery options, and screening frequencies, we aimed to evaluate the costs and benefits of a population-based screening programme for multiple eye diseases in China. METHODS: We developed a decision-analytic Markov model for a cohort of individuals aged 50 years and older with a total of 30 1-year cycles. We calculated the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of screening programmes for multiple major blindness-causing eye diseases in China, including age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, cataracts, and pathological myopia, from a societal perspective (including direct and indirect costs). We analysed rural and urban settings separately by different screening delivery options (non-telemedicine [ie, face-to-face] screening, artificial intelligence [AI] telemedicine screening, and non-AI telemedicine screening) and frequencies. We calculated incremental cost-utility ratios (ICURs) using quality-adjusted life-years and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) in terms of the cost per blindness year avoided. One-way deterministic and simulated probabilistic sensitivity analyses were used to assess the robustness of the main outcomes. FINDINGS: Compared with no screening, non-telemedicine combined screening of multiple eye diseases satisfied the criterion for a highly cost-effective health intervention, with an ICUR of US$2494 (95% CI 1130 to 2716) and an ICER of $12 487 (8773 to 18 791) in rural settings. In urban areas, the ICUR was $624 (395 to 907), and the ICER was $7251 (4238 to 13 501). Non-AI telemedicine screening could result in fewer costs and greater gains in health benefits (ICUR $2326 [1064 to 2538] and ICER $11 766 [8200 to 18 000] in rural settings; ICUR $581 [368 to 864] and ICER $6920 [3926 to 13 231] in urban settings). AI telemedicine screening dominated no screening in rural settings, and in urban settings the ICUR was $244 (-315 to 1073) and the ICER was $2567 (-4111 to 15 389). Sensitivity analyses showed all results to be robust. By further comparison, annual AI telemedicine screening was the most cost-effective strategy in both rural and urban areas. INTERPRETATION: Combined screening of multiple eye diseases is cost-effective in both rural and urban China. AI coupled with teleophthalmology presents an opportunity to promote equity in eye health. FUNDING: National Natural Science Foundation of China.

The roles and clinical applications of interleukins in endometrial carcinoma.

As a common malignant tumor of the female reproductive system, endometrial carcinoma (EC) seriously endangers women's health with an increasing incidence. The oncogenesis and progression of cancer are closely linked with immune microenvironment, of which interleukins are the important components. In order to illustrate the roles and clinical applications of interleukins in EC, literature of interleukins and EC were reviewed. Based on the present studies, interleukins play crucial roles in the oncogenesis and development of EC via regulating the proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, apoptosis, pyroptosis and autophagy of EC as well as the immune function against EC. And some of the interleukins seems to have prospective clinical applications in EC, such as evaluating the risk of tumorigenesis, discriminating the malignancy from benign disorders or normal condition, indicating cancer aggressiveness, predicting the prognosis of patients and serving as the novel therapy. However, there is still a long way to go before the clinical applications of interleukins in EC come into reality. Nevertheless, it is certain that the exploration of interleukins will definitely be of great benefit to the screening, diagnosis and treatment of EC in the future.

Osteoglycin: An ECM Factor Regulating Fibrosis and Tumorigenesis.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is made up of noncellular components that have special properties for influencing cell behavior and tissue structure. Small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are nonfibrillar ECM components that serve as structural scaffolds and signaling molecules. osteoglycin (OGN), a class III SLRP, is a ubiquitous ECM component that not only helps to organize the extracellular matrix but also regulates a number of important biological processes. As a glycosylated protein in the ECM, OGN was originally considered to be involved in fiber assembly and was reported to have a connection with fibrosis. In addition to these functions, OGN is found in a variety of cancer tissues and is implicated in cellular processes linked to tumorigenesis, including cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this review, we summarize the structure and functions of OGN as well as its biological and clinical importance in the context of fibrotic illness and tumorigenesis. This review aims to improve our understanding of OGN and provide some new strategies for the treatment of fibrosis and cancer.

RNA Modifications Meet Tumors.

RNA modifications occur through the whole process of gene expression regulation, including transcription, translation, and post-translational processes. They are closely associated with gene expression, RNA stability, and cell cycle. RNA modifications in tumor cells play a vital role in tumor development and metastasis, changes in the tumor microenvironment, drug resistance in tumors, construction of tumor cell-cell "internet", etc. Several types of RNA modifications have been identified to date and have various effects on the biological characteristics of different tumors. In this review, we discussed the function of RNA modifications, including N 6-methyladenine (m6A), 5-methylcytosine (m5C), N 7-methyladenosine (m7G), N 1-methyladenosine (m1A), pseudouridine (Ψ), and adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I), in the microenvironment and therapy of solid and liquid tumors.

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of dinuclear bismuth(III) complexes with Isoniazid-derived Schiff bases.

Four dinuclear bismuth(III) Schiff-base complexes bearing Schiff-base ligands have been synthesized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, and spectral techniques (FT-IR, NMR and MS). The analytical data reveal the bismuth(III) complexes possess 1:1 metal-ligand ratios. In vitro biological studies have revealed that bismuth(III) complexes displayed much higher antibacterial and antitumor activities than their parent ligands, which involves two gram-negative (S. aureus, B. subtili) and two gram-positive (E. coli, P. aeruginosa) bacteria, and human gastric cancer SNU-16 cells. The power-time curves of S. pombe exposed to tested compounds were detected by bio-microcalorimetry. Some thermokinetic parameters (k, Pmax,tG and Qtotal) were derived based on the metabolic power-time curves, and their quantitative relationships with the concentrations (c) were further discussed.