Associations of lifestyle characteristics with circulating immune markers in the general population based on NHANES 1999 to 2014.

Lifestyles maybe associated with the immune and inflammatory state of human body. We aimed to comprehensively explore the relationship between lifestyles and circulating immune-inflammatory markers in the general population. Data from NHANES 1999-2014 was used. Lifestyle factors included leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), diet quality (Healthy Eating Index-2015, HEI-2015), alcohol consumption, cigarettes smoking, sleep hour and sedentary time. Immune makers included C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and monocyte-lymphocyte ratio (MLR). Generalized linear regression models were used to adjust confounders. Regressions of restricted cubic splines were utilized to evaluate the potentially non-linear relationships between exposures and outcomes. As results, HEI was negatively associated with CRP (P < 0.001), SII (P < 0.001), and NLR (P < 0.001). Cigarettes per day was positively associated with CRP (P < 0.001), SII (P < 0.001), and NLR (P = 0.008). Alcohol consumption was negatively associated with CRP (P < 0.001), but positively associated with PLR (P = 0.012) and MLR (P < 0.001). Physical activity was negatively associated with CRP (P < 0.001), SII (P = 0.005), and NLR (P = 0.002), but positively associated with PLR (P = 0.010). Participants with higher healthy lifestyle score had significantly lower CRP, SII and NLR (all P values < 0.05). Most of the sensitivity analyses found similar results. In conclusion, we found significant associations between lifestyles and immune markers in the general population, which may reflect a systemic inflammatory response to unhealthy lifestyles.

Leisure-time physical activity is associated with depressive symptoms in cancer patients: Data from the NHANES 2007-2018.

BACKGROUND: Cancer patients have a higher risk of depression and are associated with severe adverse prognosis. The relationship between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and depressive symptoms in cancer patients is currently unclear. Therefore, our study mainly explores the potential association between LTPA and the weekly cumulative time of LTPA with depressive symptoms in cancer patients. METHODS: We included and analyzed 3368 cancer patients (aged >20 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) of the United States from 1999 to 2018. The LTPA score was evaluated through a self-report questionnaire, while depressive symptoms were evaluated through the Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between LTPA duration and the occurrence of cancer-related depressiive symptoms. Linear correlation was studied using the restricted cubic spline method. RESULTS: According to a fully adjusted multivariate logistic regression model with confounding variables, the odds ratio (OR) between LTPA and depressive symptoms in cancer patients in this study was 0.59 (95 % confidence interval = 0.39, 0.92; P = 0.02). When the LTPA level was ≥300 min/week, the incidence of depressive symptoms was reduced by 59 % (OR = 0.41, 95 % CI = 0.21, 0.83). In addition, the cubic spline method was used to obtain a linear negative correlation between LTPA duration and tumor depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: LTPA was negatively correlated with cancer-related depressive symptoms, and the cumulative time of LTPA/week was linearly correlated with depressive symptoms. The slope of the benefit curve changed significantly when the cumulative time of LTPA reached 600 min per week, suggesting that appropriately increasing LTPA had significant benefits on mental health of cancer patients.

Leisure-time and occupational physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease incidence: a systematic-review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Physical activity has benefits for the cardiovascular system, however, what levels and types of activity provide optimal cardiovascular health is unclear. We aimed to determine the level of physical activity that has the most benefits against cardiovascular diseases (CVD). METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for prospective cohort studies on leisure-time (LTPA) or occupational physical activity (OPA) as the exposure and major types of CVD (total CVD, coronary heart disease [CHD], stroke, and atrial fibrillation [AF]) incidence as the outcome. Risk of bias of studies was evaluated using the ROBINS-I tool. Summary hazard ratios (HR) were calculated using random-effects pairwise model. RESULTS: A total of 103 studies were included in the analysis. The highest versus the lowest LTPA was associated with a lower risk of overall CVD (HR = 0.81; 95% CI: 0.77-0.86), CHD (HR = 0.83; 0.79-0.88), and stroke (HR = 0.83; 0.79-0.88), but not AF (HR = 0.98; 0.92-1.05). Linear dose-response analyses showed a 10%, 12%, 9%, and 8% risk reduction in CVD, CHD, stroke, and AF incidence, respectively, for every 20 MET-hours/week increase in LTPA. In nonlinear dose-response analyses, there were inverse associations up to 20 MET-hours/week with 19% and 20% reduction in CVD and CHD risk, and up to 25 MET-hours/week with 22% reduction in stroke, with no further risk reduction at higher LTPA levels. For AF, there was a U-shaped nonlinear association with the maximum 8% risk reduction at 10 MET-hours/week of LTPA. Higher levels of OPA were not associated with risk of CVD, CHD, stroke, or AF. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, results showed an inverse dose-response relationship between LTPA and risk of CVD, CHD, stroke, and AF. Running was the most beneficial LTPA but the risk was similar among various LTPA intensities. OPA showed no benefits in total or any type of CVD.

The role of dietary intake of live microbes in the association between leisure-time physical activity and depressive symptoms: a population-based study.

Current research has shown promising associations between factors such as diet, total physical activity, and mental health outcomes, acknowledging the intricate interplay between these variables. However, the role of dietary intake of live microbes, coupled with leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), in their relationship to depressive symptoms necessitates further exploration. The present study examined a cohort of 25 747 individuals who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between the years 2007 and 2018. Patient's Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was employed, whereby individuals scoring ≥ 10 were classified as exhibiting symptoms of depression. LTPA status was reported by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and calculated by metabolic equivalent-minutes/week. Foods consumed by participants were evaluated by live microbes per gram, which were categorized into three groups: low, medium, and high. After controlling for all covariates, findings indicated that LTPA was negatively associated with depressive symptoms (OR (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.983 (0.976, 0.990), p < 0.001). Participating in more LTPA was positively correlated with consuming all three levels of dietary live microbes (low, ß (95% CI): 0.086 (0.063, 0.109); medium, ß (95% CI): 0.009 (0.007, 0.012); high, ß (95% CI): 0.002 (0.001, 0.002)). Moreover, taking more foods with medium live microbes was associated with lower depressive likelihood (OR (95% CI): 0.931(0.882, 0.982), p = 0.010). Intake of medium and high levels of live microbes mediated the association between LTPA and depressive symptoms by 4.15% and 0.83%, respectively. Dietary intake of foods containing medium and high levels of live microbes may be a mediator of LTPA's negative association with depressive symptoms.

NHANES-based analysis of the correlation between leisure-time physical activity, serum cotinine levels and periodontitis risk.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of leisure-time physical activity and serum cotinine levels with the risk of periodontitis in the general population and to further analyze the interaction between leisure-time physical activity and serum cotinine levels on the risk of periodontitis. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study, extracting data from 9605 (56.19%) participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database from 2009 to 2014, and analyzing the relationship and interaction effects of serum cotinine level, leisure time physical activity, and risk of periodontitis by weighted univariate logistic modeling; Effect sizes were determined using ratio of ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS: 5,397 (56.19%) of 9,605 participants had periodontitis; an increased risk of periodontitis was found in those in the leisure time physical activity intensity < 750 MET × min/week group (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.17-1.78). Serum cotinine levels ≥ 0.05 ng/ml were associated with an increased risk of periodontitis (OR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.69-2.33). The group with low leisure physical activity and serum cotinine levels ≥ 0.05 ng/ml had an increased risk of periodontitis compared to the group with high leisure physical activity and serum cotinine levels < 0.05 ng/ml (OR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.88-3.27). Interaction metrics RERI = 0.90 (95% CI: 0.44-1.36) and API = 0.36 (95% CI: 0.18-0.55); CI for SI = 2.55 (95% CI: 1.03-6.28). for API 0.36. CONCLUSION: Leisure time physical activity intensity interacted with smoking exposure on periodontitis risk and may provide the general population with the opportunity to Increasing leisure-time physical activity and smoking cessation may provide recommendations for the general population.

Association between glyphosate exposure and osteoarthritis in US adults: Especially in people who are obese and inactive in leisure time physical activity.

OBJECTIVE: Little has been known on the effect of chronic glyphosate exposure on osteoarthritis (OA). The aim of this study was to investigate the association between glyphosate exposure and OA and to further investigate the different moderating effects of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and body mass index (BMI) types on the association between glyphosate exposure and OA. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from 2540 participants in the 2015-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were used to explore the association between glyphosate exposure and OA. Multivariate logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline models were used to investigate the association between glyphosate exposure and OA, and further analyses were conducted to determine the association between glyphosate exposure and OA under different LTPA and BMI types. RESULTS: Of the 2540 participants, 346 had OA. Participants with the highest glyphosate concentration (Q4) had a higher incidence of OA compared to participants with the lowest glyphosate concentration (Q1) (OR, 1.88; 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.13, 3.13), there was no nonlinear association between glyphosate and OA (non-linear P = 0.343). In the no LTPA group, glyphosate concentration in the Q4 group was correlated with OA (OR, 2.65; 95%CI: 1.27, 5.51). In the obese group, glyphosate concentration in the Q4 group was correlated with OA (OR, 2.74; 95 % CI: 1.48, 5.07). Among people with high BMI and inactive in LTPA, glyphosate concentrations in Q4 were associated with OA (OR, 2.19; 95 % CI: 1.07, 4.48). CONCLUSIONS: Glyphosate is associated with OA odd, and physical activity and moderate weight loss can mitigate this association to some degree. This study provides a scientific basis for rational prevention of OA by regulation of LTPA and BMI under glyphosate exposure.

Sex disparities in physical activity domains and hypertension prevalence.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to examine the associations of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and occupational physical activity (OPA) with the prevalence of hypertension, while exploring the sex disparities in these associations. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2014 and 2019 (n = 26,534). Hypertension was defined as the use of antihypertensive drugs or systolic and diastolic blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mm Hg. Self-reported physical activity (PA), assessed by the global PA questionnaire, was categorized into three domains: total PA, LTPA and OPA. Each PA domain was classified based on METs-min/wk and intensity. RESULTS: In a multivariable adjusted model, the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the prevalence of hypertension in the active versus inactive group, based on METs, was 0.92 (95% CI 0.85-0.99) for total PA, 0.90 (95% CI 0.83-0.98) for LTPA and 1.21 (95% CI 1.05-1.38) for OPA. Compared to the inactive group, moderate to vigorous intensity was associated with a lower odds of hypertension for total PA and LTPA (total PA: OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.89-1.00 and LTPA: OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.86-0.98), but a higher odd for OPA (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.05-1.30). Subgroup analyses showed significant evidence of effect modification by sex on the associations of total PA and LTPA (METs and intensity) with hypertension prevalence (p-values for interaction < 0.01); the associations were generally stronger for women. OPA was associated with a higher prevalence of hypertension in women, but not in men (p-value for interaction > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of total PA and LTPA were associated with lower prevalence of hypertension in both men and women, with slightly stronger associations for women. However, higher OPA was associated with a higher prevalence of hypertension in women. These findings support the PA health paradox hypothesis and highlight the sex disparities in the association between OPA and hypertension prevalence.

Leisure time physical activity: a protective factor against metabolic syndrome development.

PURPOSE: Physical activity (PA) is a modifiable factor in preventing/treating cardiometabolic disease. However, no studies have yet compared specific moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) domains with the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in detail. Here, the present study was conducted to examine the impact of different MVPA domains (leisure-time PA (LTPA) vs. occupational PA (OPA) vs. total MVPA) on the risk of MetS in Korean adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from the 2014 to 2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed (N = 31,558). MetS was defined according to the criteria by revised NCEP/ATP-III. The domain-specific MVPA was assessed using the K-GPAQ. The LTPA and OPA status were classified into four categories: (1) 0 min/week, (2) 1 to 149 min/week, (3) 150 to 299 min/week, and 4) ≥ 300 min/week. In addition, the present study calculated total MVPA as a sum of OPA and LTPA and further classified it into six groups; (1) 0 min/week, (2) 1 to 149 min/week, (3) 150 to 299 min/week, (4) 300 to 449 min/week, (5) 450 to 599 min/week, 6) ≥ 600 min/week. RESULTS: The ≥ 300 min/week and the 150 to 299 min/week of LTPA showed better outcomes in cardiometabolic disease risk factors and surrogate markers of insulin resistance compared with the 0 min/week of LTPA regardless of adiposity status. Risk of MetS in ≥ 300 min/week of LTPA was lower than in 0 min/week, 1 to 149 min/week, and 150 to 299. In addition, LTPA was significantly associated with a risk of the MetS in a curvilinear dose-response curve, however, no significant effects of a non-linear relationship between OPA and risk of the MetS. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that LTPA was associated with a risk of MetS with a dose-response curve, whereas no significant non-linear effects were found between OPA and the risk of MetS. Therefore, the MVPA domain is an independent factor of the risk of MetS.

Do the American guideline-based leisure time physical activity levels for civilians benefit the mental health of military personnel?

Backgrounds: This study aimed to clarify the association of American guideline-based leisure time physical activity (PA) level with mental health in 4,080 military personnel in Taiwan. Methods: The moderate intensity PA level was assessed according to the total running time per week (wk) reported in a self-administered questionnaire over the previous 6 months and was categorized into PA level <150, 150-299, and ≥300 min/wk. Mental stress was assessed by the Brief Symptom Rating Scale (BSRS)-5 for which ≥15 points were classified as great mental stress. Suicide ideation (SI) was graded as 1 for mild, 2 for moderate, and 3 or 4 for severe. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the association between PA and mental health while adjusting for demographics, smoking, alcohol intake, betel nut chewing, and obesity. Results: As compared to participants with a PA level of <150 min/wk., those with PA levels 150-299 min/wk. and ≥ 300 min/wk. had a lower possibility of SI ≥1 [odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 0.58 (0.40-0.83) and 0.23 (0.14-0.36), respectively] and SI ≥1 and/or BSRS-5 ≥ 15 [ORs: 0.55 (0.39-0.79) and 0.21 (0.13-0.34), respectively]. The possibilities were more significantly lower for SI ≥2 [ORs: 0.37 (0.20-0.68) and 0.10 (0.04-0.26), respectively] and SI ≥2 and/or BSRS-5 ≥ 15 [ORs: 0.35 (0.20-0.62) and 0.10 (0.04-0.25), respectively]. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that participating in moderate-intensity leisure time PA level for ≥150 min/wk. may have a positive effect on mental health among military personnel. The impact appears to be even more significant when engaging in a higher PA level of ≥300 min/wk.

Trends in physical activity and sedentary time among U.S. adults with diabetes: 2007-2020.

AIMS: To examine temporal trends in physical activity and sedentary time among U.S. adults with diabetes from 2007 to 2020. METHODS: We performed serial cross-sectional analyses for participants aged ≥ 20 years with diagnosed diabetes from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007 to 2020. Participants completed the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. RESULTS: The analytic sample comprised 5096 adults with diabetes (mean age: 60.3 years; 48.2% females; 60.1% White people; mean body mass index: 33.0 kg/m2). From 2007-2008 through 2017-March 2020, the proportion of being physically sufficiently active increased from 41.5% (95% CI, 35.9%-47.2%) to 55.8% (95% CI, 51.3%-60.3%) (P-trend<0.001), whereas that of physical inactivity declined from 43.7% (95% CI, 38.1%-49.2%) to 31.0% (95% CI, 27.7%-34.3%) (P-trend<0.001). The decline was driven by increasing engagement in work-related and leisure-time activity. However, engagement in transportation-related activity stayed persistently low (16.7% [95% CI, 14.8%-18.8%] in 2017-March 2020) (P-trend = 0.25), and the mean daily sitting hours remained unaltered (6.2 [95% CI, 5.9-6.5] in 2017-March 2020) (P-trend = 0.60). Adults who were middle-aged or older, or with class III obesity, cardiovascular or chronic kidney concomitants were less likely to be sufficiently active and prone to prolonged sitting. CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity levels in U.S. adults with diabetes have increased from 2007 to 2020, but about one in two remains inactive or insufficiently active. Sedentary time has not decreased. For diabetes management, nationwide efforts are needed to promote transportation-related physical activity while minimizing prolonged sitting, especially among those who are middle-aged or older, or with severe obesity or other complications.

Dose-response relationship between leisure-time physical activity and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in overweight/obese populations.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyze the dose-response relationship between leisure-time physical activity and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in overweight/obese populations and provide exercise recommendations to regulate inflammation and oxidative stress and reduce the risk of developing obesity-related diseases. DESIGN: Second analysis of a cross-sectional study. METHODS: A total number of 4978 overweight/obese adults were included from the 2015-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multivariable regressions were conducted to investigate the dose-response relationship between leisure-time physical activity and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress. Subgroup analyses based on the doses and intensities of physical activity and in different participants were performed to provide exercise recommendations. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that leisure-time physical activity was negatively associated with inflammatory biomarkers in both overweight and obese populations, and positively associated with antioxidant markers in obese populations. Overweight/obese populations performing leisure-time physical activity at 660-760 min/week (dose calculated as moderate leisure-time physical activity, equals 330-380 min/week vigorous leisure-time physical activity) demonstrated the lowest levels of inflammatory markers. Vigorous leisure-time physical activity was superior to moderate one for overweight/obese populations, especially for inflammation regulation. In addition, the regulatory effect of leisure-time physical activity on inflammation was more significant in overweight/obese populations with hypertension or stroke. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that overweight/obese populations can take vigorous-intensity leisure-time physical activity at 330-380 min/week (for example, 60 min/day, 6 days/week, metabolic equivalent = 8) to get the maximum health benefits in terms of inflammation and oxidative stress regulation.

Cardiac output and arteriovenous oxygen difference contribute to lower peak oxygen uptake in patients with fibromyalgia.

BACKGROUND: Patients with fibromyalgia (FM) exhibit low peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]O2peak). We aimed to detect the contribution of cardiac output to ([Formula: see text]) and arteriovenous oxygen difference [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] from rest to peak exercise in patients with FM. METHODS: Thirty-five women with FM, aged 23 to 65 years, and 23 healthy controls performed a step incremental cycle ergometer test until volitional fatigue. Alveolar gas exchange and pulmonary ventilation were measured breath-by-breath and adjusted for fat-free body mass (FFM) where appropriate. [Formula: see text] (impedance cardiography) was monitored. [Formula: see text] was calculated using Fick's equation. Linear regression slopes for oxygen cost (∆[Formula: see text]O2/∆work rate) and [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text]O2 (∆[Formula: see text]/∆[Formula: see text]O2) were calculated. Normally distributed data were reported as mean ± SD and non-normal data as median [interquartile range]. RESULTS: [Formula: see text]O2peak was lower in FM patients than in controls (22.2 ± 5.1 vs. 31.1 ± 7.9 mL∙min-1∙kg-1, P < 0.001; 35.7 ± 7.1 vs. 44.0 ± 8.6 mL∙min-1∙kg FFM-1, P < 0.001). [Formula: see text] and C(a-v)O2 were similar between groups at submaximal work rates, but peak [Formula: see text] (14.17 [13.34-16.03] vs. 16.06 [15.24-16.99] L∙min-1, P = 0.005) and C(a-v)O2 (11.6 ± 2.7 vs. 13.3 ± 3.1 mL O2∙100 mL blood-1, P = 0.031) were lower in the FM group. No significant group differences emerged in ∆[Formula: see text]O2/∆work rate (11.1 vs. 10.8 mL∙min-1∙W-1, P = 0.248) or ∆[Formula: see text]/∆[Formula: see text]O2 (6.58 vs. 5.75, P = 0.122) slopes. CONCLUSIONS: Both [Formula: see text] and C(a-v)O2 contribute to lower [Formula: see text]O2peak in FM. The exercise responses were normal and not suggestive of a muscle metabolism pathology. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03300635. Registered 3 October 2017-Retrospectively registered. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03300635 .

Leisure-time physical activity, desire to increase physical activity, and mortality: A population-based prospective cohort study.

The aim was to investigate associations between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and mortality, and associations between desire to increase LTPA and mortality within the low LTPA group. A public health survey questionnaire was sent in 2008 to a stratified random sample of the population aged 18-80 in southernmost Sweden, yielding a 54.1% response rate. Baseline 2008 survey data with 25,464 respondents was linked to cause of death register data to create a prospective cohort with 8.3-year follow-up. Associations between LTPA, desire to increase LTPA and mortality were analyzed in logistic regression models. An 18.4% proportion performed regular exercise (at least 90 min/week, leading to sweating), 23.2% moderate regular exercise (once or twice a week at least 30 min/occasion, leading to sweating), 44.3% moderate exercise (more than two hours walking or equivalent activity/week) and 14.1% reported low LTPA (less than two hours walking or equivalent activity/week). These four LTPA groups were significantly associated with covariates included in the multiple analyses. The results showed significantly higher all-cause, cardiovascular (CVD), cancer and other cause mortality for the low LTPA group but not for the moderate regular exercise and moderate exercise groups compared to the regular exercise group. Both the "Yes, but I need support" and the "No" fractions within the low LTPA group had significantly increased ORs of all-cause mortality compared to the "Yes, and I can do it myself" reference, while no significant associations were observed for CVD mortality. Physical activity promotion is particularly warranted in the low LTPA group.

Leisure-time physical activity and sarcopenia among older adults from low- and middle-income countries.

BACKGROUND: There are no data on the association between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and sarcopenia in older adults from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study aimed to investigate the association between LTPA and sarcopenia in individuals aged ≥65 years living in six LMICs. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia and South Africa) were analysed. Sarcopenia referred to the presence of both low skeletal muscle mass and weak handgrip strength. LTPA was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and was analysed as a dichotomized variable [high LTPA (>150 min/week of moderate-to-vigorous LTPA) or low LTPA (≤150 min/week)]. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess associations. RESULTS: There were 14 585 individuals included in this study [mean (SD) age 72.6 (11.5) years; 55.0% women]. The prevalence of high LTPA and sarcopenia was 8.9% and 12.0%, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, low LTPA was significantly associated with higher odds for sarcopenia [prevalence odds ratio (POR) = 1.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.29-2.65] compared with high LTPA. Significant associations were found in women (POR = 3.22, 95% CI = 1.82-5.68) but not in men (POR = 1.52, 95% CI = 0.99-2.35). CONCLUSIONS: A positive and significant association between low LTPA and sarcopenia was found among older adults from LMICs. The promotion of LTPA among older adults in LMICs may aid in the prevention of sarcopenia, especially among females, pending future longitudinal research.

Neighborhood factors associated with leisure-time physical activity in a Brazilian city.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the association between environmental variables and leisure-time physical activity levels in an adult population of a medium-sized city in Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study with a sample of 965 adults (20-59 years). Individual, socioeconomic, demographic and behavioral data were obtained through a population-based survey. Environmental data were collected through direct observation and subsequently georeferenced. The outcome variable was leisure-time physical activity level, dichotomized as insufficiently active (<150 min/week) and active (≥150 min/week). Physical activity-related facilities were categorized as public or private, and food outlets as healthy, unhealthy or mixed. Monthly per capita income and crime rate by census tract were used to categorize the social environment. Statistical analysis was performed using binary logistic regression (generalized estimating equation models). A direct association was found between the availability of public (adjusted OR = 2.16; 95% CI = 1.44-3.25) and private (adjusted OR = 1.21; 95% CI = 1.02-1.44) physical activity facilities in the census tract and leisure-time physical activity. A greater availability of mixed food establishments was associated with higher leisure-time physical activity levels (adjusted OR = 1.10; 95% CI = 1.004-1.22). Environmental characteristics can contribute together to leisure-time physical activity and could be the focus of policies aimed at promoting physical activity in middle-income countries.

This research estimated how leisure-time physical activity relates to environmental aspects in an adult population of a medium-sized city in Brazil. Nine hundred sixty-five adults (20­59 years) participated in a survey to give individual, socioeconomic, demographic and behavioral information. Researchers also directly observed the environment to collect data and subsequently georeferenced it, to further apply regression models (statistical analysis). Being active during leisure, (i.e. practicing 150 min/week or more), was related to having more public (city squares and outdoor gyms, walking areas and university campus) and private physical activity facilities (clubs, courts, sports halls, soccer fields and gyms), as well as having greater availability of mixed food establishments (restaurants, bakeries, supermarkets and hypermarkets). Therefore, environmental characteristics can contribute together to leisure-time physical activity and could be the focus of policies aimed at promoting physical activity in middle-income countries.

Relationship between leisure-time physical activity and depressive symptoms under different levels of dietary inflammatory index.

Depressive symptoms are major public health problems. Leisure-time Physical activity (LPA) and dietary inflammatory preference are emerging factors that tends to affect the mental health status. There is limited evidence regarding the joint influence of LPA and dietary status on the prevalence of depression. This study was a cross-sectional study, which used a nationwide represented sample from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to assess the relationship among LPA, diet status and depression. Depression and LPA status was reported by the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ), respectively. To assess dietary inflammatory preferences, dietary inflammatory index (DII) was applied based on a 24-h dietary recall interview. A total of 11,078 subjects was included in this study and weighted participants were 89,682,020. Weighted multivariable linear regression showed that DII was negatively associated with LPA after full adjustment, with ß (95% CI): -0.487 (-0.647, -0.327). Weighted multivariable logistic regression showed that LPA was significantly associated with depressive symptoms after full adjustment, with odds ratios OR (95% CIs): 0.986 (0.977, 0.995). By DII stratification analysis, this phenomenon was also existed in groups with anti-inflammatory diet. Mediation effect analysis was further performed, which showed that DII significantly mediating the association between LPA and depression with proportion mediated as 3.94%. Our findings indicated the mediating role of DII in the association between LPA condition and incident depression. More well-designed studies are still needed to validate the causal relationship.

The Synergetic Impact of Physical Activity and Fruit and Vegetable Consumption on the Risk of Depression in Taiwanese Adults.

BACKGROUND: This research focused on the association between physical activity and fruit-vegetable intake and the risk of depression in middle aged and older Taiwanese adults. METHODS: Data were obtained from the 1999 to 2015 datasets of the Taiwan Longitudinal Survey on Aging (TLSA), and 4400 participants were included in 1999 (aged ≥53 years). Descriptive statistics provided all of the basic characteristic variables. A chi-square test analyzed the association between sex, age, years of education, marriage, hypertension, drinking, smoking, and the incidence of depression. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine significant associations between physical activity and fruit-vegetable intake, and the presence or absence of depression after 16 years. RESULTS: Combined high physical activity and fruit-vegetable intake reduced the risk of depression by 80% (OR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.10-0.45, p = 0.001) compared to low physical activity and fruit-vegetable intake; high physical activity and moderate or low fruit-vegetable intake caused a 70% reduction (OR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.15-0.63, p = 0.005). High fruit-vegetable intake and low physical activity caused a 65% reduction (OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.15-0.63, p = 0.005), compared to low physical activity and low fruit-vegetable intake. High physical activity alone caused a 40% reduction, which is the same as by high fruit-vegetable intake alone. CONCLUSIONS: Fruit-vegetable intake combined with physical activity was negatively correlated with the risk of depression. More fruit-vegetable intake and physical activity might reduce this risk. The results highlight the importance of physical activity and fruit-vegetable consumption for middle-aged and older adults to prevent depression.

Leisure-time physical activity is associated with reduced risks of breast cancer and triple negative breast cancer in Nigerian women.

BACKGROUND: Leisure-time physical activity(LTPA) is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer, but this has less been investigated by cancer subtypes in Africans living in Sub-Saharan Africa(SSA). We examined the associations between LTPA and breast cancer including its subtypes in Nigerian women and explored the effect modification of body size on such associations. METHODS: The sample included 508 newly diagnosed primary invasive breast cancer cases and 892 controls from the Nigerian Integrative Epidemiology of Breast Cancer(NIBBLE) Study. Immunohistochemical(IHC) analysis was available for 294 cases. Total metabolic equivalents(METs) per hour/week of LTPA were calculated and divided by quartiles(Q1 <3.75, Q2:3.75-6.69, Q3:6.70-14.74, Q4:14.75 ≤). We applied logistic regressions to estimate the adjusted Odds Ratios(ORs) between LTPA and breast cancer and by its molecular subtypes and whether age-adjusted associations are modified by BMI. RESULTS: The mean age(Mean±SD) of cases vs. controls(45.5 ± 11.1vs.40.1 ± 9.0) was higher, and the mean total METs hour/week was higher in controls vs. cases(11.9 ± 14.9vs.8.3 ± 11.1,p-value<0.001). Overall, 43.2%(N = 127/294) were classified as HRP, and 41.8%(N = 123/294) as TNBC. Women in the higher LTPA quartiles(Q3-Q4) vs. Q1 had lower odds of having breast cancer(ORQ4vs.Q1=0.51,95%CI:0.35-0.74) and TNBC(ORQ4vs.Q1=0.51, 95%CI:0.27-0.96), but not HRP(ORQ4vs.Q1=0.61,95%CI:0.34-1.09) after adjusting for age, age at first menarche, body size, breastfeeding, menopausal, parity, contraceptives, demographics, alcohol, smoking, and physical activity at home and work. Lastly, LTPA and its age-adjusted association with breast cancer was more pronounced in women with BMI< 30 vs. BMI 30 + . CONCLUSIONS: LTPA may reduce the risk of breast cancer, especially TNBC, which is the more aggressive and prevalent molecular subtype of breast cancer in SSA.

Interaction of leisure-time physical activity with body mass index on the risk of obesity-related cancers: A pooled study.

Physical activity (PA) has been associated with a lower risk of some obesity-related cancers, but the combined association and interaction of PA and body weight on obesity-related cancer risk is less clear. We examined the association of leisure-time PA (high/low) and its combination with body mass index (BMI, <25 [low]/≥25 [high] kg/m2 ) on obesity-related cancer risk in 570 021 individuals, aged 43 years on average at baseline, in five Scandinavian cohorts. We used Cox regression to calculate hazard ratios of obesity-related cancers (n = 19 074) and assessed multiplicative and additive interactions between PA and BMI on risk. High leisure-time PA, recorded in 19% of the individuals, was associated with a 7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4%-10%) lower risk of any obesity-related cancer compared to low PA, with similar associations amongst individuals with a low and a high BMI (6% [1%-11%] and 7% [2%-11%]). High PA was also associated with decreased risks of renal cell (11% [9%-31%]) and colon cancer (9% [2%-16%]). When high PA and low BMI were combined, the relative risk reduction for all obesity-related cancers was 24% (95% CI 20%-28%); endometrial cancer, 47% (35%-57%); renal cell cancer, 39% (27%-51%); colon cancer, 27% (19%-35%); multiple myeloma, 23% (2%-40%) and pancreatic cancer, 21% (4%-35%), compared to low PA-high BMI. There were no additive or multiplicative interactions between PA and BMI on risk. The result of our study suggests a reduced risk of obesity-related cancer by leisure-time PA in both normal weight and overweight individuals, which further decreased for PA and normal weight combined.

Association between Self-Reported Childhood Difficulties and Obesity and Health-Related Behaviors in Adulthood-A Cross-Sectional Study among 28,047 Adults from the General Population.

The aim of the present study was to examine the associations between self-reported childhood difficulties, weight status, and lifestyle behaviors among a representative sample of Norwegian adults. This cross-sectional study included 28,047 adults (>18 years old) living in southern Norway. A self-report questionnaire was used to assess information about the overall quality of the respondents' childhood retrospectively in addition to current weight status and current lifestyle behaviors. Multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for gender, age, and educational level showed that evaluating childhood as difficult was associated with increased odds of obesity (OR: 1.29; 95% CI; 1.16-1.44) in adulthood. Moreover, a difficult childhood was associated with increased odds of unhealthy lifestyle behaviors in adulthood, including low consumption of fruit and berries (1.21; 1.09-1.34) and fish (1.43; 1.30-1.57), high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (1.30; 1.14-1.48), low level of physical activity (1.10; 1.01-1.21), smoking cigarettes (1.78; 1.61-1.97), and using smokeless tobacco (1.20; 1.07-1.36). Overall, results from the present study suggest that experiencing childhood as difficult is associated with an increased risk of obesity and a range of unhealthy lifestyle behaviors in adulthood. Thus, our findings highlight the importance of identifying and providing support to children in difficult life circumstances in addition to customized and targeted public health efforts in adulthood.