Developmental histology of the liver in the Balkan crested newt Triturus ivanbureschi (Caudata: Salamandridae).

The liver, a crucial organ for metabolic processes, has a generally uniform histological structure across amphibian taxa. However, ontogenetic changes, particularly those related to biphasic life cycle and metamorphosis, are less documented. Here, we explored and described the liver histology of an emerging model organism, the Balkan crested newt (Triturus ivanbureschi) at three ontogenetic stages: larval, juvenile (just after metamorphosis) and adult. At the larval stage, the liver is characterized by hepatocytes containing large lipid droplets, poorly developed basement membranes in the blood vessels, and a lack of melanin-rich macrophage centers. Juveniles show transitional characteristics between larvae and adults. Lipid droplets in hepatocytes are abundant, but also, at the juvenile stage the well-developed basement membrane of blood vessels and melanomacrophages are present, as in adults. The presence of lipid droplets in hepatocytes during larval and juvenile stages suggests the liver's role in fat storage and energy provision during development and growth. Melanomacrophages, which synthesize melanin, perform phagocytosis, and neutralize free radicals, have been found in juveniles (after metamorphosis) and increase with age. The biphasic life cycle and liver histology transition in Triturus newts provide an insight in changes in liver histology and make them a suitable model for studying fat deposition regulation and the evolution of the immune system in terrestrial vertebrates.

Transmission electron microscopy of transbronchial lung cryobiopsy samples in a cohort of fibrotic interstitial lung disease patients - feasibility and implications of endothelial alterations.

We evaluated the utility of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC) samples from 16 consecutive patients undergoing routine evaluation of fibrotic interstitial lung disease (ILD). Next to routine pathology examination, 1 to 2 TBLC samples were prepared for TEM analysis and evaluated using a Zeiss LEO EM 910. Subpleural cryobiopsies and unfrozen excision biopsies from fresh lobectomy tissue of non-ILD lung cancer patients served as controls. TEM provided high-quality images with only minor cryoartifacts as compared to controls. Furthermore, in several ILD patients we found marked microvascular endothelial abnormalities like luminal pseudopodia-like protrusions and inner surface defects. These were extensively present in four (25%), moderately present in seven (43.8%), and largely absent in five (31.3%) patients. A higher degree of TEM endothelial abnormalities was associated with younger age, non-specific interstitial pneumonia pattern, higher broncho-alveolar lavage lymphocyte count, positive autoantibodies, and lower spirometry, diffusion capacity and oxygenation biomarkers. We conclude that TEM evaluation of TBLC samples from ILD patients is feasible, while the observed microvascular alterations warrant further evaluation.

Assessing Intra-Bundle Impregnation in Partially Impregnated Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites Using a 2D Extended-Field and Multimodal Imaging Approach.

This study evaluates multimodal imaging for characterizing microstructures in partially impregnated thermoplastic matrix composites made of woven glass fiber and polypropylene. The research quantifies the impregnation degree of fiber bundles within composite plates manufactured through a simplified compression resin transfer molding process. For comparison, a reference plate was produced using compression molding of film stacks. An original surface polishing procedure was introduced to minimize surface defects while polishing partially impregnated samples. Extended-field 2D imaging techniques, including polarized light, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopies, were used to generate images of the same microstructure at fiber-scale resolutions throughout the plate. Post-processing workflows at the macro-scale involved stitching, rigid registration, and pixel classification of FM and SEM images. Meso-scale workflows focused on 0°-oriented fiber bundles extracted from extended-field images to conduct quantitative analyses of glass fiber and porosity area fractions. A one-way ANOVA analysis confirmed the reliability of the statistical data within the 95% confidence interval. Porosity quantification based on the conducted multimodal approach indicated the sensitivity of the impregnation degree according to the layer distance from the pool of melted polypropylene in the context of simplified-CRTM. The findings underscore the potential of multimodal imaging for quantitative analysis in composite material production.

Bedside Method to Check the Adequacy of Kidney Biopsy Sample with a Smartphone Camera and Macro Lenses: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: The utilization of smartphone-assisted evaluation is emerging in the field of histopathology. This technique improves the adequacy of samples at the bedside, avoids procedure-related complications, reduces unnecessary repeat biopsies, and saves the cost of the procedure. This study aims to compare the number of glomeruli in a renal biopsy specimen obtained by an ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle biopsy, counted at the bedside using a smartphone fitted with a 16-megapixel macro lens (Bedside method) with that observed under a light microscope after the processing of the biopsy specimen (LM method). Materials and Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 24 consecutive adult patients (48 kidney biopsy samples) who underwent kidney biopsies were enrolled. All specimens were extracted by an ultrasound-guided percutaneous renal biopsy from the lower pole of the left kidney. Patients' demographics and clinical data were prospectively collected. The number of glomeruli in all the biopsy specimens was counted using a smartphone fitted with a 16-megapixel macro lens at the bedside (Bedside method) and subsequently under a light microscope by a pathologist after processing the biopsy specimen (LM method). Seven or more glomeruli in the specimen were considered adequate in our study. Results: The mean age of patients at biopsy was 46.9 ± 16 years with slightly male predominance (54.2%). A total of 47 specimens were obtained from 24 patients. Of the 24 patients, 22 had native kidney biopsy and 2 had renal allograft biopsy. The average number of cores obtained per patient was 1.96. The length of core specimens ranged from 1.5 to 2 cm. A good agreement was found between bedside adequacy and slide adequacy, κ =0.684, P = 0.000. The positive agreement rate and negative agreement rate were 91.4% and 23.1%, respectively. Conclusion: In the modern era of technology, the smartphone is a good tool to evaluate the adequacy of biopsy specimens at the bedside.

[Health risks due to the presence of asbestos in cosmetic talcs. An Italian story]. / Rischi per la salute dovuti alla possibile presenza di amianto nei talchi cosmetici. Riflessioni sull'esperienza italiana.

The presence of asbestos in cosmetic talc has been reported in the United States since the 1970s. The present article first retraces the Italian case, then focuses on technical features as well as the relevant laws, rules, and regulations, ending with a precautionary evidence-based approach. Research was mainly aimed at retrieving official Italian Health Authority papers on the tests carried out several decades ago, to identify the presence of any asbestos in talc of products for sale. Results show that, in Italy, National Institute of Health (the technical agency of the Ministry of Health) and the Italian Pharmacopoeia (1985) used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to ascertain the absence of asbestos fibres, following positive identification in several samples they had analysed. In 2008, Italy adopted the EU Pharmacopoeia according to which light microscopy (LM) was sufficient for analysis. Such a technical downgrading clearly went - and goes - against the standard principle of precaution to prevent harm to users' health.Unfortunately, documents on the above-mentioned SEM research that would have contextualized observations were not recovered from the Italian State Archive. Observations and results indicate that in practice levels of attention on the issue underwent a considerable (negative) decline, so much that effective planning of the necessary controls was not possible, which is unfortunately true to this day. Final comments deal with the principle of precaution and possible practical operational solutions.

Optimizing Coreopsis tinctoria Flower Extraction and Inhibiting CML Activity: Box-Behnken Design.

BACKGROUND: Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is an uncommon type of cancer of the bone marrow associated with high mortality. Although several effective therapies have been developed to reduce symptoms in patients with CML, many of these methods are associated with side effects. Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. (C. tinctoria) is a natural medicinal material that possesses antioxidant and anticancer activities. Yet, its effect in treating leukemia has still not been fully explored. OBJECTIVE: To optimize the C. tinctoria flower extraction process and investigate whether these extracts can impair CML cell survival. METHODS: The extraction process of C. tinctoria was optimized by the Box-Behnken design response surface method. K562 cells were treated with different volumes (0, 10, 25, 50, and 100 µL) of C. tinctoria flower extracts. The effect of C. tinctoria extract on cell morphology and cell apoptosis was assessed by light microscopy, laser confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry. RESULTS: We established the following optimized C. tinctoria flower extraction conditions: temperature of 84.4°C, extraction period of 10 mins, solid-liquid ratio of 1:65, and times 4. These conditions were applied for C. tinctoria flower extraction. Pre-incubation of extracts prepared under the aforementioned optimal conditions with K562 cells induced cell cytotoxicity and cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION: C. tinctoria flower extracts exert obvious anti-leukemia effects in vitro and may be a potential drug candidate for leukemia treatment.

Mineralogical investigation of asbestos contamination of soil near old vermiculite processing plant in Honolulu, Hawai'i.

From 1954 to 1983, a vermiculite processing facility operated near the Honolulu airport and processed raw material from the Libby, Montana mine, which is now well known for the high asbestos content of its clay deposits. The factory was closed in 1983 due to health hazard concerns, and remediation was performed in 2001 as part of the Libby mine superfund project. However, because of close proximity of the closed-down facility to residential areas of metropolitan Honolulu, some concerns remain regarding the possible environmental persistence of the harmful contaminant. To assess the dispersion of asbestos-contaminated vermiculite and explore the impact of trade winds on its distribution, air samples, and soil samples were collected from multiple locations near the former vermiculite plant. Polarized light microscopy was employed to identify elongated minerals, including potential asbestos. Quantitative mineralogical analysis utilizing X-ray powder diffraction and Rietveld refinement revealed an average content of approximately 7% vermiculite and 4% tremolite at the site. The asbestiform nature of tremolite was confirmed through X-ray micro-diffraction. Detailed analysis of airborne samples using transmission electron microscopy revealed no detectable levels of asbestos fibers in the vicinity of the former processing facilities, but the possibility of asbestos fibers becoming airborne due to mechanical disturbance during dry weather cannot be ruled out.

Identification and morphological characterization of different types of plastic microparticles.

The knowledge of the polymeric composition of microplastics (MPs) is interesting because offers useful information on the resistance, durability, and degradability of these materials, also allowing progress in the control of this contamination. However, there is currently a lack of reliable standardized methods for the identification, and characterization of the plastic microparticles. This work uses different techniques in a complementary manner for the identification, and characterization of MPs that more frequently are found in the environment. A total of 10 types of plastics were collected (polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PETE), polyethylene (PE), high- and low-density polyethylene (HDPE and LDPE, respectively), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Polyamide (PA, Nylon 6,6) and poly-carbonate (PC)) and their chemical identification were analyzed by reflectance-attenuated infrared (FTIR-ATR). Furthermore, the samples were observed using light microscopy, and scan-ning electron microscopy (SEM). Also, staining with 12 different dyes was performed to improve the identification of microplastics. The results of this study revealed that PETE, PE, HDPE and LDPE, whose SEM images exhibited smoothness and flat uniformity of their surface, were not (or less) susceptible to adsorb staining solutions while PP, PA, PVC, and PTFE, were capable of adsorbing the dye solutions.

Occurrence and lithogeochemical composition of iron ore in Ngororero District, Rwanda.

This research aimed to investigate the occurrence and lithogeochemical composition of iron ore in the Ngororero District of Rwanda, with a specific focus on assessing its suitability as a raw material for iron and steel production. The objective was to determine the elemental composition, mineral species, and morphology of the iron ore samples collected from the study area. Eleven samples were collected and analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray diffractogram (XRD), and Optical Light Microscopy. The study shows that Ngororero iron ore is a medium-grade hematite (Fe2O3) ore with iron content ranging from 58.3 % to 65.8 %. Importantly, it contains minimal impurities (less than 3.7 % SiO2 and less than 0.4 % Al2O3) and low levels of detrimental elements (P less than 0.02 % and S less than 0.19 %). While the sulfur (S) content slightly exceeds standard limits, the phosphorus (P) content falls within the acceptable range for commercial iron ores. These findings, marking the first report of iron ore occurrence in the Ngororero District, have significant implications for the potential exploitation of Ngororero iron ore as a valuable raw material in iron and steel production and its suitability for industrial applications. To confirm its economic potential and assess its viability for iron and steel production in Rwanda, the study recommends that additional thorough exploration activities be conducted in this area using both geology and geophysical investigation as well as exploration drilling for iron ore reserve estimation in the study area.

On the structural and mechanical properties of mixed coconut and olive oil oleogels and bigels.

The interaction of monoglycerides and phytosterols in olive- and coconut oil on the structuring of oleogels was analyzed. Specifically, bigels with gelatin hydrogel in different ratios (40:60 and 60:40 w/w) were formed. The physicochemical and microstructural attributes of these systems were assessed. The olive oil to coconut oil ratio (0-100 w/w) and the added oleogelators affected the crystal structure and the mechanical properties of the oleogels. Polarized light microscopy revealed that the addition of coconut oil created a denser triglycerides crystal network and the presence of phytosterols created more needle-like crystals, enhancing the textural properties of the oleogels and of the resulting bigels. The hardness of the oleogels ranged from 0.50 N to 1.24 N and for bigels was 5.96-36.75 N. Bigels hardness decreased as the oleogel ratio in the bigel increased. Microscopy and FTIR revealed that the addition of coconut oil in oleogels hampered the formation of a distinct crystalline monoglycerides network. Also, the absence of new peaks in the bigels indicated that the two structured phases interact with each other mostly physically, without the formation of new chemical bonds. Consequently, the oleogels and bigels developed, comprise a promising hard fat substitute with improved nutritional profile.

A brief history of the Feulgen reaction.

One hundred years ago, Robert Feulgen published a landmark paper in which he described the first method to stain DNA in cells and tissues. Although a century has passed since the discovery by Feulgen and Rossenbeck, the chemical reaction still exerts an important influence in current histochemical studies. Its contribution in diverse fields, spanning from biomedicine to plant biology, has paved the way for the most significant studies that constitute our current knowledge. The possibility to specifically explore the DNA in cell nuclei while quantifying its content makes it a contemporary and timeless method. Indeed, many histocytochemical studies following the 1924 paper have led to a deep understanding of genome organization in general as well as several specific mechanisms (e.g. DNA duplication or tumour pathology) that, nowadays, constitute some of the most fundamental pillars in biological investigations. In this review, we discuss the chemistry and application of the Feulgen reaction to both light and electron microscopy.

Reliability of the DI-60 Digital Image Analyzer for Detecting Platelet Clumping and Obtaining Accurate Platelet Counts.

Pseudothrombocytopenia caused by platelet clumping (PC) can lead to unnecessary platelet transfusions or underdiagnosis of hematologic neoplasms. To overcome these limitations, we assessed the capacity of the Sysmex DI-60 digital morphology analyzer (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan) for detecting PC and determining an accurate platelet count in the presence of PC. For this purpose, 135 samples with or without PC (groups Y and N, respectively) were processed by an examiner (a hematologic specialist) using both the Sysmex XN-9000 and DI-60 analyzers. Although the platelet aggregate (PA) and giant platelet (GP) counts reported by the DI-60 and the examiner exhibited strong correlations, they proved inadequate as effective indicators for screening samples containing PC. Between the PA and GP counts and four platelet indices (the platelet distribution width [PDW], mean platelet volume [MPV], platelet large cell ratio [P_LCR], and plateletcrit [PCT]) reported by the XN-9000, we observed statistically significant correlations (both overall and with group Y), but they were relatively weak. The platelet counts determined using the DI-60 and light microscopy in group Y showed substantial variations. Although the performance of the DI-60 was reliable for detecting PA and GP in smear images, such fixed areas are not representative of whole samples. Further, in the presence of PC, the resulting platelet counts determined using the DI-60 were not sufficiently accurate to be accepted as the final count.

[Morphological features of vasoproliferative tumor of the retina]. / Morfologicheskie osobennosti vazoproliferativnoi opukholi setchatki.

Vasoproliferative retinal tumor (VPT) is a term proposed by ophthalmologists in relation to the totality of manifestations of an intraocular volumetric process with involvement of the inner lining of the eye, an integral part of which is the active growth of blood vessels. The available literature data on the morphology of this process are very contradictory and ambiguous. The article presents two clinical cases of vasoproliferative retinal tumor with own illustration of morphological studies.

[Introduction to renal pathology]. / Einführung in die Nierenpathologie.

In recent decades, nephropathology has developed worldwide as a subspeciality of pathology, which requires special methodological and technical equipment to process the material and specific clinical and pathological expertise to interpret the findings. These special requirements mean that nephropathology is not available at all pathology institutes, but is carried out on a large scale in a few highly specialised centres. The history of nephropathology, or in a narrower sense the specialised histopathological examination of kidney biopsies, began in 1958 with the first use or performance of a kidney biopsy [1]. It thus replaced the practice of urinalysis, which had been common since the Middle Ages, as a diagnostic tool for kidney diseases. Specialised techniques such as immunofluorescence or immunohistology but also electron microscopy are required to assess specific renal changes, for which the examination of renal biopsies is one of the few remaining routine applications today. In Germany and German-speaking countries, the discipline developed thanks to the work of outstanding people in the field of pathology who were primarily involved in this discipline and had the necessary technical and human resources in their laboratories to ensure that these biopsies could be analysed.

Prostatic morphological changes throughout life: Cytochemistry as a tool to reveal tissue aging markers.

The prostate undergoes normal or pathological morphological changes throughout life. An understanding of these changes is fundamental for the comprehension of aging-related pathological processes such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and cancer. In the present study, we show some of these morphological changes, as well as histochemical techniques like Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin method, Picrosirius Red, and Gömöri's reticulin for use as tools in the study of prostate tissue under light microscopy. For this purpose, prostates of the Mongolian gerbil (n = 9), an experimental model that develops BPH spontaneously, were analyzed at three life stages: young (1 month old), adult (3 months old), and old (15 months old). The results showed that fibrillar components such as collagen, and reticular and elastic fibers, change throughout life. In young animals, the prostate has cuboidal epithelium surrounded by thin layers of smooth muscle, continuous collagen fibers, winding reticular fibers, and sporadic elastic fibers. With adulthood, the epithelium becomes columnar, encircled by compacted muscle cells among slender collagen fibers, elongated reticular fibers, and linear elastic fibers. In aging individuals, the prostate's epithelium stratifies, surrounded by thick muscle layers among dense collagen fibers, disordered reticular fibers, and elastic fibers in different planes. We also identified a few accumulations of lipid droplets and lipofuscin granules in adult animals and high accumulation in old animals evidenced by Oil red O and Gömöri-Halmi techniques, respectively. The histochemical techniques presented here have been demonstrated to be useful and accessible tools in prostate studies. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Cytochemical techniques to study prostate morphology. The prostate changes with age.

Establishment of Mouse Orthotopic Urinary Bladder Tumor Model and Its Analysis by Light and Electron Microscopy.

Mouse tumor models are an important tool in cancer research, and the orthotopic cancer cell transplantation model is the most widely used among them. Methods for establishing tumor models may differ in many ways, including the selection of cancer cell lines and the type of urinary bladder pretreatment. Here, we describe our mouse orthotopic bladder tumor model using a labeled MB49 urothelial cancer cell line and chemical pretreatment with the cationic polypeptide poly-L-lysine to traumatize the bladder epithelium. Double labeling of MB49 cancer cells by their transduction with GFP and internalization of metal nanoparticles allows the study of their implantation process from the first hours to several days after intravesical injection, as well as the analysis of developed tumors after 3 weeks. Thus, our model provides a comprehensive analysis of the early and late stages of tumor development in the bladder at the light and electron microscopic level.

Microscopical recognition and characterization of solution dyed fibers.

Solution dyed fibers are synthetic fibers colored through the addition of insoluble pigmentation to the polymer prior to extrusion. This is in contrast to most textile fibers, which are traditionally colored via immersion in liquid dyebaths following extrusion. Solution dyed fibers are increasing in market share in numerous applications (e.g., apparel, carpet, upholstery), and thus, the microscopic characteristics and variety of pigments used to color them represent unexploited properties in forensic fiber comparisons. This paper presents the development of a microscopical process to first recognize a fiber as solution dyed and subsequently characterize the color and optical properties of each type of pigment found in a given fiber. To this end, a set of 76 fibers, representing polypropylene, nylon, polyester, and rayon, spanning all nominal colors and several consumer applications were analyzed longitudinally and in cross section using a combination of polarized light, fluorescence, and oil immersion microscopy. A given fiber contained between one and six different pigments, and a total of 260 pigments (not all unique) were recognized within this set of fibers. Pigment morphologies were categorized as angular, elongated, rounded, finely divided, or streaky, and about 40% of the pigments fluoresced. Ultimately, this body of data is intended to provide trace evidence examiners with a specific approach to recognize and begin to exploit pigmented fibers encountered in casework.

Prostate-specific antigen: An unfamiliar protein in the human salivary glands.

OBJECTIVES: The presence of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in saliva and salivary glands has been reported. Nevertheless, its release pathway in these glands remains to be elucidated. Here, we showed PSA subcellular distribution focusing on its plausible route in human salivary parenchyma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sections of parotid and submandibular glands were subjected to the immunohistochemical demonstration of PSA by the streptavidin-biotin method revealed by alkaline phosphatase. Moreover, ultrathin sections were collected on nickel grids and processed for immunocytochemical analysis, to visualize the intracellular distribution pattern of PSA through the observation by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: By immunohistochemistry, in both parotid and submandibular glands PSA expression was detected in serous secretory acini and striated ducts. By immunocytochemistry, immunoreactivity was retrieved in the cytoplasmic compartment of acinar and ductal cells, often associated with small cytoplasmic vesicles. PSA labeling appeared also on rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the acini's lumen. A negligible PSA labeling appeared in most of the secretory granules of both glands. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings clearly support that human parotid and submandibular glands are involved in PSA secretion. Moreover, based on the immunoreactivity pattern, its release in oral cavity would probably occur by minor regulated secretory or constitutive-like secretory pathways.

Antimicrobial Efficacy and Dentin Collagen Damage Caused by Calcium Hypochlorite and Sodium Hypochlorite

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of calcium hypochlorite (Ca (OCl)2) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and dentin organic matrix alteration by picrosirius staining and light microscopy (LM). Samples of human extracted teeth were infected with Enterococcus faecalis by centrifugation of the bacterial suspension and were treated with Ca(OCl)2 or NaOCl at 0.5%, 2.5%, and 6% for 15, 30, and 60 seconds. CLSM and viability staining were used to quantitatively analyze the proportions of dead/live bacteria in the canal lumen and border of the root canal. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Fisher test. For LM analysis, one hundred bovine teeth were randomly divided into 10 test groups (n=10): G1- Without treatment; G2- 17% EDTA; G3- 6% NaOCl; G4- 6% NaOCl + EDTA; G5- 0.5% Ca(OCl)2; G6- 0.5% Ca(OCl)2 + EDTA; G7- 2.5% Ca(OCl)2; G8- 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 + EDTA; G9- 6% Ca(OCl)2; G10- 6% Ca(OCl)2 + EDTA. The samples were fragmented and stained with Picrosirius. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn (P<0.05). There was a strong correlation between the results of the canal lumen and the border of the root canal (r=0.962). Both hypochlorites at a concentration of 0.5% showed less microbial reduction compared to 2.5% and 6% (P<0.05). There was less antimicrobial activity at 15 seconds compared to 30 and 60 seconds (P<0.05). Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl showed similar results at the same concentrations (P>0.05). In conclusion, Ca(OCl)2 caused fewer alterations to the dentin organic matrix at concentrations of 0.5% and 2.5%. Ca(OCl)2 presents antimicrobial activity similar to NaOCl, and collagen damage is concentration-dependent.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana do hipoclorito de cálcio (Ca(OCl)2) e do hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl) usando a microscopia confocal a laser (MCVL) e a alteração da matriz orgânica da dentina por meio da coloração com picrosirius e microscopia óptica (MO). Amostras de dentes humanos extraídos foram infectados com Enterococcus faecalis por centrifugação da suspensão bacteriana. As amostras foram tratadas com Ca(OCl)2 ou NaOCl a 0,5%, 2,5% e 6% durante 15, 30 e 60 segundos. A MCVLe a coloração de viabilidade foram utilizadas para analisar quantitativamente as proporções de bactérias vivas/mortas no lúmen do canal e no bordo do canal radicular. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA e teste de Fisher LSD. Para análise de MO, cem dentes bovinos foram divididos aleatoriamente em 10 grupos teste (n=10): G1- Sem tratamento; G2- 17% de EDTA; G3- 6% de NaOCl; G4- 6% de NaOCl + EDTA; G5- 0,5% de Ca(OCl)2; G6- 0,5% de Ca(OCl)2 + EDTA; G7- 2,5% de Ca(OCl)2; G8- 2,5% de Ca(OCl)2 + EDTA; G9- 6% de Ca(OCl)2; G10- 6% de Ca(OCl)2 + EDTA. As amostras foram fragmentadas e coradas com Picrosirius. Os dados foram analisados por Kruskal-Wallis e teste de Dunn (P<0,05). Houve uma forte correlação nos resultados do lúmen do canal e na borda do canal radicular (r=0,962). Ambos os hipocloritos, a uma concentração de 0,5%, mostraram menor redução microbiana em comparação com 2,5% e 6% (P<0,05). Houve menor atividade antimicrobiana aos 15 segundos em comparação com 30 e 60 segundos (P<0,05). Em conclusão, o Ca(OCl)2 e o NaOCl apresentaram resultados semelhantes nas mesmas concentrações (P>0,05). O Ca(OCl)2 causou menos alterações na matriz orgânica da dentina em concentrações de 0,5% e 2,5%. O Ca(OCl)2 apresenta atividade antimicrobiana semelhante ao NaOCl, e os danos ao colágeno dependem da concentraçã

The Value of Micro-CT in the Diagnosis of Lung Carcinoma: A Radio-Histopathological Perspective.

Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is a relatively new imaging modality and the three-dimensional (3D) images obtained via micro-CT allow researchers to collect both quantitative and qualitative information on various types of samples. Micro-CT could potentially be used to examine human diseases and several studies have been published on this topic in the last decade. In this study, the potential uses of micro-CT in understanding and evaluating lung carcinoma and the relevant studies conducted on lung and other tumors are summarized. Currently, the resolution of benchtop laboratory micro-CT units has not reached the levels that can be obtained with light microscopy, and it is not possible to detect the histopathological features (e.g., tumor type, adenocarcinoma pattern, spread through air spaces) required for lung cancer management. However, its ability to provide 3D images in any plane of section, without disturbing the integrity of the specimen, suggests that it can be used as an auxiliary technique, especially in surgical margin examination, the evaluation of tumor invasion in the entire specimen, and calculation of primary and metastatic tumor volume. Along with future developments in micro-CT technology, it can be expected that the image resolution will gradually improve, the examination time will decrease, and the relevant software will be more user friendly. As a result of these developments, micro-CT may enter pathology laboratories as an auxiliary method in the pathological evaluation of lung tumors. However, the safety, performance, and cost effectiveness of micro-CT in the areas of possible clinical application should be investigated. If micro-CT passes all these tests, it may lead to the convergence of radiology and pathology applications performed independently in separate units today, and the birth of a new type of diagnostician who has equal knowledge of the histological and radiological features of tumors.