Effects of taurine, cysteine and melatonin as antioxidant supplements to the freezing medium of Prochilodus brevis sperm.

Cryopreservation consist of a set of methods to preserve cells and tissues by drastically reducing the temperature. Among some undesired effects, cryopreservation might generate reactive oxygen species that lead to an increase of oxidative stress, causing damage to cells. This study aimed to test taurine, cysteine, and melatonin on the freezing of Prochilodus brevis sperm and assess its effects on post-thawed sperm quality. Sperm was collected and seven pools were formed (n = 7). They were diluted (1:9) in standard medium (5% glucose, 10% dimethyl sulfoxide and 5% egg yolk) supplemented or not (control) with taurine (0.3, 1.0, 3.16 or 10.0 mM), cysteine (0.3, 1.0, 3.16 or 10.0 mM) or melatonin (0.6, 1.12, 2.0 or 3.56 mM). Post-thawed sperm was evaluated for kinetic (total motility, velocities, and percentage of rapid cells), morphology and membrane and DNA integrity. Differences were found when melatonin was used as an antioxidant. For the variables rapid sperm and sperm velocities, 3.56 mM melatonin presented higher results than the control (melatonin 0 mM). Melatonin 2 mM was similar to 3.56 mM on rapid sperm, average path velocity (VAP) and curvilinear velocity (VCL). No difference was found between concentration 0 mM (control) and taurine treatments. As for cysteine, 0.3 mM presented the best results for rapid sperm than 10 mM, and higher VCL and VAP than 1 mM. Melatonin 3.56 mM presented higher results on kinetic parameters (rapid motility, VCL, VSL and VAP) than other tested antioxidants. Therefore, melatonin 3.56 mM is recommended to be added to the sperm freezing medium of P. brevis.

Novel angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from tuna byproducts-milts: Preparation, characterization, molecular docking study, and antioxidant function on H2O2-damaged human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

To prepare peptides with high angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory (ACEi) activity, Alcalase was screened from five proteases and employed to prepare protein hydrolysate (TMH) of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) milts. Subsequently, 10 novel ACEi peptides were isolated from the high-ACEi activity TMH and identified as Tyr-Asp-Asp (YDD), Thr-Arg-Glu (TRE), Arg-Asp-Tyr (RDY), Thr-Glu-Arg-Met (TERM), Asp-Arg-Arg-Tyr-Gly (DRRYG), Ile-Cys-Tyr (ICY), Leu-Ser-Phe-Arg (LSFR), Gly-Val-Arg-Phe (GVRF), Lys-Leu-Tyr-Ala-Leu-Phe (KLYALF), and Ile-Tyr-Ser-Pro (IYSP) with molecular weights of 411.35, 404.41, 452.45, 535.60, 665.69, 397.48, 521.61, 477.55, 753.91, and 478.53 Da, respectively. Among them, the IC50 values of ICY, LSFR, and IYSP on ACE were 0.48, 0.59, and 0.76 mg/mL, respectively. The significant ACEi activity of ICY, LSFR, and IYSP with affinities of -7.0, -8.5, and -8.3 kcal/mol mainly attributed to effectively combining with the ACEi active sites through hydrogen bonding, electrostatic force, and hydrophobic interaction. Moreover, ICY, LSFR, and IYSP could positively influence the production of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) secretion in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and weaken the adverse impact of norepinephrine (NE) on the production of NO and ET-1. In addition, ICY, LSFR, and IYSP could provide significant protection to HUVECs against H2O2 damage by increasing antioxidase levels to decrease the contents of reactive oxide species and malondialdehyde. Therefore, the ACEi peptides of ICY, LSFR, and IYSP are beneficial functional molecules for healthy foods against hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.

Animal and Cellular Studies Demonstrate Some of the Beneficial Impacts of Herring Milt Hydrolysates on Obesity-Induced Glucose Intolerance and Inflammation.

The search for bioactive compounds from enzymatic hydrolysates has increased in the last few decades. Fish by-products have been shown to be rich in these valuable molecules; for instance, herring milt is a complex matrix composed of lipids, nucleotides, minerals, and proteins. However, limited information is available on the potential health benefits of this by-product. In this context, three industrial products containing herring milt hydrolysate (HMH) were tested in both animal and cellular models to measure their effects on obesity-related metabolic disorders. Male C57Bl/6J mice were fed either a control chow diet or a high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks and received either the vehicle (water) or one of the three HMH products (HMH1, HMH2, and HMH3) at a dose of 208.8 mg/kg (representing 1 g/day for a human) by daily oral gavage. The impact of HMH treatments on insulin and glucose tolerance, lipid homeostasis, liver gene expression, and the gut microbiota profile was studied. In parallel, the effects of HMH on glucose uptake and inflammation were studied in L6 myocytes and J774 macrophages, respectively. In vivo, daily treatment with HMH2 and HMH3 improved early time point glycemia during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) induced by the HFHS diet, without changes in weight gain and insulin secretion. Interestingly, we also observed that HMH2 consumption partially prevented a lower abundance of Lactobacillus species in the gut microbiota of HFHS diet-fed animals. In addition to this, modulations of gene expression in the liver, such as the upregulation of sucrose nonfermenting AMPK-related kinase (SNARK), were reported for the first time in mice treated with HMH products. While HMH2 and HMH3 inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induction in J774 macrophages, glucose uptake was not modified in L6 muscle cells. These results indicate that milt herring hydrolysates reduce some metabolic and inflammatory alterations in cellular and animal models, suggesting a possible novel marine ingredient to help fight against obesity-related immunometabolic disorders.

Viability, motility, ATP content and fertilizing potential of sperm from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in milt stored before cryopreservation.

Artificial fertilization is increasingly used in aquaculture, mostly applying short-term cold stored milt. Large scale cryopreservation of milt could be valuable for increased flexibility and acceleration of breeding progress. The aim of this study was to assess viability, motility and ATP content of sperm from Atlantic salmon as a function of storage time, before and after cryopreservation. The objective was also to investigate whether in vitro parameters were associated with sperm fertilizing ability after cryopreservation. Milt from six mature Atlantic salmon males were collected twice, one week apart. The milt was stored undiluted at 5 °C in cell culture flasks for six days. Samples were taken on days 1, 3 and 6 of storage for cryopreservation. In total, 36 batches were diluted to a standardized sperm concentration of 2 × 109 spermatozoa/mL, filled into 0.5 mL French medium straws and cryopreserved. In vitro analyses were assessed on the same sample for the 72 combinations of male, collection week, days of storage and cold stored or frozen-thawed. Fertilization trials with cryopreserved milt were carried out for all 36 batches in triplicate for each combination of male, collection week, storage time and sperm:egg ratios of either 2 or 4 × 106 sperm per egg, respectively, totally 218 experimental units, including two egg controls. There was a significant influence of storage and collection week on sperm quality parameters, both cold stored and cryopreserved, and cryopreservation had a significant effect on all tested sperm quality parameters. High correlations for cold stored vs cryopreserved samples was demonstrated for ATP content (p < 0.00001), motility and velocity parameters (p < 0.001), but not for viability, straightness and linearity. The overall percentage of fertilization achieved was 73.9 ± 1.7%. Sperm collected in week 2 showed significantly lower fertility when cryopreserved after six days of storage than after 1 or 3 days for sperm to egg ratios of 2 × 106 (p < 0.005), while there was no such effect for milt collected in week 1. Several post-thaw sperm parameters were correlated to fertilization rates, while curvilinear velocity best explained variations in fertilization by modelling. Our results suggest that cryopreservation of Atlantic salmon milt should be performed soon after milt collection to maximize the cryopreserved sperm quality. Fertilization results seems not to be compromised by storage for three days before cryopreservation.

Effects of an Extract of Salmon Milt on Symptoms and Serum TNF and Substance P in Patients With Fibromyalgia Syndrome.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a dietary supplement containing primarily an extract of salmon's milt (semen) on symptoms and blood levels of proinflammatory molecules in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), a chronic, painful musculoskeletal disease without a distinct pathogenesis or treatment. We recently reported increased serum levels of the proinflammatory molecules substance P (SP) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in patients with FMS as compared to those in normal controls. METHODS: This prospective, open-label study was conducted in patients with FMS (n = 87; 80 women, 7 men; age range, 18-80 years) selected from 2 clinical centers in Spain. Patients were administered the supplement and were evaluated at weeks 1 (before treatment), 4, 8, and 12 (end of treatment) for clinical parameters of functioning, fatigue, and pain, as well as overall impression. Patients were directed to take 1 capsule per day in the morning for the first 4 weeks, followed by 1 capsule in the morning and 1 capsule in the evening for the remaining 8 weeks. Differences in symptom scores in patients with FMS between weeks 1 and weeks 4, 8, and 12 were evaluated using ANOVA. Blood was obtained and serum separated in patients with FMS at 1 and 12 weeks and in a separate population of healthy controls (n = 20; 15 women, 5 men; age range, 25-65 years). Serum levels of SP and TNF were measured in patients with FMS at 1 and 12 weeks and in healthy controls by ELISA. TNF and SP levels in patients with FMS were compared between weeks 1 and 12, as well as between patients with FMS and untreated controls, using the Mann-Whitney U test. FINDINGS: Clinical parameters of functioning, fatigue, and pain, as well as overall impression, were improved significantly at 4 weeks as compared to 1 week and remained unchanged for the duration of the study (all, P < 0.0001). Serum TNF and SP levels were significantly elevated at 1 week in patients with FMS compared to controls and were decreased significantly at 12 weeks as compared to 1 week (all, P < 0.0001). IMPLICATIONS: Our findings indicate that this dietary supplement may significantly improve symptoms in patients with FMS. This is the first time to our knowledge that any molecule has been reported to be associated with a reduction in serum SP level. Consequently, the supplement or its hypothesized main active ingredient, spermine, may be developed as a novel treatment approach to FMS or other neuroinflammatory conditions. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03911882.

Induction of spermiation using Ovaprim™ with topical gill method in the silver rasbora (Rasbora argyrotaenia).

The main obstacles on silver rasbora (Rasbora argyrotaenia) culture are having the limited number of broodstock and spawning depending on the season. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different dosage of Ovaprim™ induction by topical gill method to silver rasbora spermiation in order to continue the production out of its reproduction season with an optimum dose. A total of 30 male fish with a weight of 7.78 ±â€¯0.20 g and length 4.11 ±â€¯0.31 cm was used in this research. Topical gill treatments of Ovaprim™ were administered with following doses; 0.15 µl/g, 0.25 µl/g, 0.35 µl/g, 0.45 µl/g and 0.55 µl/g body weight. Milt volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility, and sperm viability parameters were observed in this study to understand the optimum dose of Ovaprim™ for male silver rasbora breeders. Spermiation induction of silver rasbora using Ovaprim™ with topical gill method has been successfully carried out, indicating an increase (P < 0.05) in milt volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility, and sperm viability. According to results a dose of Ovaprim™ is recommended to be used the 0.25 µl/g body weight in the spermiation induction of silver rasbora.

Effect of hCG and Ovaprim™ on reproductive characteristics of male Levantine scraper, Capoeta damascina (Valenciennes, 1842).

Species richness and abundance within the genus Capoeta has been depleted. As such, there is great need for developing assisted reproductive technologies for controlling reproduction in captivity. Here, we conducted in vivo studies with single administrations of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and Ovaprim™ [(D-Arg6, Pro9NEt)-sGnRH + domperidone] in wild-caught Levantine scraper, Capoeta damascina and then evaluated milt characteristics, fertilization success, serum sex steroids, and spermatogenesis via histological testicular development. Spermiation responses were significantly stronger for Ovaprim injected fish than those injected with hCG or saline. hCG had a negative effect on milt quality by reducing the percentage of motile sperm and fertilization success at 12-48 h post injection (hpi), which was not observed after treatment with Ovaprim or the saline injection. Hormonal therapy resulted in higher sperm densities and spermatocrit, although sperm longevity was not impacted. Sex steroids were not impacted by hCG or saline injection, but Ovaprim effectively induced androgen and progestin release, as evident by higher serum levels of testosterone, and 17α,20ß-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one. Consequently, their levels peaked at 12 hpi, which coincided with maximal milt production. Histological analysis of the testes and quantification of germ cell types revealed that Ovaprim significantly stimulated spermiogenesis, as a higher number of accumulated spermatozoa were observed at 12 h and 24 hpi. Testes from saline and hCG-injected fish remained unchanged through the experiment, and contained all stages of germ cells, predominantly spermatocytes with few spermatozoa. In conclusion, Ovaprim treatment successfully induced steroidogenesis and maturation of spermatogenic germ cells, leading to spermiation and milt production without having any negative impacts on sperm quality and fertility in wild-caught C. damascina.

Protective Effects of Hydrolyzed Nucleoproteins from Salmon Milt against Ethanol-Induced Liver Injury in Rats.

Dietary nucleotides play a role in maintaining the immune responses of both animals and humans. Oral administration of nucleic acids from salmon milt have physiological functions in the cellular metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of human small intestinal epithelial cells. In this study, we examined the effects of DNA-rich nucleic acids prepared from salmon milt (DNSM) on the development of liver fibrosis in an in vivo ethanol-carbon tetrachloride cirrhosis model. Plasma aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were significantly less active in the DNSM-treated group than in the ethanol plus carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated group. Collagen accumulation in the liver and hepatic necrosis were observed histologically in ethanol plus CCl4-treated rats; however, DNSM-treatment fully protected rats against ethanol plus CCl4-induced liver fibrosis and necrosis. Furthermore, we examined whether DNSM had a preventive effect against alcohol-induced liver injury by regulating the cytochrome p450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-mediated oxidative stress pathway in an in vivo model. In this model, CYP2E1 activity in ethanol plus CCl4-treated rats increased significantly, but DNSM-treatment suppressed the enzyme's activity and reduced intracellular thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels. Furthermore, the hepatocytes treated with 100 mM ethanol induced an increase in cell death and were not restored to the control levels when treated with DNSM, suggesting that digestive products of DNSM are effective for the prevention of alcohol-induced liver injury. Deoxyadenosine suppressed the ethanol-induced increase in cell death and increased the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase. These results suggest that DNSM treatment represents a novel tool for the prevention of alcohol-induced liver injury.

Effects of temperature on the final stages of sexual maturation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.).

Maturing male and female Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) were held under three temperature regimes for 10 weeks between September and December: warm (constant 14-16 °C), ambient (decreasing from 11 to 5 °C), and cold (decreasing from 7 to 3 °C). Blood samples were analyzed for plasma steroid levels, and the fish were inspected for the presence of expressible milt (total volume and spermatocrit) and ovulation weekly. Samples of eggs were dry-fertilized with milt stripped from three males held at the same temperatures and incubated until the eyed stage. In females, levels of plasma testosterone (T) and 17ß-oestradiol (E2) dropped as ovulation approached, concurrent with a rapid increase in levels of plasma 17α,20ß-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20ß-P). In males, levels of T and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) peaked 2-3 weeks after the first appearance of expressible milt, while levels of 17,20ß-P increased steadily and did not exhibit a definite peak. Exposure of females to cold water amplified and advanced the profiles of all three steroids compared with the ambient group, and increased the survival rates to the eyed egg stage. Cold water had no immediate effect on the male steroid profiles, but later, higher levels of 17,20ß-P were evident compared with both the ambient controls and the warm water group, while the effects on 11-KT and T were more variable. Exposure to warm water completely inhibited both milt production and ovulation. Moreover, warm water modulated the steroid profiles of the males with lower 11-KT levels compared with ambient controls and lower 17,20ß-P level compared with cold-water-treated males. In females, warm water resulted in total inhibition of the peri-ovulatory peak in 17,20ß-P and prevented the normal decline of T and E2 levels associated with ovulation. The findings of the present study are highly relevant for broodstock management in aquaculture, as well in understanding the impact of climate change/temperature variability on wild salmon spawning.

Cryopreservation of Trans-Andean shovelnose catfish (Sorubim cuspicaudus) semen using dimethylacetamide / Criopreservación de semen de Bagre blanco (Sorubim cuspicaudus) con dimetilacetamida como crioprotector / Criopreservação de sêmen de Bagre branco (Sorubim cuspicaudus) com dimetilacetamida como crioprotetor

Cryoprotectant solutions of dimethylacetamide (DMA) were used at three inclusion levels (8, 10, and 12%) to evaluate cryopreservation of Trans-Andean shovelnose catfish semen. The solutions also included 6% glucose and 5% skimmed milk powder. Osmolarity of the solutions was measured with an osmometer (Precision System, Osmomette III, USA). Semen was diluted at a 1:4 ratio (semen:solution) and frozen in nitrogen vapors using a dry shipper (MVE 4/2V, USA). Concentration, mobility, speed, and progressivity of cryopreserved and fresh semen (control) were assessed with the SCA® Sperm Class Analyzer (Microptic, Spain) computer-assisted program. Fertility and hatching were evaluated fertilizing one gram of oocytes with cryopreserved and fresh semen, which was then kept in 2L cylinder-conical incubators. The osmolarity of cryoprotective solutions was 1233.3 ± 23.1 mOsm/Kg (8%DMA), 1530 ± 0.0 mOsm/Kg (10% DMA), and 1627.7 ± 5.8 mOsm/Kg (12% DMA). Fresh semen showed better total mobility (99.6 ± 0.4%), percentage of rapid sperm (34.7 ± 12.2%), and progressivity (48.2 ± 12.8%), compared with cryopreserved semen (p<0.05). Cryopreserved semen with 8% DMA had the highest total mobility (55.4 ± 13.6%) (p<0.05) as well as the highest percentage of rapid sperm (1.5-2.5%), total progressivity (1.9 to 10.1%), and curvilinear velocity (29,5-35,9 μm/s) without significant difference with the evaluated DMA percentages (p> 0.05). Fertilization with fresh semen (19.5 ± 4.4%) and 8% DMA cryopreserved semen (17.8 ± 8.3%) were not different (p>0.05). A cryoprotective solution composed of 8% DMA, 6% glucose, and 5% skimmed milk powder is a viable alternative to cryopreserve Trans-Andean shovelnose catfish semen.

Para evaluar la crioconservación de semen de bagre blanco utilizando dimetilacetamida (DMA) fueron preparadas soluciones crioprotectoras con DMA a tres porcentajes de inclusión (8, 10 y 12%), glucosa 6% y leche en polvo descremada 5%. La osmolaridad de las soluciones fue medida con osmómetro (Precision System, Osmomette III, Usa). El semen fue diluido a razón de 1:4 (semen:solución) y congelado con vapores de nitrógeno en dry shipper (MVE 4/2v, Usa). La concentración, movilidad total, velocidad y progresividad del semen crioconservado y fresco (control) fue evaluada con el programa asistido por computador Sperm Class Analyzer SCA® (Microptic, España). La fertilidad y eclosión se evaluaron fertilizando un gramo de ovocitos con semen crioconservado y fresco; mantenidos en incubadoras cilindro-cónicas de 2L. La osmolaridad de las soluciones crioprotectoras fue 1233,3 ± 23,1 mOsm/kg (DMA 8%), 1530 ± 0,0 mOsm/kg (DMA 10%) y 1627,7± 5,8 mOsm/kg (DMA 12%). Semen fresco mostró la mejor movilidad total (99,6±0,4%), porcentaje de espermatozoides rápidos (34,7 ± 12,2%) y progresividad (48,2 ± 12,8%), valores estadísticamente diferentes a los obtenidos con semen crioconservado (p<0,05). La mayor movilidad total se registró con semen crioconservado con DMA 8% (55,4 ± 13,6%) (p<0,05); así como los mayores porcentajes de espermatozoides rápidos (1,5-2,5%), progresividad total (1,9-10,1%) y velocidad curvilínea (29,5-35,9 µm/s) sin presentar diferencia significativa con los diferentes porcentajes de DMA evaluados (p>0,05). La fertilización con semen fresco (19,5 ± 4,4%) y semen crioconservado con DMA 8% (17,8 ± 8,3%) no presentó diferencia significativa (p>0,05). La solución crioprotectora compuesta por DMA 8%, glucosa 6% y leche en polvo descremada 5% es una alternativa viable para la crioconservación de semen de bagre blanco.

Para avaliar a criopreservação de sêmen de bagre branco utilizando dimetilacetamida (DMA) foram preparadas soluções crioprotetoras com DMA a três porcentagens de inclusão (8, 10 e 12%), glucose 6%e leite em pó desnatada 5%. A osmolaridade das soluções foi medida com osmômetro (Precision System, Osmomette III, USA). O sêmen foi diluído em razão de 1:4 (sêmen: diluição) e congelado com vapores de nitrogênio em dry shipper (MVE 4/2v, USA). A concentração, mobilidade total, velocidade e progressividade do sêmen criopreservado e fresco (controle) foi avaliado com o programa assistido por computador Sperm Class Analyzer SCA® (Microptic, Espanha). A fertilidade e eclosão avaliaram-se fertilizando uma grama de ovócitos com sêmen criopreservado e fresco, mantidos em incubadoras cilindro-cônicas de 2L. A osmolaridade das soluções crioprotetoras foi de 1233,3 ± 23,1 mOsm/kg (DMA 8%); 1530 ± 0,0 mOsm/kg (DMA 10%) e 1627,7 ± 5,8 mOsm/kg (DMA 12%). O sêmen fresco mostrou a melhor mobilidade total (99,6 ± 0,4%), a porcentagem de espermatozoides rápidos (34,7 ± 12,2%) e de progressividade (48,2 ± 12,8%), esses valores com sêmen fresco são estatisticamente diferentes aos obtidos com sêmen criopreservado (p<0,05). A maior mobilidade total registrou-se com sêmen criopreservado com DMA 8% (55,4 ± 13,6%) (p<0,05); assim como as maiores porcentagens de espermatozoides rápidos (1,5-2,5%), progressividade total (1,9-10,1%) e velocidade curvilínea (29,5-35,9 µm/s) sem apresentar diferença significativa com as diferentes porcentagens de DMA avaliados (p>0,05). A fertilização com sêmen fresco (19,5 ± 4,4%) e sêmen criopreservado com DMA 8% (17,8 ± 8,3%) não apresentou diferença significativa (p>0,05). A solução crioprotetora composta por DMA 8%, glucose 6% e leite em pó desnatada 5% é uma alternativa viável para a criopreservação de sêmen de bagre branco.

Ionizing radiation effects on sex steroid hormone levels in serum and milt of freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus.

Effects of gamma rays on the sex steroid hormone levels [testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) and 17ß-estradiol (E2)] were studied in the freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus. Gamma radiation induced effects on hormone levels reported here for the first time in the fish. Since radionuclides released accidentally or during a nuclear disaster can contaminate inland water bodies, biomonitoring methods are required for assessing the impacts of certain dose levels of radiation that may ultimately result in ionizing radiation exposure to both humans and non-human biota. Three groups of (n=15 in each group) fishes were irradiated with a single dose of (60)Co 10Gy, 15Gy and 20Gy with a duration of .33, .50 and .66min. Significant decrease of the hormone levels was seen at higher doses of 15Gy and 20Gy. The sex steroid hormone levels in the fishes are vital for sperm production, development, differential functions related to the physiology and reproductive behavior. This study serves as biomonitoring tool to assess the ionizing radiation effects on reproductive behavior of aquatic biota.

Individual contributions to pooled-milt fertilizations of silver catfish Rhamdia quelen

Supplementary stocking of fish in natural environments is a way to mitigate or compensate for the changes imposed on wild populations by river damming. Since little is known about the genetic composition of the supplementary stocks obtained by pooled-milt fertilization, the aim of this study was to determine the individual contributions of male jundiá Rhamdia quelen to offspring. Sperm from four males were mixed using equal volume of sperm from each of the males to fertilize eggs from only one female, kept in three blend with six males and three females. The proportions of larvae sired by the different males were quantified using five polymorphic DNA microsatellite loci. Analysis of these loci allowed paternal determination of 84 percent of the progeny, at a 0.972 combined exclusion probability. Broodstock milt had good fertilizing capacity when used alone, but when pooled the fertilizing capacities, its fertilizing possibility varied from 4 to 65 percent. Results show that milt pools favor gametes of some males over others, thus reducing the progeny's genetic variability.(AU)

A estocagem de suplementação de peixes em ambientes naturais é uma das maneiras de mitigar ou compensar as alterações impostas pelo represamento dos rios às populações selvagens. Pouco se conhece sobre a composição genética dos estoques repovoadores obtidos através do manejo reprodutivo com fertilizações com o uso de pool de sêmen, de maneira que este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a contribuição individual de machos de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) na progênie. O mesmo volume de sêmen de quatro machos foi misturado para fertilizar os ovócitos de uma única fêmea, sendo mantidos em três combinações com seis machos e três fêmeas. A proporção de larvas geradas de diferentes machos foi quantificada através de cinco marcadores microssatélites. A análise dos cinco locus permitiu a determinação da paternidade de 84 por cento da progênie, com 0,972 de probabilidade de exclusão combinada. O sêmen dos reprodutores apresentou boa capacidade de fertilização quando utilizados separadamente, porém, quando utilizados em pool apresentaram capacidade de fertilização entre 4 a 65 por cento. Os resultados revelam que o pool de sêmen favorece alguns machos sobre outros, reduzindo a variabilidade genética da progênie(AU)