Novel self-assembled micelles of dual-modified dextrin with pH responsiveness via grafted octenyl succinic anhydride and cysteamine for curcumin delivery.

In this study, a novel dextrin-based micelle (OSAD-SH), dual-modified with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) and cysteamine, was developed to address the acid instability issues of micelle modified only by OSA and designed for curcumin delivery. Three amphiphilic OSAD-SH polymers with different free sulfhydryl content were first synthesized. The study demonstrated that OSAD-SH micelles exhibited strong self-assembly properties, appearing as spheres with diameters ranging from 92.41 to 194.20 nm. Blank micelles showed good dilution resistance, as well as stability against acid, thermal, and ionic strength. The curcumin encapsulated by the micelles was in an amorphous state. In vitro release experiment demonstrated that curcumin released from OSAD-SH micelles exhibited pH responsiveness. The Ritger-Peppas model effectively predicted the release behavior of curcumin, which followed a super case-II transport. The OSAD-SH micelle will be a promising nanocarrier for improving the physicochemical properties of curcumin in food fields.

Fabrication and characterization of dual-functional porous starch with both emulsification and antioxidant properties.

Starchy materials with good antioxidant, emulsification and adsorption properties have potential applications in industry. To improve these properties, a Dual-functional porous starch was prepared through one-pot synthesis. In this case, octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) and syringic acid (SA) were selected to modify the porous starch (PS) by esterification, with subsequent signals recorded by 1H NMR at 1.2 ppm and FT-IR at 1743 cm-1, indicating the formation of Dual-functional porous starch grafted by OSA and SA. N2 adsorption analysis further proved that the porous structure (2.9 m2g-1) was still maintained after modification. This was followed by measurements of droplet size distribution (34.18 ± 3.80 µm), zeta potential (-39.62 ± 1.89 mV) and emulsion index (85.10 ± 1.76 %), all of which indicated good emulsifying capacity. Meanwhile, results of radical scavenging assay proved that the Dual-functional porous starch had considerable antioxidant properties due to the introduction of SA groups. Besides, the Dual-functional porous starch also showed good resistance to digestion. These findings not only provide a novel strategy for constructing multi-functionalized starchy materials, but also open up potential applications of starch in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Resveratrol-loaded octenyl succinic anhydride modified starch emulsions and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) microparticles: Cytotoxicity and antioxidant bioactivity assessment after in vitro digestion.

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)-based microparticles and modified starch emulsions (OSA-MS) were loaded with resveratrol and characterized regarding their physicochemical and thermal properties. Both delivery systems were subject to an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion to assess the bioaccessibility of resveratrol. In addition, cell-based studies were conducted after in vitro digestion and cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were assessed. HPMC-based microparticles displayed higher average sizes (d) and lower polydispersity index (PDI) (d = 948 nm, PDI < 0.2) when compared to OSA-MS-based emulsions (d = 217 nm, PDI < 0.3). Both proved to protect resveratrol under digestive conditions, leading to an increase in bioaccessibility. Resveratrol-loaded HPMC-microparticles showed a higher bioaccessibility (56.7 %) than resveratrol-loaded emulsions (19.7 %). Digested samples were tested in differentiated co-cultures of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX, aiming at assessing cytotoxicity and oxidative stress, and a lack of cytotoxicity was observed for all samples. Results displayed an increasing antioxidant activity, with 1.6-fold and 1.4-fold increases over the antioxidant activity of free resveratrol, for HPMC-microparticles and OSA-MS nanoemulsions, respectively. Our results offer insight into physiological relevancy due to assessment post-digestion and highlight the protection that the use of micro-nano delivery systems can confer to resveratrol and their potential to be used as functional food ingredients capable of providing antioxidant benefits upon consumption.

Constitution and reconstitution of microcapsules with high diacylglycerol oil loading capacity based on whey protein isolate / octenyl succinic anhydride starch/ inulin matrix.

The aim of this study was to constitute microcapsule systems with high oil loading capacity by octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) starch, whey protein isolate (WPI) and inulin (IN) substrates to provide a new method for encapsulating diacylglycerol oil. Specifically, this study characterizes the physicochemical properties and reconstitution capacity of highly oil loading diacylglycerol microcapsules by comparing the wall encapsulation capacity of the binary wall system OSA-IN, WPI-IN and the ternary wall system WPI-OSA (1:9, 5:5, 9:1)-IN for diacylglycerol oil. It was found that WPI-OSA (5:5)-IN significantly improved the water solubility of microcapsules (86.11 %) compared to OSA-IN microcapsules, and the addition of WPI made the surface of microcapsules smoother and increased the thermal stability and solubility of microcapsules; the addition of OSA enhanced the wettability of microcapsules compared to WPI-IN. In addition, WPI-OSA (5:5)-IN microcapsules have the highest encapsulation efficiency (96.03 %), high emulsion stability after reconstitution, and the smallest droplet size (212.83 nm) after 28 d. Therefore, the WPI-OSA-IN composite system is suitable for the production of highly oil-loaded microencapsulated systems with excellent reconstitution ability to expand the application of diacylglycerol oil.

Preparation and characterization of long-term antibacterial and pH-responsive Polylactic acid/Octenyl succinic anhydride-chitosan @ tea tree oil microcapsules.

Encapsulation technology can increase the stability and maintain the volatile active substances of plant essential oils. In the present study, tree essential oil (TTO) was encapsulated with polylactic acid (PLA) modified by octenyl succinic anhydride chitosan (OSA-CS) as shell materials to form long-term antibacterial and pH-responsive microcapsules. The PLA/OSA-CS@TTO microcapsules were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and antibacterial performance testing. The results showed that the average particle size of microcapsules was 10 µm, and the encapsulation efficiency and drug loading efficiency of TTO reached 81.5 % and 60.3 %. After 4800 min of release in media at different pH (5 and 7) still sequestered 55.32 % and 56.74 % of TTO which approved the shell of microcapsules responded to different pH values. The microcapsules remained stable for 80 days after drying, and preserving 39.7 % of the core material. The morphology of PLA/OSA-CS@TTO microcapsules revealed that the PLA/OSA-CS@TTO microcapsules presented smooth and firm structure. Antibacterial test for staphylococcus aureus of those microcapsules implied that the bacteriostatic rate reached 100 % after 72 h. Bio-based macromolecular modification strategies can provide inspiration for the development of green microcapsules.

Electrosprayed octenyl succinic anhydride starch capsules for rosemary essential oil encapsulation.

Octenyl succinic anhydride starch (OSA-starch) is often used as an emulsifier to protect bioactive compounds such as essential oils. In this study, rosemary essential oil was encapsulated in OSA-starch capsules via electrospraying an emulsion. Creaming was observed in the emulsions with 40% ethanol (v/v) 2 h after preparation, and phase separation occurred after 4 days. The emulsion with 20% ethanol revealed smaller droplets and lower zeta potential, and remained stable for 7 days. The morphology, loading capacity (LC), and encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the capsules, electrosprayed from the emulsions, were evaluated. The capsules from 20 and 30% aqueous ethanol (v/v) were smooth and spherical in shape with few dimpled. EE values were higher in the emulsions with 20% ethanol (82%-98%) when compared to those with 30% ethanol (89%-96%), except when 30% oil content was used. Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry suggested interaction of essential oil with the wall material. In summary, OSA-starch produced a stable emulsion that was suitable for electrospraying into capsules.

Advanced fabrication of biosensor on detection of Glypican-1 using S-Acetylmercaptosuccinic anhydride (SAMSA) modification of antibody.

Glypican-1 (GPC-1) has been recognized as biomarker of pancreatic cancer. Quantification of GPC-1 level is also pivotal to breast cancer and prostate cancer's patients. We hereby report the first biosensor for GPC-1 detection. Instead of using crosslinking technique and surface immobilization of antibody, we applied a novel method for biosensor fabrication, using S-Acetylmercaptosuccinic anhydride (SAMSA) to modify the Anti-GPC-1 producing a thiol-linked Anti-GPC-1. The thiol-linked Anti-GPC-1 was then directly formed a single-layer antibody layer on the gold biosensor, minimizing the biosensor preparation steps significantly. Time of Flight Secondary Ions Mass Spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS) characterization verified the thiol-linked antibody layer and demonstrated a unique perspective for surface protein characterization. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was applied to quantify GPC-1 antigen in undiluted human serum with a concentration range of 5,000 pg/µL to 100 pg/µL. The performance of this newly designed biosensor was also compared with modified self-assembled monolayer system fabricated biosensor, demonstrating the high-sensitivity and high-reproducibility of the SAMSA modified antibody based biosensor. This simple fabrication method can also expand to detection of other biomolecules. The simplified operation process shows great potential in clinical application development.

Tumor microenvironment-labile polymer-doxorubicin conjugate thermogel combined with docetaxel for in situ synergistic chemotherapy of hepatoma.

Topical chemotherapy with complementary drugs is one of the most promising strategies to achieve an effective antitumor activity. Herein, a synergistic strategy for hepatoma therapy by the combination of tumor microenvironment-sensitive polymer-doxorubicin (DOX) conjugate thermogel, containing a DNA intercalator DOX, and docetaxel (DTX), a microtubule-interfering agent, was proposed. First, cis-aconitic anhydride-functionalized DOX (CAD) and succinic anhydride-modified DOX (SAD) were conjugated onto the terminal hydroxyl groups of poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA), yielding the acid-sensitive CAD-PLGA-PEG-PLGA-CAD and the insensitive SAD-PLGA-PEG-PLGA-SAD conjugates, respectively. The prodrug aqueous solution exhibited a thermoreversible sol-gel transition between room and physiological temperature. Meantime, appropriate mechanical property, biodegradability, as well as a sustained release profile were revealed in such prodrug thermogels. More importantly, the addition of DTX to the DOX-conjugated thermogels (i.e., Gel-CAD and Gel-SAD) was verified with enhanced curative effect against tumor, where the antitumor efficacy of Gel-CAD+DTX was obviously higher than the other groups. A reliable security in vivo was also showed in the Gel-CAD+DTX group. Taken together, such combination of tumor microenvironment-labile prodrug thermogel and a complementary drug exhibited fascinating prospect for local synergistic antineoplastic therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Multidrug chemotherapy with synergistic effect has been proposed recently for hepatoma treatment in the clinic. However, the quick release, fast elimination, and unselectivity of multidrugs in vivo always limit their further application. To solve this problem, a synergistic combination of tumor microenvironment-sensitive polymeric doxorubicin (DOX) prodrug thermogel for DNA intercalation and a microtubule-interfering agent docetaxel (DTX) is developed in the present study for the local chemotherapy of hepatoma. Interestingly, a pH-triggered sustained release behavior, an enhanced antitumor efficacy, and a favorable security in vivo are observed in the combined dual-drug delivery platform. Therefore, effectively combining tumor microenvironment-labile polymeric prodrug thermogel with a complementary drug provides an advanced system and a promising prospect for local synergistic hepatoma chemotherapy.

Biopolymer nanogels improve antibacterial activity and safety profile of a novel lysine-based α-peptide/ß-peptoid peptidomimetic.

Infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa are associated with high morbidity and mortality, especially in immunocompromised patients. These bacteria frequently grow within a biofilm matrix, rendering therapy with conventional antibiotics inefficient; a fact that emphasizes the need for new treatment strategies. Antimicrobial peptidomimetics constitute potential alternatives to traditional antimicrobial agents. However, their application remains limited due to the lack of efficient delivery to their target site in vivo and the risk of high systemic toxicity. Nanogels composed of cross-linked networks of amphiphilic polymers with a therapeutic drug molecule embedded constitute attractive drug delivery systems, as they have been shown to display unique properties such as biocompatibility and biodegrability, as well as confer improved drug stability and reduced drug-mediated cytotoxicity. Here, we report on the first formulation of biopolymer nanogels incorporating a potent antibacterial peptidomimetic. A lysine-based α-peptide/ß-peptoid hybrid with potent activity against P. aeruginosa was designed and formulated into a nanogel together with octenyl succinic anhydride-modified hyaluronic acid in order to improve its cell selectivity. Twelve nanogel formulations were prepared by using a design of experiments setup in order to identify the parameters yielding the highest drug loading and the smallest particle size. Encapsulation of the peptidomimetic into nanogels significantly decreased the cytotoxicity of the peptidomimetic to eukaryotes. The most promising formulation with high encapsulation efficiency (88%) of the peptidomimetic demonstrated a three-fold reduction in cytotoxicity towards hepatocytes along with improved bacterial killing kinetics.

Targeting murine leukemic stem cells by antibody functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles.

Acute leukemia is initiated and maintained by leukemia stem cells (LSCs) and therefore there is great interest to develop innovative therapeutic approaches which target LSCs. Here we show that mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) functionalized with succinic anhydride, tagged with an anti-B220 antibody and loaded with the anthracycline daunorubicin are efficiently incorporated into murine B220-positive AML LSCs and preferentially kill these cells in comparison to B220-negative AML LSCs in vitro. Furthermore, short - term treatment of the AML LSCs with these MSNs before transplant significantly delayed leukemia development in recipient mice. These data demonstrate that targeting of AML LSCs can be improved by using functionalized and antigen directed MSNs as carriers for anti-leukemic drugs.

Charge convertibility and near infrared photon co-enhanced cisplatin chemotherapy based on upconversion nanoplatform.

Optimal nano-sized drug carrier requires long blood circulation, selective extravasation, and efficient cell uptake. Here we develop a charge-convertible nanoplatform based on Pt(IV) prodrug loaded NaYF4:Yb,Tm upconversion nanoparticles (UCNs), followed by coating a layer of PEG-PAH-DMMA polymer (UCNs-Pt(IV)@PEG-PAH-DMMA). The polymer endows the platform with high biocompatibility, initial nano-size for prolonged blood circulation and selective extravasation. Especially, the anionic polymer can response to the mild acidic stimulus (pH ∼6.5) of tumor extracellular microenvironment and experience charge-shifting to a cationic polymer, resulting in electrostatic repulsion and releases of positive UCNs-Pt(IV). The positive UCNs-Pt(IV) nanoparticles have high affinity to negative cell membrane, leading to efficacious cell internalization. Simultaneously, the ultraviolet (UV) light emitted from UCNs upon near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation, together with the reductive glutathione (GSH) in cancer cells efficiently activate the Pt(IV) prodrug to highly cytotoxic Pt(II), realizing NIR photon improved chemotherapy. The experimental results reveal the charge convertibility, low adverse effect and markedly enhanced tumor ablation efficacy upon NIR laser irradiation of this smart nanoplatform. Moreover, combining the inherent upconversion luminescence (UCL) and computed tomography (CT) imaging capabilities, an alliance of cancer diagnosis and therapy has been achieved.

Synthesis of d-labeled and unlabeled ethyl succinic anhydrides and application to quantitative analysis of peptides by isotope differential mass spectrometry.

Ethyl succinic anhydride and its d5-labeled version have been synthesized and applied to quantitative analysis of peptides in combination with MALDI or ESI mass spectrometry. These modifiers react with amino groups in the N-termini and lysine side chains in proteins, and therefore the combination of these modifiers was shown to be a useful tool for quantification of peptides and hence for proteomics research.

Study on oil absorbency of succinic anhydride modified banana cellulose in ionic liquid.

Banana cellulose contained number of hydrophilic hydroxyl groups which were succinylated to be hydrophobic groups with high oil affinity. Succinic anhydride was used to modify banana cellulose in 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid in this study. The modified banana cellulose had a high oil absorption capacity. The effects of reaction time, temperature, and molar ratio of succinic anhydride to anhydroglucose on the degree of substitution of modified banana cellulose were evaluated. The optimal reaction condition was at a ratio of succinic anhydride and anhydroglucose 6:1 (m:m), reaction time 60min and temperature 90°C. The maximum degree of acylation reaction reached to 0.37. The characterization analysis of the modified banana cellulose was performed using X-ray diffractometer, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetry. The oil absorption capacity and kinetics of the modified banana cellulose were evaluated at the modified cellulose dose (0.025-0.3g), initial oil amount (5-30g), and temperature (15-35°C) conditions. The maximum oil absorption capacity was 32.12g/g at the condition of the cellulose dose (0.05g), initial oil amount (25g) and temperature (15°C). The kinetics of oil absorption of the cellulose followed a pseudo-second-order model. The results of this study demonstrated that the modified banana cellulose could be used as an efficient bio-sorbent for oil adsorption.

Chitosan derivatives as effective nanocarriers for ocular release of timolol drug.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of neat chitosan (CS) and its derivatives with succinic anhydride (CSUC) and 2-carboxybenzaldehyde (CBCS) as appropriate nanocarriers for ocular release of timolol maleate (Tim). Drug nanoencapsulation was performed via ionic crosslinking gelation of the used carriers and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). Nanoparticles with size ranged from about 190 to 525 nm were prepared and it was found that the formed size was directly depended on the used carrier and their ratios with TPP. For CS derivatives it was found that as the amount of TPP increased, the particle size increased too, while both derivatives proceeded to nanoparticles with smaller size than that of neat CS. The interactions between carriers and TPP were studied theoretically using all-electron calculations within the framework of density functional theory (DFT). In most of nanoparticles formulations, Tim was entrapped in amorphous form, while the drug entrapment efficiency was higher in CBCS derivative.It was indicated that Tim release rate depended mainly on the used carrier, particle size of prepared nanocarriers and drug loading. From the theoretical release data analysis, it was found that the Tim release was a stagewise procedure with drug diffusion being the dominant release mechanism for each stage.

Effects of the order of addition of reagents and alkali on modification of wheat starches.

The objective of this research was to determine if adding reactive reagents to wheat starch granules before addition of alkali (the TRF method) would produce products that are different than those obtained with the conventional procedure (adding alkali before addition of reagent). Laboratory-isolated (LI) and commercial (C) normal (NWS) and waxy (WWS) wheat starches were each reacted with 6 reagents (acetic-adipic mixed anhydride (AAMA), phosphoryl chloride (POCl3), sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP), acetic anhydride (AA), succinic anhydride (SA), octenylsuccinic anhydride (OSA)). Data obtained were similar to those previously obtained with maize starches (Sui, Huber, & BeMiller, 2013). Almost no starch polymer molecule modification occurred when the TRF method and AAMA or AA were used; less than a third as much reaction when SA was the reagent used, and about the same amount of reaction when POCl3, STMP, or OSA were the reagents used (for different reasons).

Slow digestion property of octenyl succinic anhydride modified waxy maize starch in the presence of tea polyphenols.

The in vivo slow digestion property of octenyl succinic anhydride modified waxy corn starch (OSA-starch) in the presence of tea polyphenols (TPLs) was studied. Using a mouse model, the experimental results showed an extended and moderate postprandial glycemic response with a delayed and significantly decreased blood glucose peak of OSA-starch after cocooking with TPLs (5% starch weight base). Further studies revealed an increased hydrodynamic radius of OSA-starch molecules indicating an interaction between OSA-starch and TPLs. Additionally, decreased gelatinization temperature and enthalpy and reduced viscosity and emulsifiability of OSA-starch support their possible complexation to form a spherical OSA-starch-TPLs (OSAT) complex. The moderate and extended postprandial glycemic response is likely caused by decreased activity of mucosal α-glucosidase, which is noncompetitively inhibited by tea catechins released from the complex during digestion. Meanwhile, a significant decrease of malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased DPPH free radical scavenging activity in small intestine tissue demonstrated the antioxidative functional property of the OSAT complex. Thus, the complex of OSAT, acting as a functional carbohydrate material, not only leads to a flattened and prolonged glycemic response but also reduces the oxidative stress, which might be beneficial to health.

Removal of cadmium(II) from aqueous solutions by chemically modified maize straw.

A new regenerable adsorbent was successfully prepared by modifying maize straw (MS) with succinic anhydride in xylene. The succinylated-maize straw (S-MS) was characterized by FTIR, solid-state MAS (13)C NMR spectroscopy, SEM-EDX and point of zero charge analysis. NaS-MS was successfully obtained after deprotonating the carboxylic acid groups of S-MS by Na2CO3 solution. Batch experiments were carried out with NaS-MS for the removal of Cd(II). The effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial concentration and temperature were investigated. The experimental data were best described by a pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir adsorption models. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS) were also calculated from data obtained from experiments performed to study the effect of temperatures. NaS-MS could be regenerated at least five times in saturated NaCl solution without any loss. Furthermore, ∼97% of adsorbed Cd(II) ions could be recovered as the metal oxide. Finally, the adsorption mechanism of NaS-MS was discussed.

Paclitaxel and gemcitabine combinational drug-loaded mucoadhesive delivery system in the treatment of colon cancers.

The combination of two different types of chemo-therapeutic drugs via nanocarriers is emerged as a promising strategy for treating multiple cancers. Such a co-delivery system will synchronize the drug exposure and synergize the therapeutic effects. Herein, we prepared a paclitaxel (PTX) and gemcitabine (GEM)-loaded N-succinyl chitosan nanoparticles (NSC NP) to target colon cancer. NSC NP showed a pH sensitive swelling at colonic pH and exhibited a sequential release pattern for both the drugs. Binary drug combination exhibited a synergistic cytotoxicity against HT-29 colon cancer cells with a remarkable G2/M phase arrest. Specifically, in vivo antitumor efficacy study showed that NSC NP prolonged the survival time of tumor-bearing mice up to 45 days wherein 50% of mice were still alive. Therefore, these results suggest that co-delivery of drugs with a suitable delivery system could potentially improve the therapeutic efficacy in colon cancers. The study can be further continued by using different types of chemotherapeutic drugs that targets different molecular targets using pH-sensitive nanocarriers.

Adsorption of hydrophobically end-capped poly(ethylene glycol) on cellulose.

Adsorption of poly(ethylene glycol), hydrophobically end-capped with octadecenylsuccinic anhydride (OSA-PEG-OSA), on an ultrathin film of cellulose has been studied by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Normally, PEG does not adsorb on cellulosic surfaces, but the use of the telechelic hydrophobic modification was found to promote adsorption. The influence of the conformation of the polymer in solution prior to adsorption and the subsequent properties of the adsorbed layer were investigated. The adsorption experiments were done at concentrations below and above the critical association concentration. The adsorption of OSA-PEG-OSA on cellulose was observed to occur in four distinct stages. Because of the amphiphilic nature of cellulose, further adsorption experiments were performed on hydrophobic (polystyrene) and hydrophilic (silica) model substrates to illuminate the contribution of hydrophobic and hydrophilic factors in the adsorption phenomenon. As expected, the kinetics and the mechanism of adsorption were strongly dependent on the chemical composition of the substrate.

Photodynamic detection of oral cancers with high-performance chitosan-based nanoparticles.

Oral cancer, a subtype of head and neck cancer, is one of the leading causes of cancer death and is difficult to detect in the early stages. Improved methods of detecting primary oral lesions during endoscopy would significantly improve cancer survival rates. Here we report a high-performance nanoparticle for photodynamic detection of oral cancer. Succinate-modified chitosan (SCHI) is physically complexed with folic-acid-modified chitosan to form nanoparticles with a high drug loading efficiency and to improve drug release in the cellular lysosome. The z-average diameter and zeta potential of the prepared nanoparticles (fSCN) were 110.0 nm and 18.6 mV, respectively, enough to keep the nanoparticles stable in aqueous suspension without aggregating. When loaded with 5-aminolaevulinic acid (5-ALA; 72.8% loading efficiency) in the prepared fSCNA, there were no significant differences between the fSCN and fSCNA in particle size or zeta potential. Moreover, the fSCNA nanoparticles were readily engulfed by oral cancer cells via folate-receptor-mediated endocytosis. The release of loaded 5-ALA in the lysosome was promoted by the reduced attraction intensity between chitosan and 5-ALA via the deprotonated SCHI molecules, which resulted in a higher accumulation of intracellular protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) for photodynamic detection. These results demonstrate that N-succinyl-chitosan-incorporated and folic-acid-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles are an excellent vector for oral-specific delivery of 5-ALA for fluorescent endoscopic detection.