Pediatric Venous Thromboembolism: Different Rates of Incidence, Anatomic Locations, and Risk Factors Between Orthopaedic and Nonorthopaedic Related Patients.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) may be increasing in children; however, scarce literature exists comparing incidence rates between pediatric orthopaedic patients and other pediatric patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence, anatomic locations, and risk factors of VTEs between orthopaedic and nonorthopaedic pediatric related patients to determine if important differences exist. METHODS: Computed tomography and ultrasound data were reviewed for children (below 19 y old) with a diagnosed VTE between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2016. Demographic and clinical data, including VTE anatomic location and risk factors, were recorded. Two major cohorts were identified: orthopaedic-related (ORTH) and nonorthopaedic-related (NORTH) VTEs. Incidence rates were estimated and risk factors were compared using χ2 testing. RESULTS: There were 373 children diagnosed with a VTE (average age 10.3 y) of a total of 810,097 treated as in-patients for an incidence rate of 4.60 per 10,000 cases (95% confidence interval=4.15 to 5.10 per 10,000 cases). The rate of ORTH VTEs (28 of 188,669 orthopaedic patients, 1.48 per 10,000 cases) was significantly lower than that of NORTH VTEs (345 of 621,428 nonorthopaedic patients, 5.55 per 10,000 cases; P<0.001). For the ORTH cohort, there was a significant difference in the proportion of deep vein thrombosis in the lower extremity (91%) compared with the upper extremity (9%) (P<0.001), while a more even distribution of NORTH deep vein thrombosis in the upper (50%) and lower (41%) extremities was appreciated. The primary risk factors for ORTH VTEs included surgery (93%; P<0.001), change in ambulatory status (61%; P<0.001), and trauma (18%; P<0.001), while the primary risk factors for NORTH VTEs included intravenous peripheral inserted central catheter/central line (61%; P<0.001) and cancer (27%; P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric ORTH VTEs have a significantly lower incidence rate and different primary risk factors than those of NORTH VTEs. This information is useful for health care providers when making decisions regarding risk and prophylaxis in pediatric patients with orthopaedic and nonorthopaedic conditions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

International Comparisons of Native Arteriovenous Fistula Patency and Time to Becoming Catheter-Free: Findings From the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS).

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Optimizing vascular access use is crucial for long-term hemodialysis patient care. Because vascular access use varies internationally, we examined international differences in arteriovenous fistula (AVF) patency and time to becoming catheter-free for patients receiving a new AVF. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 2,191 AVFs newly created in 2,040 hemodialysis patients in 2009 to 2015 at 466 randomly selected facilities in the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS) from the United States, Japan, and EUR/ANZ (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand). PREDICTORS: Demographics, comorbid conditions, dialysis vintage, body mass index, AVF location, and country/region. OUTCOMES: Primary/cumulative AVF patency (from creation), primary/cumulative functional patency (from first use), catheter dependence duration, and mortality. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Outcomes estimated using Cox regression. RESULTS: Across regions, mean patient age ranged from 61 to 66 years, with male preponderance ranging from 55% to 66%, median dialysis vintage of 0.3 to 3.2 years, with 84%, 54%, and 32% of AVFs created in the forearm in Japan, EUR/ANZ, and United States, respectively. Japan displayed superior primary and cumulative patencies due to higher successful AVF use, whereas cumulative functional patency was similar across regions. AVF patency associations with age and other patient characteristics were weak or varied considerably between regions. Catheter-dependence following AVF creation was much longer in EUR/ANZ and US patients, with nearly 70% remaining catheter dependent 8 months after AVF creation when AVFs were not successfully used. Not using an arteriovenous access within 6 months of AVF creation was related to 53% higher mortality in the subsequent 6 months. LIMITATIONS: Residual confounding. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the need to reevaluate practices for optimizing long-term access planning and achievable AVF outcomes, especially AVF maturation. New AVFs that are not successfully used are associated with long-term catheter exposure and elevated mortality risk. These findings highlight the importance of selecting the best access type for each patient and developing effective clinical pathways for when AVFs fail to mature successfully.

Tempo de permanência e motivos de retirada do cateter venoso central de pacientes renais crônicos em hemodiálise ambulatorial / Duration of use and reasons for removal of central venous catheter in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing ambulatory hemodialysis

Introdução: A permanência prolongada de Cateter Venoso Central (CVC) em Hemodiálise (HD) está relacionado a maior risco de complicações. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o tempo, em dias, de permanência e o motivo de retirada do CVC em pacientes renais crônicos submetidos à HD ambulatorial em um seguimento de 10 meses. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal, retrospectivo, realizado em unidade de HD de um hospital público no sul do Brasil, no período de janeiro a setembro/2019. A coleta de dados foi realizada pelos pesquisadores a partir de prontuário eletrônico e planilha de registros dos doentes renais crônicos em hemodiálise por CVC de curta e longa permanência no período em estudo. Projeto aprovado no Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da instituição. Resultados: Foram avaliados 91 cateteres de 55 pacientes, com prevalência do sexo feminino 33 (60%), média de idade 55 ± 18 anos e cor branca 42 (76,3%). Quarenta e sete (52%) dos CVCs eram de curta permanência, e 70 (76,9%) inseridos em veia jugular direita. O tempo de hemodiálise com CVCs de curta permanência variou de quatro a 190 dias com mediana de 47 dias (21, 7-69, 3) e os de longa permanência de 47 a 1.486 dias, com mediana de 231 (95-676). O principal motivo de retirada dos cateteres foi a troca por outro CVC 17 (36,2%). A taxa de suspeita e/ou infecção foi de 14 (15,4%). Conclusão: O tempo de permanência dos CVC foi prolongado o que expõe os pacientes a riscos. O principal motivo para retirar o CVC não foi a confecção de Fístula Arteriovenosa (FAV), apontando para a necessidade de revisar os processos assistenciais visando modificar e priorizar essa prática. (AU)

Introduction: The prolonged permanence of Central Venous Catheter (CVC) in Hemodialysis (HD) is related to an increased risk of complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate duration of use, in days, and reasons for removal of central venous catheter (CVC) in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing ambulatory hemodialysis in a 10-month follow-up. Methods: This longitudinal, retrospective study was conducted at the hemodialysis unit of a public hospital in southern Brazil, from January to September 2019. Data collection was performed by the researchers using electronic medical records and a spreadsheet of records of patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis by short- and long-term CVC in the study period. The project was approved by the institution's Research Ethics Committee. Results: Ninety-one catheters from 55 patients were evaluated. Thirty-three participants were female (60%), mean age was 55 ± 18 years, and 42 were white (76.3%). Forty-seven (52%) CVCs were short-term, and 70 (76.9%) CVCs were inserted in the right jugular vein. Hemodialysis duration with short-term CVCs ranged from four to 190 days with a median of 47 (21.7-69.3) days, and long-term CVCs ranged from 47 to 1486 days with a median of 231 (95-676) days. The main reason for removing the catheter was replacing it with another CVC, in 17 cases (36.2%). The number of cases of infection or suspected infection was 14 (15.4%). Conclusions: The duration of CVC use was prolonged, which exposes patients to risks. The main reason for removing the CVC was not related to creating an arteriovenous fistula, demonstrating the need to review the care processes aiming to modify and prioritize this practice. (AU)

The risk factors analysis and establishment of an early warning model for healthcare-associated infections after pediatric cardiac surgery: A STROBE-compliant observational study.

The aim of this study was to identify the main risk factors for health-care-associated infections (HAIs) following cardiac surgery and to establish an effective early warning model for HAIs to enable intervention in an earlier stage.In total, 2227 patients, including 222 patients with postoperative diagnosis of HAIs and 2005 patients with no-HAIs, were continuously enrolled in Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing, China. Propensity score matching was used and 222 matched pairs were created. The risk factors were analyzed with the methods of univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to test the accuracy of the HAIs early warning model.After propensity score matching, operation time, clamping time, intubation time, urinary catheter time, central venous catheter time, ≥3 blood transfusions, re-endotracheal intubation, length of hospital stay, and length of intensive care unit stay, still showed significant differences between the 2 groups. After logistic model analysis, the independent risk factors for HAIs were medium to high complexity, intubation time, urinary catheter time, and central venous catheter time. The ROC showed the area under curve was 0.985 (confidence interval: 0.975-0.996). When the probability was 0.529, the model had the highest prediction rate, the corresponding sensitivity was 0.946, and the specificity was 0.968.According to the results, the early warning model containing medium to high complexity, intubation time, urinary catheter time, and central venous catheter time enables more accurate predictions and can be used to guide early intervention after pediatric cardiac surgery.

Brazilian Dialysis Census: analysis of data from the 2009-2018 decade / Censo Brasileiro de Diálise: análise de dados da década 2009-2018

ABSTRACT Introduction: National data on chronic dialysis treatment are essential for the development of health policies that aim to improve patient treatment. Objective: To present data from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology on patients with chronic dialysis for kidney disease in July 2018, making a comparative analysis of the past 10 years. Methods: Data collection from dialysis units, with filling in an online questionnaire for 2018. Data from 2009, 2013 and 2018 were compared. Results: 288 (36.6%) centers answered the questionnaire. In July 2018, the estimated total number of patients on dialysis was 133,464. Estimates of the prevalence and incidence rates of patients undergoing dialysis treatment per million of the population (pmp) were 640 and 204, respectively, with average annual increases of 23.5 pmp and 6 pmp for prevalence and incidence, respectively. The annual gross mortality rate was 19.5%. Of the prevalent patients, 92.3% were on hemodialysis and 7.7% on peritoneal dialysis, with 29,545 (22.1%) on the waiting list for transplantation. Median bicarbonate concentration in the hemodialysis bath was 32 mEq/L. Venous catheters were used as access in 23.6% of the hemodialysis patients. The prevalence rate of positive serology for hepatitis C showed a progressive reduction (3.2%). Conclusion: The absolute number of patients and rates of incidence and prevalence in dialysis in the country increased substantially in the period, although there are considerable differences in rates by state. There has been a persistent increase in the use of venous catheters as an access for dialysis; and reduction in the number of patients with positive serology for hepatitis C.

RESUMO Introdução: Dados nacionais sobre o tratamento dialítico crônico são essenciais para a elaboração de políticas de saúde que almejem melhora no tratamento dos pacientes. Objetivo: Apresentar dados do inquérito da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia sobre pacientes com doença renal crônica dialítica em julho de 2018, fazendo análise comparativa dos últimos 10 anos. Métodos: Coleta de dados a partir das unidades de diálise, com preenchimento de questionário on-line referentes a 2018. Foram comparados dados de 2009, 2013 e 2018. Resultados: 288 (36,6%) centros responderam ao questionário. Em julho de 2018, o número total estimado de pacientes em diálise foi de 133.464. Estimativas das taxas de prevalência e incidência de pacientes em tratamento dialítico por milhão da população (pmp) foram de 640 e 204, respectivamente, com médias de aumento anuais de 23,5 pmp e 6 pmp para prevalência e incidência, respectivamente. Taxa anual de mortalidade bruta foi de 19,5%. Dos pacientes prevalentes, 92,3% estavam em hemodiálise e 7,7%, em diálise peritoneal, com 29.545 (22,1%) em fila de espera para transplante. Concentração mediana de bicarbonato no banho de hemodiálise foi de 32 mEq/L. Cateter venoso era usado como acesso em 23,6% dos pacientes em hemodiálise. Taxa de prevalência de sorologia positiva para hepatite C apresentou redução progressiva (3,2%). Conclusão: Número absoluto de pacientes e taxas de incidência e prevalência em diálise no país aumentaram substancialmente no período, embora haja diferenças consideráveis nas taxas por estado. Tem havido persistente aumento no uso de cateter venoso como acesso para diálise; e redução de pacientes com sorologia positiva para hepatite C.

Peripherally inserted central venous catheter (PICC) in outpatient and inpatient oncological treatment.

PURPOSE: So far there is little evidence on peripherally inserted central venous catheter (PICC) in radiation oncology patients maintaining the access during the periods of ambulatory and hospital treatment. METHODS: A total of 522 PICC placements in 484 patients were performed between 11/2011 and 07/2016 at the Department of Radiation Oncology and analysed retrospectively for complications and treatment- and patient-related factors during ambulatory and hospital inpatient use. On initial hospitalization, all patients received a multimodal radio-oncological treatment consisting of radiation and intravenous therapy administered via the PICC. RESULTS: A total of 18,292 catheter days were documented. Median follow-up from catheter insertion to their removal was 37 days (1-97). The overall complication rate was 4.1 per 1000 catheter days (n = 75, 14.4%). Complications were similar between the cohort of outpatient 3.6 per 1000 catheter days and the cohort of inpatient 4.8 per 1000 catheter days (OR 0.976; 95% CI [0.598; 1.619]; p = 0.924). Severe bloodstream infections occurred at a rate of 0.60 per 1000 catheter days (n = 11, 2.1%), deep vein thrombosis at a rate of 0.82 per 1.000 catheter days (n = 15, 2.9%) and local inflammation at a rate of 1.26 per 1.000 catheter days (n = 23, 4.4%). Only immunotherapy could be identified as an independent risk factor for complications (OR 5.6; 95% CI [2.4; 13.1]; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Using PICC in outpatients is not associated with an elevated risk of complications. Particular attention should be payed to early identification of PICC associated bloodstream infections. Immunotherapy is an independent risk factor for local skin complication.

The risk of bloodstream infection associated with totally implantable venous access ports in cancer patient: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide evidence-based guidance to better understand the risk of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) in cancer patients who received totally implantable venous access ports (TIVAPs) compared with those who received external central venous catheters (CVCs). METHODS: A systematic search of PubMed, Web of science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was carried out from inception through Oct 2018, with no language restrictions. Trials examining the risk of CLABSI in cancer patients who received TIVAPs compared with those who received external CVCs were included. Two reviewers independently reviewed, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias of each study. A random-effect model was used to estimate relative risks (RRs) with 95% CIs. RESULTS: In all, 26 studies involving 27 cohorts and 5575 patients reporting the incidence of CLABSI in patients with TIVAPs compared with external CVCs were included. Pooled meta-analysis of these trials revealed that TIVAPs were associated with a significant lower risk of CLABSI than were external CVCs (relative risk [RR], 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.31-0.62; P < 0.00001), which was confirmed by trial sequential analysis for the cumulative z curve entered the futility area. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that CLABSI reduction was greatest in adult patients (RR [95% CI], 0.35 [0.22-0.56]) compared with pediatric patients who received TIVAPs (RR [95% CI], 0.55 [0.38-0.79]). CONCLUSIONS: TIVAP can significantly reduce the risk of CLABSI compared with external CVCs.

Prevalence and Predictors of Deep Vein Thrombosis in Critically Ill Medical Patients Who Underwent Diagnostic Duplex Ultrasonography.

INTRODUCTION: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a recognized but preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in the medical intensive care unit (MICU). We examined the prevalence and risk factors for DVT in MICU patients who underwent diagnostic venous duplex ultrasonography (DUS) and the potential effect on clinical outcomes. METHODS: This is a retrospective study examining prevalence of DVT in 678 consecutive patients admitted to a tertiary care level academic MICU from July 2014 to 2015. Patients who underwent diagnostic DUS were included. Potential conditions of interest were mechanical ventilation, hemodialysis, sepsis, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores, central venous catheters, prior DVT, and malignancy. Primary outcomes were pulmonary embolism, ICU length of stay, and mortality. Additionally, means of thromboprophylaxis was compared between the groups. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was utilized to determine predictors of DVT occurrence. RESULTS: Of the 678 patients, 243 (36%) patients underwent DUS to evaluate for DVT. The prevalence of DVT was 16% (38) among tested patients, and a prior history of DVT was associated with DVT prevalence (P < .01). Between cases and controls, there were no significant differences in central venous catheters, mechanical ventilation, hemodialysis, sepsis, SOFA scores, malignancy, and recent surgery. Patients receiving chemical prophylaxis had fewer DVTs compared to persons with no prophylaxis (14% vs 29%; P = .01) and persons with dual chemical and mechanical prophylaxis (P = 0.1). Fourteen percent of patients tested had documented DVT while on chemoprophylaxis. There were no significant differences in ICU length of stay (P = .35) or mortality (P = .34). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the appropriate use of universal thromboprophylaxis, critically ill nonsurgical patients still demonstrated high rates of DVT. A history of DVT was the sole predictor for development of proximal DVT on DUS testing. Dual chemical and mechanical prophylaxis does not appear to be superior to single-chemical prophylaxis in DVT prevention in this population.

Cost analysis comparison between peripherally inserted central catheters and implanted chest ports in patients with cancer-A health economic evaluation of the PICCPORT trial.

BACKGROUND: A reliable central venous access device is a cornerstone in the treatment of cancer. Both peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) and totally implanted chest ports (PORT) are commonly used for the delivery of chemotherapy. Both types of catheter can cause adverse events such as catheter-related deep venous thrombosis (CR-DVT), infection and mechanical complications. METHOD: We conducted a randomized controlled trial including 399 patients with cancer and performed a health economic evaluation investigating the cost related to PICCs and PORTs using several clinically relevant dimensions from a healthcare perspective. The cost was determined using process and cost estimate models. RESULT: PICCs are associated with a higher total cost when compared with PORTs. Combining the costs of all categories, the prize per inserted device was 824.58 EUR for PICC and 662.34 EUR for PORT. When adjusting for total catheter dwell time the price was 6.58 EUR/day for PICC and 3.01 EUR/day for PORT. The difference in CR-DVT was the main contributor to the difference in cost. The daily cost of PICC is approximately twice to that of PORT. CONCLUSION: We have demonstrated that the cost from a healthcare perspective is higher in cancer patients receiving a PICC than to those with a PORT. The difference is driven mainly by the cost related to the management of adverse events. Our findings are relevant to anaesthetists, oncologists and vascular access clinicians and should be considered when choosing vascular access device prior to chemotherapy.

Pediatric Noncerebral Thromboembolism: Etiological Assessment and Outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To report clinical presentation and etiologic investigation findings during pediatric noncerebral thromboembolism. METHODS: Retrospective study of cases of vascular non cerebral thromboses admitted in Medicine infantile A Department of the Children's Hospital of Tunis over 08 years. RESULTS: We confirmed 14 cases of non cerebral vascular thromboses. So that these accidents constitute 0,26 ‰ of the overall etiologies of hospitalizations in the Department. The mean age of our patients was 56±41 months [25 days-12 1/2 years]. The sex ratio was 1.8. The vascular incident was venous in 2/3 of cases. The clinical presentation was mainly painful swelling in four cases, abrupt dyspnea and hematemesis in three cases each and the incident was locally asymptomatic in four cases. Thromboses locations included deep vein thrombosis of limbs (n=6), vena cava thrombosis (n=1), portal thrombosis (n=4) and pulmonary embolism (n=3). The promoting factors identified were: tumors in seven cases, thrombophilias and catheterization in four cases each, trauma, surgery and Behçet disease in one case each. Eleven patients received anticoagulant treatment including unfractioned heparin in three cases and low molecular weight heparin in the other cases. No one died while four patients developed sequelae. CONCLUSION: Vascular thromboses are rare in children. They are mostly venous and diagnosed in ill children especially those having central venous catheters. Outcome of pediatric thromboembolism depends on efficient anticoagulation therapy which is well tolerated by children.

Incidence of cancer-associated thromboembolism in Japanese gastric and colorectal cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: a single-institutional retrospective cohort analysis (Sapporo CAT study).

OBJECTIVE: Few data regarding the incidence of cancer-associated thromboembolism (TE) are available for Asian populations. We investigated the incidence of TE (TEi) and its risk factors among gastric and colorectal cancer (GCC) patients received chemotherapy in a daily practice setting. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study. SETTING: A single-institutional study that used data from Sapporo City General Hospital, Japan, on patients treated between January 2008 and May 2015. PARTICIPANTS: Five hundred Japanese GCC patients who started chemotherapy from January 2008 to May 2015. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: TE was diagnosed by reviewing all the reports of contrast-enhanced CT performed during the follow-up period. All types of thrombosis detected by CT or additional imaging tests, such as venous TE, arterial TE and cerebral infarction, were defined as TE. Medical records of all identified patients were reviewed and potential risk factors for TE, including clinicopathological backgrounds, were collected. We defined the following patients as 'active cancer'; patients with unresectable advanced GCC, cancer recurrence during or after completing adjuvant chemotherapy and/or presence of other malignant tumours. RESULTS: Of the 500 patients, 70 patients (14.0%) developed TE during the follow-up period. TEi was 9.2% and 17.3% in GCC patients, 18.1% and 3.5% in active and non-active cancer patients, and 24.0% and 12.9% in multiple and single primary, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that colorectal cancer (CRC) (OR 2.371; 95% CI 1.328 to 4.233), active cancer (OR 7.593; 95% CI 2.950 to 19.543) and multiple primary (OR 2.527; 95% CI 1.189 to 5.370) were independently associated with TEi. CONCLUSION: TEi was 14.0% among Japanese GCC patients received chemotherapy, and was significantly higher among patients with CRC, active cancer and multiple primary than among those with gastric cancer, non-active cancer and single primary, respectively. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: UMIN000018912.

Insertion of central vascular catheter: adherence to infection prevention bundle / Inserción de catéter venoso central: adhesión a bundle de prevención de infección / Inserção de cateter vascular central: adesão a bundle de prevenção de infecção

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the compliance of the care process involving insertion of central vascular catheter (CVC) in hemodialysis. Method: Cross-sectional quantitative approach developed at the hemodialysis service of a reference hospital in Sergipe, Brazil. Sample consisting of 1,342 actions evaluated, corresponding to 122 forms for monitoring and control of CVC insertion. Data collection was held from July to December 2016. Results: The adherence rate to the use of the insertion form was 54.9%. The procedure evaluated achieved 93% overall compliance. Of the 11 specific actions observed, seven (64%) presented 100% compliance. The density of the overall incidence of primary bloodstream infections reduced from 10.6 to 3.1 infections per 1,000 patients/day. Conclusion: Although the observed actions reached specific desired conformities, the use of the checklist was lower than expected. Strategies for monitoring, coaching and educational and organizational actions can contribute to safe care.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la conformidad del proceso asistencial relacionada a inserción del catéter venoso central(CVC) en hemodiálisis. Método: Enfoque cuantitativo, corte transversal, realizado en el servicio de hemodiálisis de un hospital de referencia del estado de Sergipe, Brasil. Muestra constituida por 1342 acciones evaluadas, que corresponden a 122 formularios para monitoreo y control de la inserción de CVC. La recolección de datos fue realizada de julio a diciembre del 2016. Resultados: La tasa de adhesión al uso del formulario de inserción fue del 54,9%. El procedimiento evaluado obtuvo un 93% de conformidad general. De 11 acciones específicas observadas,7(64%) presentaron 100% de conformidad. Se observó reducción en la incidencia global de infecciones primarias de corriente sanguínea de 10,6 para 3,1 por 1000 pacientes/día. Conclusión: Aunque las acciones observadas tuvieron conformidades específicas, el uso de la lista de verificación fue inferior a lo esperado. Estrategias para monitoreo, coaching y acciones educativas podrian contribuir para una asistencia segura.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a conformidade do processo assistencial envolvendo a inserção do cateter vascular central (CVC) em hemodiálise. Método: Abordagem quantitativa, de corte transversal, desenvolvida no serviço de hemodiálise de um hospital de referência do estado de Sergipe, Brasil. Amostra constituída por 1.342 ações avaliadas, correspondendo a 122 formulários para monitoramento e controle da inserção de CVC. A coleta de dados ocorreu de julho a dezembro de 2016. Resultados: A taxa de adesão ao uso do formulário de inserção foi de 54,9%. O procedimento avaliado alcançou 93% de conformidade geral. Das 11 ações específicas observadas, sete (64%) apresentaram 100% de conformidade. Observou-se redução da densidade de incidência global das infecções primárias da corrente sanguínea de 10,6 para 3,1 infecções por 1.000 pacientes/dia. Conclusão: Apesar das ações observadas alcançarem conformidades específicas desejadas, a utilização do checklist foi aquém do esperado. Estratégias para monitoramento, coaching e ações educativas e organizacionais podem contribuir para uma assistência segura.

Incidence and risk factors for deep vein thrombosis among pediatric burn patients.

BACKGROUND: Patients with major burns covering a large total body surface area (%TBSA) fulfill all the criteria of Virchow's triad, as a sequela of their injury. This places these patients at increased risk for developing deep vein thrombosis (DVT). However, data regarding the incidence of DVT in burn patients are minimal, especially in the pediatric age group. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the incidence of DVT in pediatric burn patients, identify possible risk factors for developing DVT, and explore the need for prophylactic treatment. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 95 patients admitted to our Burn Unit was conducted. We included all pediatric patients with second- and third-degree burns admitted to the unit. Exclusion criteria were adult patients, those with first-degree burns and admitted to the unit for <72h, patients discharged against medical advice, those admitted for elective reconstructive surgery, secondary admissions for non-healing/infected burns, and patients with trauma-induced skin loss. A data collection sheet was utilized. RESULTS: The total incidence of thrombosis in our population was 4.2% (DVT, 3.1%; arterial thrombosis, 1.1%). Factors significantly associated with DVT included length of hospitalization (p=0.012), central venous catheter placement (p=0.013), and %TBSA (p=0.004). Unlike adult patients, weight for age (percentile) and body mass index were not significant risk factors for DVT in our patients. CONCLUSION: Burns are a major risk factor for DVT, especially when covering large surface areas (≥40% TBSA) and combined with other factors (i.e., prolonged hospitalization and central lines). Thus, investigations for DVT and prophylactic anticoagulation should be considered for pediatric burn patients with these risk factors, even if they are asymptomatic.

Study on the cost attributable to central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection and its influencing factors in a tertiary hospital in China.

BACKGROUND: Central venous catheters (CVC) have been widely used for patients with severe conditions. However, they increase the risk of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI), which is associated with high economic burden. Until now, no study has focused on the cost attributable to CRBSI in China, and data on its economic burden are unavailable. The aim of this study was to assess the cost attributable to CRBSI and its influencing factors. METHODS: A retrospective matched case-control study and multivariate analysis were conducted in a tertiary hospital, with 94 patients (age ≥ 18 years old) from January 2011 to November 2015. Patients with CRBSI were matched to those without CRBSI by age, principal diagnosis, and history of surgery. The difference in cost between the case group and control group during the hospitalization was calculated as the cost attributable to CRBSI, which included the total cost and five specific cost categories: drug, diagnostic imaging, laboratory testing, health care technical services, and medical material. The relation between the total cost attributable to CRBSI and its influencing factors such as demographic characteristics, diagnosis and treatment, and pathogenic microorganism, was analysed with a general linear model (GLM). RESULTS: The total cost attributable to CRBSI was $3528.6, and the costs of specific categories including drugs, diagnostic imaging, laboratory testing, health care technical services, and medical material, were $2556.4, $112.1, $321.7, $268.7, $276.5, respectively. GLM analysis indicated that the total cost was associated with the intensive care unit (ICU), pathogenic microorganism, age, and catheter number, according to the sequence of standardized estimate (ß). ICU contributed the most to the model R-square. CONCLUSION: Central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection represents a great economic burden for patients. More attentions should be paid to further prevent and control this infection in China.

Utilization, patency, and complications associated with vascular access for hemodialysis in the United States.

BACKGROUND: This study examines the utilization and outcomes of vascular access for long-term hemodialysis in the United States and describes the impact of temporizing catheter use on outcomes. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence, patency, and associated patient survival for pre-emptively placed autogenous fistulas and prosthetic grafts; for autogenous fistulas and prosthetic grafts placed after a temporizing catheter; and for hemodialysis catheters that remained in use. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of all patients who initiated hemodialysis in the United States during a 5-year period (2007-2011). The United States Renal Data System-Medicare matched national database was used to compare outcomes after pre-emptive autogenous fistulas, preemptive prosthetic grafts, autogenous fistula after temporizing catheter, prosthetic graft after temporizing catheter, and persistent catheter use. Outcomes were primary patency, primary assisted patency, secondary patency, maturation, catheter-free dialysis, severe access infection, and mortality. RESULTS: There were 73,884 (16%) patients who initiated hemodialysis with autogenous fistula, 16,533 (3%) who initiated hemodialysis with prosthetic grafts, 106,797 (22%) who temporized with hemodialysis catheter prior to autogenous fistula use, 32,890 (7%) who temporized with catheter prior to prosthetic graft use, and 246,822 (52%) patients who remained on the catheter. Maturation rate and median time to maturation were 79% vs 84% and 47 days vs 29 days for pre-emptively placed autogenous fistulas vs prosthetic grafts. Primary patency (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25-1.28; P < .001) and primary assisted patency (aHR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.35-1.38; P < .001) were significantly higher for autogenous fistula compared with prosthetic grafts. Secondary patency was higher for autogenous fistulas beyond 2 months (aHR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.32-1.40; P < .001). Severe infection (aHR, 9.6; 95% CI, 8.86-10.36; P < .001) and mortality (aHR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.27-1.31; P < .001) were higher for prosthetic grafts compared with autogenous fistulas. Temporizing with a catheter was associated with a 51% increase in mortality (aHR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.48-1.53; P < .001), 69% decrease in primary patency (aHR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.31-0.32; P < .001), and 130% increase in severe infection (aHR, 2.3; 95% CI, 2.2-2.5; P < .001) compared to initiation with autogenous fistulas or prosthetic grafts. Mortality was 2.2 times higher for patients who remained on catheters compared to those who initiated hemodialysis with autogenous fistulas (aHR, 2.25; 95% CI, 2.21-2.28; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Temporizing catheter use was associated with higher mortality, higher infection, and lower patency, thus undermining the highly prevalent approach of electively using catheters as a bridge to permanent access. Autogenous fistulas are associated with longer time to catheter-free dialysis but better patency, lower infection risk, and lower mortality compared with prosthetic grafts in the general population.

A study of the use of peripherally inserted central catheters in cancer patients: A single-center experience.

Effective and reliable venous access is one of the cornerstones of modern medical therapy in oncology. The focus of this prospective observational research is to study the various indications of a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) in different solid and hematological malignancies and the various complications and outcomes in the pediatric and adult cancer patients. This study was conducted in a prospective observational study design and collected data of patients with a diagnosis of any cancer, at a tertiary care oncology hospital in Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India, during a 2-year period. The PICC was inserted in 352 patients and most commonly used in hematological conditions (n = 295, 83.8%), followed by solid malignancies 57 (16.2%). In the hematological malignancy group, acute myeloid leukemia (48.01%) was the most common indication, and in the solid malignancies group, osteosarcoma (n = 9, 2.55%) was the most common indication for PICC insertion. PICCs were inserted most commonly in the left side of the venous system in 70.7% cases. The complications in the PICC study group included infections (12.5%), thrombosis (4.82%), catheter blockage (4.82%), arrhythmias (4%), premature catheter removal (3%), bleeding (2.55%), and pneumothorax (2.55%). The median days of the PICC use in situ were 152 days. To conclude from our study, PICCs are most commonly indicated in malignancies that are requiring long-term chemotherapy, such as hematological malignancy, especially acute myeloid leukemia, and solid malignancies, usually osteosarcoma, and these catheters are associated with complications such as infection, thrombosis, catheter blockage, arrhythmia, bleeding, and pneumothorax. The most disturbing aspect of the treatment of a cancer patient is multiple painful venipunctures made for administration of cytotoxic agents, antibiotics, blood products, and nutritional supplements. From this study, we can infer that PICC lines can be used for various malignancies that require long-term chemotherapy.

Programmatic change leads to enhanced resource utilization and efficiency in port placement.

BACKGROUND: Central venous port (CVP) placement is performed by a variety of surgeons in different subspecialties, and our previous work suggests that individual surgeons-regardless of training-are the strongest predictor of outcomes. We sought to prospectively evaluate a programmatic shift toward a resource-conscious, patient-focused algorithm for this common and simple surgical procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After implementation of a systems-level program for efficient CVP placement, 78 CVPs were placed by a single surgeon. Primary outcomes were procedure time, total operating room (OR) time, total facility time, and procedure-related complications. These prospective data were compared with retrospective cohorts of surgically placed and interventional radiology-placed CVP. Demographic data were analyzed by chi-square analysis, whereas time data were analyzed by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. RESULTS: The programmatic delivery (prospective) set showed significantly shorter procedural (median 16 min versus 26-40, P <0.05), OR times (median 36 min versus 46-70, P <0.05), and facility times (median 235 min versus 299-319, P <0.05) except for the interventional radiology facility time (median 187 versus 235, P <0.05). The range of OR time savings with the prospective versus comparison groups was 10-34 min, representing 22%-49% reductions in OR time (P <0.05). Complication rates were not significantly different (P = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS: Through a programmatic change emphasizing efficiency and patient-centered outcomes, procedural/OR/facility time can be reduced greatly without changing complication rates. These data provide compelling evidence that common and ostensibly simple operative procedures can be substantially improved upon with thoughtful, data-driven systems-level enhancements.

Tunnelled central venous access devices in small children: A comparison of open vs. ultrasound-guided percutaneous insertion in children weighing ten kilograms or less.

PURPOSE: Ultrasound-guided (USG) percutaneous insertion of tunnelled central venous access devices (CVADs) has been shown to be safe and effective in adults. However, there have been concerns over the safety of this technique in small children. This paper analyses the safety of USG percutaneous CVAD insertion in the pediatric population weighing ten kilograms or less. METHOD: All surgically inserted CVADs for children weighing ten kilograms or less, between January 2010 and December 2015 at the Children's Hospital at Westmead were retrospectively reviewed. Open and USG percutaneous techniques were compared with intraoperative complications as the primary outcome variable. Secondary outcome measures included conversion to open technique, postoperative complications, operating time and catheter longevity. RESULTS: 232 cases were identified: 96 (41.4%) open, 136 (58.6%) USG percutaneous. Age ranged <1-48 months; weight 0.7-10 kg. CVADs ranged 2Fr-9Fr in size. Eleven USG percutaneous cases required conversion to open. There was no significant difference in intraoperative complication rate between open (11/96, 11.5%) and USG percutaneous (19/136, 14.0%) groups (p = 0.574). There was no significant difference in overall postoperative complications, operative time or catheter longevity. Mechanical blockage was significantly higher in the open group than the USG percutaneous group (21% vs 10%, p = 0.015). CONCLUSION: USG percutaneous CVAD insertion is safe in children weighing ten kilograms or less. Open catheter insertion may be associated with higher rates of post-operative catheter blockage in small children. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Management of cancer-associated upper extremity deep vein thrombosis with and without venous catheters at a tertiary care center.

INTRODUCTION: Data on management of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT) in patients with cancer is limited. The objective of this study was to determine risk factors for UEDVT and the rates of recurrence and bleeding in a real-world setting. METHODS: Retrospective review of consecutive patients assessed for cancer-associated UEDVT. Outcome measures were recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE), and major and clinically relevant non-major bleeding (CRNMB). Risk factors for recurrent VTE and bleeding were assessed. RESULTS: Mean duration of follow-up was 7.2 months. Two hundred cases were identified; 69% were associated with a central line. Non-line associated UEDVT occurred more frequently in the setting of breast cancer, lung cancer and documented local mass effect. The incidence of recurrent VTE was 18.5%, of which 14 (37.8%) were ipsilateral UEDVT. The risk of recurrence is higher with male gender (HR 2.0, 95% CI; 1.0-4.0). Major and CRNMB occurred in 1% and 11.5%, respectively. Concurrent use of an antiplatelet agent was associated with a higher risk of CRNMB compared to anticoagulant therapy alone (HR 3.9, 95% CI; 1.4-10.7). CONCLUSIONS: Presence of a venous catheter was the primary risk factor for UEDVT, however, extrinsic compression by local tumour may be just as important for some cancer types. Furthermore, the majority of recurrent events did not occur in the same upper limb suggesting that UEDVT may be predictive of increased thrombotic risk rather than just a local effect of catheters.

Encuesta Nacional sobre la utilización de catéter venoso central en pacientes sometidos a neurocirugía electiva en Chile / Use of central venous catheter in patients undergoing elective neurosurgery in Chile: A national survey

OBJECTIVES: To know, through an online survey, the usual clinical practice of Chilean anesthesiologists regarding central venous catheterization in patients undergoing elective neurosurgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An email was sent with a link to a questionnaire to anesthesiologists belonging to the Society of Anesthesiology of Chile (SACH). The questionnaire consisted of an anonymous questionnaire, with multiple-choice questions that included data referring to experience as an anesthesiologist, experience in neuroanesthesia, indication of central venous access in elective neurosurgery, access of choice, technique used, and immediate and late complications. RESULTS: A valid response was received to the online survey by 180 anesthesiologists, which represents a response rate of 50%. Only 14.4% of the respondents were classified as specialists in neuroanesthesia. The majority acces corresponded to the Internal Jugular. The main indication was the use of vasoactive drugs in 92.18%. Regarding clinical scenarios, 95.4% of respondents used a central venous route in posterior fossa surgery, while only 9.41% used it in minimally invasive surgery. 69.3% of the respondents indicated that they had presented an immediate complication related to the procedure, with arterial puncture being the most frequent with 72.1%. Protocols for perioperative management only existed in 17.8% of cases. There are no significant differences in the usual clinical practice among specialists in neuroanesthesia and general anesthesiologists in most of the items analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: From the data obtained, we observed that there is no uniform criterion in the indication, access and control of the central venous catheter in the context of elective neurosurgery. The foregoing could be explained by the scarce protocolization of anesthetic management in these surgeries. It is of interest to verify that there are no differences in clinical practice among anesthesiologists specialized in this area and those unusual in neurosurgical procedures.

OBJETIVOS: Conocer por medio de una encuesta online la práctica clínica habitual de los anestesiólogos chilenos respecto a la cateterización venosa central en pacientes sometidos a neurocirugía de carácter electivo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se envió un correo electrónico con un enlace a un cuestionario a anestesiólogos pertenecientes a la Sociedad de Anestesiología de Chile (SACH). La encuesta consistía en un cuestionario de carácter anónimo, con preguntas de selección múltiple que incluía datos referidos a la experiencia como anestesiólogo, experiencia en neuroanestesia, indicación de vía venosa central en neurocirugía electiva, acceso de elección, técnica utilizada y complicaciones inmediatas y tardías. RESULTADOS: Se recibió respuesta válida a la encuesta online por parte de 180 anestesiólogos, lo que representa una tasa de respuesta del 50%. Sólo el 14,4% de los encuestados son catalogados como especialistas en neuroanestesia. La vía de acceso de elección corresponde a la Yugular Interna con un 66,8% de las preferencias. La principal indicación señalada para su utilización fue el uso de drogas vasoactivas en un 92,18% de los casos. Respecto a escenarios clínicos el 95,4% de los encuestados utiliza una vía venosa central en cirugía de fosa posterior, mientras que sólo el 9,41% la utiliza en cirugía mínimanente invasiva. El 69,3% de los encuestados indica haber presentado alguna vez una complicación inmediata relacionada al procedimiento, siendo la punción arterial la más frecuente con un 72,1%. Protocolos para el manejo perioperatorio sólo existían en 17,8% de los casos. No existen diferencias significativas en la práctica clínica habitual entre los especialistas en neuroanestesia y anestesiólogos poco habituados en neuroanestesia en la mayoría de los ítems analizados. CONCLUSIONES: A partir de los datos obtenidos por esta encuesta online, observamos que no existe un criterio uniforme en la indicación, vía de acceso y control del catéter venoso central en el contexto de la neurocirugía electiva. Lo anterior, podría explicarse por la escasa protocolización del manejo anestésico en estas cirugías. Es de interés comprobar que no existen grandes diferencias en la práctica clínica entre los anestesiólogos especialistas en esta área y aquellos poco habituales en procedimientos neuroquirúrgicos.