Inflammatory biomarkers predict higher risk of hyperglycemic crises but not outcomes in diabetic patients with COVID-19.

Background: Inflammation is a predictor of severe complications in patients with COVID-19 infection under a variety of clinical settings. A few studies suggested that COVID-19 infection was a trigger of hyperglycemic crises including diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and/or hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS). However, the association between inflammation and hyperglycemic crises in diabetic patients with COVID-19 infection is unclear. Methods: One hundred and twenty-four patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and COVID-19 infection from January 2023 to March 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data, especially inflammatory markers including white blood cell (WBC), neutrophils, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), c-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) were collected and compared between patients with or without DKA and/or HHS. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore the association between inflammatory biomarkers and the prevalence of hyperglycemic crises. Patients were followed up 6 months for outcomes. Results: Among 124 diabetic patients with COVID-19, 9 were diagnosed with DKA or HHS. Comparing COVID-19 without acute diabetic complications (ADC), patients with DKA or HHS showed elevated levels of c-reactive protein (CRP, P=0.0312) and procalcitonin (PCT, P=0.0270). The power of CRP and PCT to discriminate DKA or HHS with the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC) were 0.723 and 0.794, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression indicated 1.95-fold and 1.97-fold increased risk of DKA or HHS with 1-unit increment of CRP and PCT, respectively. However, neither CRP nor PCT could predict poor outcomes in diabetic patients with COVID-19. Conclusion: In this small sample size study, we firstly found that elevated serum CRP and PCT levels increased the risk of hyperglycemic crises in T2DM patients with COVID-19 infection. More study is needed to confirm our findings.

Predicting readmission due to severe hyperglycemia after a hyperglycemic crisis episode.

AIM: This study aimed to investigate the readmission pattern and risk factors for patients who experienced a hyperglycemic crisis. METHODS: Patients admitted to MacKay Memorial Hospital for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) between January 2016 and April 2019 were studied. The timing of the first readmission for hyperglycemia and other causes was recorded. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare patients with hyperglycemia and all-cause readmissions. Cox regression was used to identify independent predictors for hyperglycemia and all-cause readmission post-discharge. RESULTS: The study cohort included 410 patients, and 15.3 % and 46.3 % of them had hyperglycemia and all-cause readmissions, respectively. The DKA and HHS group showed a similar incidence for hyperglycemia, with the latter group showing a higher incidence of all-cause readmissions. The significant predictors of hyperglycemia readmissions included young age, smoking, hypoglycemia, higher effective osmolality, and hyperthyroidism in the DKA group and higher glycated hemoglobin level in the HHS group. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who experienced DKA and HHS had similar hyperglycemia readmission rates; however, predictors in the DKA group were not applicable to the HHS group. Designing different strategies for different types of hyperglycemic crisis is necessary for preventing readmission.

Diabetes en el senescente / Diabetes in the senescent

La diabetes mellitus (DM) en el senescente muestra un notable aumento de prevalencia, 15 a 18 por ciento actualmente, constituyendo un problema de salud pública por las complicaciones crónicas que la acompañan, las que determinan una menor expectativa y calidad de vida. Su escasa sintomatología hace que el diagnóstico se haga generalmente por exámenes de rutina, por complicaciones de la enfermedad o en un coma hiperosmolar, de allí la necesidad de pesquisar la DM en las etapas precoces. La DM del adulto mayor corresponde generalmente a una diabetes tipo 2. El tratamiento de la DM en el senescente no difiere sustancialmente del efectuado en sujetos más jóvenes, pero en más del 50 por ciento la DM se controla con medidas no farmacológicas. Cuando se requiere el uso de drogas orales, deben emplearse las de más baja potencia- preferentemente tolbutamida o gliclazida- en las dosis mínimas necesarias, a objeto de no provocar hipoglicemias, las que suelen ser severas e incluso mortales. Pueden presentar complicaciones agudas metabólicas, coma hiperosmolar no cetósico con mayor frecuencia y, en forma excepcional, cetoacidosis diabética grave, ambos cuadros de elevada mortalidad en estos pacientes. La hipoglicemia es la complicación aguda más relevante, la que debe prevenirse con un adecuado tratamiento y controles periódicos. Las complicaciones crónicas micro y macrovasculares son de alta prevalencia, así como las patologías asociadas. De allí que estos pacientes requieren de una atención integral

Coma hiperglicémico, hiperosmolar, no cetósico: realidad del servicio de medicina adultos del hospital Gustavo Fricke de Viña de Mar 1984-1993 / Hyperglycemic, hyperosmolar, nonketotic coma: reality of the adult medicine service at Gustavo Fricke Hospital in Viña del Mar

Se revisaron retrospectivamente las fichas clínicas de 16 pacientes egresados del Hospital "Gustavo Fricke", entre 1984 y 1993, con el diagnóstico de coma hiperglicémico hiperosmolar no cetósico; a fin de explotar y describir la experiencia del centro asistencial en dicha patología. Se observó una mayor prevalencia en pacientes del sexo femenino y añosos. El antecedente diabético estuvo presente en aproximadamente dos tercios de la muestra. Dentro de los factores precipitantes destacan los cuadros infecciosos (81,2 por ciento). Resalta una hiperglicemia promedio de 723 mgr por ciento y una osmolaridad plasmática promedio de 369,4 mOsm/lt. En el período estudiado de nueve años, sólo logró detectarse 16 casos de esta complicación diabética; sobresaliendo su mortalidad (50 por ciento), mayor que lo expuesto en la literatura