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INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death among women worldwide. An increasing number of studies highlight the contribution of environmental and lifestyle factors, including cosmetic use, in its development. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between cosmetic and dietary habits and breast cancer risk among women in Benin. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted involving 100 women diagnosed with breast cancer and matched 200 controls in the departments of visceral surgery, internal medicine, dermatology-venereology, and rheumatology at CNHU-HKM, and the gynecology-obstetrics department of CHU-MEL. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire addressing family history, dietary patterns, and cosmetic product usage. RESULTS: In multivariate analysis, several cosmetic practices including the use of alkaline soaps (ORa = 7.26; p = 0.001), scented body lotions (ORa = 25.90; p < 0.001), perfumes (ORa = 30.43; p < 0.01), deodorants (ORa = 5.76; p = 0.009), shampoos/conditioners (ORa = 31.92; p < 0.001), and lipsticks (ORa = 69.12; p = 0.018) were significantly associated with increased breast cancer risk. First-degree family history of breast cancer was associated with more than a threefold increase in risk. Contrary to existing literature, the consumption of soy, beans, and sesame also appeared to be linked to a higher risk of breast cancer in this population. CONCLUSION: Our results show a possible association between environmental factors-particularly the use of cosmetic products-and breast cancer. These results underscore a compelling need for a national cosmetovigilance system in Benin and public health initiatives promoting healthier lifestyles, especially among genetically predisposed women.

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PURPOSE: Few studies have examined how psychosocial risk and protective factors in adolescence shape mental health outcomes and other multimorbid conditions in adulthood, particularly among Canadian youth. The Research on Eating and Adolescent Lifestyle (REAL) 2.0 study was a 15-year follow-up cohort study designed to investigate how early etiological factors, including body image and disordered eating symptoms in adolescence, contribute to the development of eating, weight-related concerns, mental health and substance use health problems in early adulthood. In this paper, we describe the REAL 2.0 cohort's demographic and clinical characteristics alongside an overview of the study procedures, laying the groundwork for collaboration on future learnings with this unique data. PARTICIPANTS: The cross-sectional REAL study initially surveyed middle and high school students from 2004 to 2010 (n=3043) across 43 schools in the Ottawa, Canada region. Of those, respondents in grade 7 or 9 (n=1197 from 25 of the 43 original schools) were asked to participate in a longitudinal arm of the study that consisted of yearly follow-ups. From the longitudinal cohort, there were 278 participants (29.1% male; Mage=28.6) from those who consented to be re-contacted (n=912), who completed the REAL 2.0 survey electronically (30.4%), providing comprehensive data on demographic, clinical, eating and weight-related behaviour, psychological, social, environmental and substance use health factors in adulthood. FINDINGS TO DATE: 9.4% of REAL 2.0 participants met DSM-5 criteria for an eating disorder, while 17.6% met criteria for disordered eating. Moderate to severe anxiety was reported by 28% of participants, while 21.6% experienced moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Regarding substance use, 16.9% engaged in hazardous drinking, 16.9% used cannabis daily or almost daily, and 4.3% reported daily tobacco use. FUTURE PLANS: REAL 2.0 has the potential to answer multiple research questions about several mental health outcomes, but its priority focus is to answer questions related to risk and protective factors of multimorbidity in adulthood. Additionally, profiling work, linked to health service utilisation data for systems planning work and predictive modelling studies are secondary goals. By leveraging the Health Data Nexus (HDN) platform, we welcome collaboration with interested researchers who would like to utilise the breadth of data both in adolescence and adulthood to answer other pertinent aetiological questions in mental health and substance use health outcomes. Future plans to conduct additional follow-ups remain feasible.

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Background/Objectives: University students are particularly vulnerable to unhealthy eating patterns and body image dissatisfaction. The association between lifestyle factors and eating disorders (EDs) can be ambiguous as healthier lifestyle choices may paradoxically be related to ED risk. In this study, we aimed to analyze physical activity (PA) and dietary patterns-specifically food type and diet quality-as lifestyle indicators in university students with and without ED risk. Motivations for engaging in PA and the association between PA levels and diet quality were also examined. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on a convenience sample of 1982 undergraduate students aged 18-30 years from the University of the Balearic Islands. Dietary intake, diet quality, PA levels, and motivations were self-reported using a questionnaire. Results: Students at risk of EDs reported higher diet quality, including greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet (p < 0.001) and more adequate consumption of fruits (p < 0.001), vegetables (p < 0.001), and red and processed meat (p < 0.001). Regarding PA, participants with ED risk engaged in more weekly PA sessions (p < 0.001) and accumulated a longer total weekly duration (p = 0.019), with physical appearance being the main motivation. In participants without ED risk, PA levels were positively associated with adherence to the Mediterranean diet (p < 0.001); however, no such association was observed in participants with ED risk (p = 0.538). Conclusions: Students at risk for EDs exhibited comparatively healthier diet and PA patterns, seemingly driven by concerns related to body image and an aversion to energy-dense foods. Therefore, apparent health behaviors should not be used to rule out ED risk.

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Background: Depression represents a major public health burden in Hungary, where prevalence remains higher than the global average. Although diet is an increasingly studied factor associated with mental health, evidence from Central and Eastern Europe is scarce. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the Hungarian wave of the European Health Interview Survey (EHIS) 2019, a nationally representative sample of 5603 adults aged ≥15 years. Depressive symptom severity was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8) and categorized as none (0-4), mild (5-9), and moderate-to-severe (≥10). Self-reported frequency of consumption of fruits, vegetables, fruit juice, dairy products, fish, processed meat, sweetened beverages, coffee, and sweeteners was examined. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression models, adjusted for gender, age, education, income, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption, were used to estimate associations with depressive symptom severity. Results: Overall, 77.9% of participants had no depression, 17.0% mild, and 5.1% moderate-to-severe symptoms. After full adjustment, lower consumption of fruits and vegetables, less frequent fruit juice intake, and lower processed meat consumption were associated with higher odds of more severe depressive symptoms. Moderate coffee intake (1-2 cups/day) was associated with lower odds than heavier consumption. Conclusions: In the Hungarian adult population, poorer dietary patterns, particularly low intake of fruits, vegetables, and paradoxically lower processed meat consumption, are significantly associated with greater depressive symptom severity, independent of major sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. These findings underscore the potential role of diet quality in mental health and support public health efforts to promote nutrient-rich dietary patterns in Hungary.

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is increasingly used in musculoskeletal medicine. Variability in PRP composition, driven by preparation- and donor-related factors, is considered a major contributor to inconsistent clinical outcomes. This study investigated whether habitual dietary patterns are associated with the cellular and molecular composition of leukocyte-poor PRP (LP-PRP). METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 75 healthy adults (25 vegans, 25 vegetarians, and 25 omnivores) who adhered to their dietary patterns for ≥6 months were enrolled. LP-PRP was prepared by a standardized protocol. Cell profiles were quantified in whole blood and LP-PRP; LP-PRP proteins (IL-6, IGF-1, HGF, and PDGF-BB) were measured by ELISA. Group differences, correlations, and multivariable regressions were performed. RESULTS: Whole blood differed by diet with respect to total leukocytes, lymphocytes, and basophils, while platelet and erythrocyte counts did not. In LP-PRP, platelet enrichment ratios and leukocyte counts were comparable across diets. IL-6 in LP-PRP was lower in vegans vs. omnivores (p = 0.017); the Animal-Based Diet Score correlated positively with LP-PRP IL-6 and remained independently associated in regression (ß = 0.35, p = 0.004). While IGF-1, HGF, and PDGF-BB did not differ between dietary groups, intake-based analyses revealed associations between specific dietary components and LP-PRP proteins; notably, the fruit and vegetable intake correlated inversely with PDGF-BB, and platelet-growth factor coupling was most pronounced among omnivores. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary patterns were associated with selected molecular components of LP-PRP-most consistently IL-6-while cell counts remain largely unchanged. However, interventional studies are needed to establish causality and determine whether dietary modification can influence clinical outcomes.

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A procura por tratamentos estéticos, a busca por dentes claros tem sido constante, por isso, os tratamentos clareadores são amplamente utilizados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o grau de sensibilidade dental, a eficácia de mudança de cor e a influência dos hábitos alimentares após o clareamento supervisionado. Para isso, desenvolveu-se um estudo com 23 indivíduos divididos em 03 grupos com diferentes concentrações do gel peróxido de carbamida: G10 - concentração 10%; G16 - 16%; G22 - 22%. O tratamento durou 04 semanas, com retorno dos pacientes a cada 07 dias. A avaliação da sensibilidade foi através da escala visual analógica (EVA), a análise da coloração dental feita pela escala Vitapan Classical A1-D4® (Vita Zahnfabrik Alemanha), e a avaliação dos hábitos alimentares foi através de um questionário elaborado para esta pesquisa. Os resultados mostraram que os pacientes apresentaram sensibilidade leve durante o tratamento e que a intensidade da sensibilidade após a primeira (p=0,172), segunda (p=0,751) e terceira (p=0,386) semana de uso dos géis não apresentou relação com a concentração. A comparação do número de tons clareados não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa (p>0,05). Com relação a dieta, observou-se que os alimentos estudados não exerceram influência na mudança de cor dos dentes durante o clareamento dental, exceto com relação ao açaí, que apresentou uma pequena diferença na comparação entre o número de tons clareados no incisivo central. Conclui-se que o nível de sensibilidade apresentado foi leve, e quanto na dieta somente o consumo de açaí apresentou influência na alteração de cor dental.

The search for aesthetic treatments, the search for light teeth has been constant, so whitening treatments are widely used. The objective of this work was to evaluate the degree of tooth sensitivity, the effectiveness of color change and the influence of food habits after supervised whitening. For this, a study was developed with 23 individuals divided into 03 groups with different concentrations of carbamide peroxide gel: G10 - 10% concentration; G16 - 16%; G22 - 22%. The treatment lasted 04 weeks, with the return of patients every 07 days. The evaluation of sensitivity was through the visual analogue scale (VAS), the analysis of dental color made by the Vitapan Classical A1-D4® scale (Vita Zahnfabrik Germany), and assessment of eating habits was through a questionnaire prepared for this research. The results showed that the patients had mild sensitivity during the treatment and that the intensity of the sensitivity after the first (p=0.172), second (p=0.751) and third (p=0.386) week of the use the gels was not related to the concentration. The comparison of the number of lightened tones showed no statistically significant difference (p>0.05). Regarding the diet, it was observed that the foods studied had no influence on the change of color of the teeth during tooth whitening, except in relation to açaí, which presented a small difference when comparing the number of lightened tones in the central incisor. It is concluded that the level of sensitivity presented was mild, and as for the diet, only the consumption of açaí had an influence on the change in tooth color.

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The southwestern continental shelf of the South China Sea (SCS), a vital fishing ground, lacks systematic studies on fish with different feeding habits as bioindicators of heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) pollution. This study combines stable isotope analysis and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) to assess HMs, trophic dynamics, and human health risks in fish from this region. Results indicate that all HMs concentrations are below safety thresholds set by Chinese and FAO seafood standards. Trophic transfer analysis revealed significant biodilution of Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, and Ni with increasing δ15N values, while Mn, As, and Pb showed no significant variation. Mixed feeding fish were significant correlated with Zn, Cd, and Cu; planktivorous species with Cr and Ni; and carnivorous species with Mn and Pb. Health risk assessment revealed significant differences in target hazard quotient (THQ) values for Cr, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Cd among trophic groups, while total THQ (TTHQ) showed no significant variation. Compared to 1D MCS, the two-dimensional MCS (2D MCS) produced lower estimated risks, except for higher carcinogenic risks observed in children. The combined multiple linear regression (MLR) and 2D MCS model estimated the maximum acceptable daily fish intake at 22.4 g/day for children, 93.1 g/day for adult females, and 104.7 g/day for adult males. This study revealed differences in HMs levels and health risks of human consumption among different feeding groups, providing a scientific basis for sustainable fisheries management and safe seafood consumption in the SCS.

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BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity disproportionately affects low-income Hispanic children. After-school programs (ASPs) provide opportunities to address nutritional disparities through targeted educational interventions. METHODS: This study evaluated a 5-week general nutrition education program in 80 third- to sixth-grade students at a Title I elementary school. Nutrition knowledge, self-efficacy, and dietary behaviors were assessed using the Healthy Plate Photo Method (HPPM) and healthy habits survey (HHS). Data were analyzed using ANCOVA and mediation analysis. RESULTS: Significant improvements occurred in nutriti`on knowledge (HPPM: R2 = 0.51, p < 0.001; HHS: R2 = 0.52, p < 0.001). Attendance positively predicted knowledge gains (ß = 0.38-0.39). However, no significant changes were observed in self-efficacy (p = 0.53) or dietary behaviors (p = 0.82). Self-efficacy did not mediate the knowledge-behavior relationship. IMPLICATIONS FOR SCHOOL HEALTH POLICY, PRACTICE, AND EQUITY: Brief ASP nutrition interventions can effectively enhance foundational knowledge among underserved populations. However, achieving behavioral change may require longer interventions incorporating self-efficacy building strategies and environmental supports. Schools should integrate family and community components to address socioeconomic barriers affecting dietary practices. CONCLUSIONS: While ASPs successfully improve nutrition knowledge, translating knowledge into sustained dietary behavior changes may require comprehensive, multi-level interventions addressing individual, family, and community factors.

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Sensory sensitivity plays a pivotal role in avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), and food disgust is widely accepted as a key factor in food avoidance across ages. However, their relationship remains unclear in ARFID in general and across its main presentations, picky eating, fear of aversive consequences, and lack of interest. Therefore, this cross-sectional study examined whether food disgust acted as a mediator of the relationship between sensory sensitivity and ARFID symptoms in children and adults. Parents and adults from the community participated in an online survey on children's and adults' sensory sensitivity, food disgust, and ARFID symptoms according to the three main presentations based on validated questionnaires. Data from 270 parents (children aged 2-17 years, 60.4% male) and 491 adults (18-73 years, 76.8% female) were analyzed. Consistently across ages, positive associations between food disgust and picky eating (medium to large effect) and fear of aversive consequences (small effect) were observed. Food disgust mediated (i.e., weakened) the association between sensory sensitivity and both picky eating (large effect) and fear of aversive consequences (small effect), but did not mediate this association for lack of interest. The results showed that different etiological mechanisms may play a role in the main presentations of ARFID. Food disgust was found to be particularly relevant for ARFID-picky eating in both children and adults, but was less relevant for ARFID-fear of aversive consequences and ARFID-lack of interest. Longitudinal studies are needed to explore the directionality between sensory sensitivity, food disgust, and ARFID symptoms. Addressing food disgust in therapeutic approaches for ARFID warrants further investigation.

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Smoking cessation is commonly associated with increased food intake and weight gain, representing a substantial barrier to quitting, particularly for individuals with overweight or obesity. This study aimed to uncover the behavioral economic mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon by analyzing changes in food demand during smoking cessation treatment among people with overweight or obesity. We also explored whether baseline tobacco use and eating behaviors predicted these changes. In an eight-week clinical trial, 120 adults with tobacco use disorder and overweight or obesity received treatment to promote smoking cessation and prevent weight gain. Tobacco exposure was assessed via urine cotinine, and food demand was measured using the Food Purchase Task (FPT) at baseline, 48 hours before the scheduled quit day (week 5), and post-treatment (week 8). Mixed-effects repeated measures models were used to analyze changes in FPT indices: demand intensity, Omax, Pmax, breakpoint, and elasticity. Participants who reduced or ceased smoking exhibited increases in food demand. Decreases in cotinine levels were significantly associated with higher Omax (p = .02), Pmax (p = .023), and breakpoint (p = .026), indicating increased reinforcing value of food during cessation treatment. Smoking reduction is linked to heightened food reinforcement, which may contribute to post-cessation weight gain. These findings highlight a potential mechanism underlying cessation-related weight gain and support the need for targeted interventions addressing the heightened reinforcing value of food during smoking cessation in individuals with excess weight.

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Baby-Led Weaning (BLW) encourages self-feeding of finger foods from the start of complementary feeding, in contrast to traditional spoon-feeding (TSF). Concerns have been raised about the potential risks of iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) and foreign body aspiration (FBA) in BLW. Although BLW is a widely used feeding approach, there are currently no established guidelines specifically addressing its practice. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of BLW in cases of IDA and FBA, and to compare iron-rich food consumption and safe feeding practices between children fed with BLW, TSF and a mixed feeding approach. METHODS: Children aged 6-24 months who received a diagnosis of IDA and/or FBA at our centre between January 2015 and October 2020 were included in our study. Medical history and circumstances surrounding the choking episode were reviewed. A parental questionnaire was subsequently administered to document the complementary feeding approach, eating habits and demographic characteristics. RESULTS: This study included 186 IDA and 33 FBA patients. Among IDA cases, 12.9 % practiced BLW, 68.3 % used TSF and 18.8 % employed a mixed feeding approach. Additionally, when diagnosed with IDA, patients using BLW were younger than those in the TSF and mixed feeding groups. Blood measures of iron status did not differ between the groups. Among the 33 FBA cases, 6 patients were classified into the BLW group, 22 into the TSF group and 5 into the mixed feeding approach group. CONCLUSIONS: The BLW and mixed feeding approaches may be overrepresented in IDA and FBA cases in children. Regardless of the feeding method, many cases resulted from eating patterns that didn't meet existing guidelines. This study emphasizes the need for better parent education on safe and adequate infant nutrition.

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BACKGROUND: Feeding behavior in herbivorous insects is profoundly influenced by chemical cues present in their environment, with some compounds serving as deterrents that reduce or completely inhibit feeding. The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, is a highly polyphagous lepidopteran pest that poses significant threats to forestry and agriculture because of its broad host range and high reproductive potential. Despite studies on its feeding ecology, the molecular mechanisms underlying its aversive response to bitter compounds remain largely unexplored. RESULTS: We demonstrate that quinine significantly suppresses feeding in H. cunea larvae. Using calcium imaging and intracellular calcium concentration measurements via a microplate reader, we identified a bitter gustatory receptor, HcGr148, that specifically responds to quinine. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that HcGr148 is highly expressed in the mouthpart sensory organs and brain. Moreover, RNA interference via injection of double-stranded RNA targeting HcGr148 markedly reduced the sensitivity of the maxillary taste sensilla to quinine. CONCLUSION: Our findings reveal key components of the bitter taste signaling in H. cunea and shed light on how this pest species discriminates against unpalatable food sources at the molecular level, thereby offering useful insights into bitter taste perception in lepidopterans and suggesting possible avenues for future pest management research. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

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PurposeTo explore associations between adolescent's concern for their body weight/shape/size and engagement in unhealthy weight control behaviors (UWCBs).DesignSecondary data analysis.Setting2022 National Survey of Children's Health.SubjectsAnalyses included 23 357 (51.8% male) adolescents, ages 10-17 years (mean 13.8 ± 2.3 years).MeasuresReported concern for body weight/shape/size, and UWCBs including skipping meals/ fasting; low interest in food; picky eating; binge eating, purging; diet pills; and over-exercising.AnalysisLogistic regression models assessed the odds of engaging in UWCBs by reported concern for body weight/shape/size.ResultsEngagement in UCWBs was low with 21.1% reporting picky eating, 13.5% fasting, 11.7% low interest in food, 5.3% binge eating, and <2% purging, over-exercising, or using diet pills. Compared to adolescents who were not at all concerned about their body weight/shape/size, adolescents who were somewhat or very much concerned had significantly higher odds (P's < 0.05) of engaging in all UCWB outcomes except for using diet pills or laxatives, which was only significant for adolescents who reported being very concerned (OR = 12.74; CI: [19.16, 36.94]). Further, after stratification by gender and age, there was a significant p-for trend (P's < 0.05), in engagement in UWCBs by concern for body weight/shape/size except for using diet pills or laxatives in 10-11- and 12-14-year-olds.ConclusionExpressing concern for body weight/image/size is associated with an increased likelihood of engaging in UCWB in adolescents, regardless of gender or stage of adolescence.

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OBJECTIVES: This study examines the roles of hyperandrogenism (HA) and insulin resistance (IR) in eating behaviors among adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: Fifty adolescents with PCOS (mean age 16.04 ± 1.46 years, BMI 27.55 ± 6.34) were assessed. IR was evaluated using HOMA-IR, and eating behaviors were measured with the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) and the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q). RESULTS: IR was present in 46 % of participants, with obesity affecting 71 % of those with IR. While EAT scores showed no significant association with BMI, HA, or IR, the IR group had higher EDE-Q Total scores (p=0.05), particularly in Shape Concern (SC, p=0.003) and Weight Concern (WC, p=0.03). HA primarily influenced WC (p=0.04). BMI correlated more strongly with WC (r=0.579, p<0.001) than IR. ROC analysis indicated BMI>27.5 (AUC=0.967) and HOMA-IR>3.1 (AUC=0.961) as strong predictors of disordered eating. CONCLUSIONS: BMI and HOMA-IR are more reliable than HA for identifying disordered eating behaviors in PCOS adolescents. The EDE-Q is recommended for effective screening, emphasizing the need to monitor BMI and HOMA-IR in this population.

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Earlier school start times have been associated with poorer adolescent health outcomes. However, there is limited research on the associations between school start times and diet. The present study aimed to assess associations between school start times and dietary intake in a national sample of US adolescents. Earlier school start time was expected to predict greater energy-dense, nutrient-poor food intake and less healthful/beneficial food intake concurrently. Participants (n = 1371, Mage = 14.51 years, 51% female) were from the National Cancer Institute's Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating (FLASHE) study. Weighted least-squares regressions (with raked weights adjusting for the US population demographics) assessed school start time as a predictor of top-coded eating scales, controlling for demographic and socioeconomic factors. Adolescents who attended schools with earlier start times consumed more energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods which was largely accounted for by greater intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and teaspoons of sugar. Surprisingly, earlier start times were also associated with greater fruit intake. Post hoc analyses of separate variables indicated earlier school start time predicted cups of fruit but not vegetables. Future researchers are encouraged to examine school start time associations with dietary consumption using longitudinal designs and greater nuance in dietary assessment.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: InForma is a randomized controlled trial designed to promote weight loss in overweight or obese breast cancer survivors by encouraging adherence to a healthy diet and/or increased physical activity. This secondary analysis evaluated its effects on dietary patterns, nutrients and food groups intake, over a two-year period. METHODS AND RESULTS: 260 breast cancer survivors with a BMI ≥25 kg/m2 were randomized into four arms: Dietary Intervention (DI), Physical Activity Intervention (PAI), Physical Activity and Dietary Intervention (PADI), and Minimal Intervention (MI). Participants were followed for 24 months and dietary intake and adherence to the Mediterranean diet were assessed throughout validated questionnaires (EPIC-FFQ, QueMD). Principal component analysis identified three baseline dietary patterns explaining 33.6 % of the variance: MEDITERRANEAN loaded heavily on "olive oil" and "vegetables"; SWEET on "cake, sweets"; and WESTERN on "red, processed meat". Dietary factors contributing predominantly to each pattern decreased over follow-up visits, indicating an overall reduction in food consumption. Enrollment in DI and PADI arms compared to MI arm and being ≥60 years compared to <50 years, significantly predicted weight loss >5 %. Significant nutrient and energy intake reductions were observed, particularly at 6 months. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet improved in the whole study population, with no differences between intervention arms. CONCLUSION: A lifestyle intervention can promote significant reductions in energy and nutrient intake, and modifications in dietary patterns. This study provides new insights into the effectiveness of personalized lifestyle interventions in promoting long-term dietary changes among breast cancer survivors. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN53325751; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02622711.

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While evidence is emerging that the temporal pattern of feeding may influence anxiety, it is unclear to what extent anxiety may itself impact spontaneous feeding behaviour. To address this, we have quantified spontaneous feeding, ghrelin secretion and adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) in male low (LAB) and high (HAB) anxiety-behaviour rats. LAB and HAB rats showed the expected anxiogenic profile in the elevated plus-maze, HAB rats avoiding the open arms entirely. A 16% reduction in total food intake in HAB rats (p = .017) was due to a 35% reduction in light phase food consumption (p = .004). However, there were no significant changes in the number or duration of individual feeding events, and the 24-h feeding profile remained largely unaltered. Although basal circulating ghrelin was comparable in HAB and LAB rats, the 57% elevation in circulating ghrelin induced by a 24-h fast in LAB rats (p = .022) was completely abolished in HAB rats. In comparison with adult LAB rats, the number of newborn neurones (BrdU+/NeuN+) in the dentate gyrus of HAB rats was elevated by 68% and 103% in the sub-granular zone and granule cell layer, respectively (p = .0004 and p < .0001), these increases being observed across the rostro-caudal extent of the hippocampus. In contrast, the number of newborn non-neuronal (BrdU+/NeuN-) cells was unaltered. Thus, even in the context of the marked anxiety in HAB rats, mild hypophagia occurs without significant alteration in feeding patterns. Despite a blunting of fasting-induced ghrelin release, elevated AHN suggests an appropriate feedback response to the increased anxiety-related behaviour.

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Importance: Early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) (diagnosed age <50 years) incidence is increasing globally, in parallel with increased consumption of ultraprocessed foods (UPFs). The role of UPFs in early-onset colorectal neoplasia remains underexplored. Objective: To evaluate the association between UPF consumption and risk of EOCRC precursors. Design, Setting, and Participants: This prospective cohort study included participants of the Nurses' Health Study II, an ongoing US prospective cohort of female registered nurses established in 1989. Participants were followed up from June 1, 1991, through June 1, 2015. Data were analyzed from October 2024 to July 2025. UPF intake, derived from food-frequency questionnaires administered every 4 years and classified using the Nova system, was modeled as quintiles of energy-adjusted servings per day. Of the nurses enrolled, those who had completed the baseline 1991 food-frequency questionnaire, undergone at least 1 lower endoscopy before age 50 years after baseline, had no history of cancer (except for nonmelanoma skin cancer) before endoscopy, and no colorectal polyp or inflammatory bowel disease were included. Main Outcomes and Measures: Incidence of EOCRC precursors, including conventional adenomas and serrated lesions, confirmed via medical records and pathology reports. Multivariable logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations for clustered data were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% CIs, accounting for known and putative risk factors. Results: Among 29 105 female participants (mean [SD] age, 45.2 [4.5] years) over 24 years of follow-up, 1189 cases were documented of early-onset conventional adenomas and 1598 serrated lesions. UPFs provided 34.8% of total daily calories (median, 5.7 [IQR, 4.5-7.4] servings per day). Participants with higher UPF intake had an increased risk of early-onset conventional adenomas (highest vs lowest intake: AOR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.19-1.77; overall P < .001) but not serrated lesions (AOR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.89-1.22; P = .48 for trend). Findings were consistent after further adjustment for body mass index, type 2 diabetes, dietary factors (fiber, folate, calcium, and vitamin D), and Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 score. Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, higher UPF intake was associated with increased risk of early-onset colorectal conventional adenomas. These data highlight the important role of UPFs in early-onset colorectal tumorigenesis and support improving dietary quality as a strategy to mitigate the increasing burden of EOCRC.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper is to measure the degree to which simple automatic habits assessed with the Self-Report Habit Index (SRHI) are associated with validated measures of complex behavioral risk factors in an at-risk population of those with metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS: At baseline (2019-2022), 618 participants from 5 US cities who met criteria for MetS to qualify for the ELM trial were administered a series of measures to assess 4 habits (1/2 plate of vegetables at meals, daily brisk walks, pause before reacting, and notice sensory experiences) and 5 behavioral risk factors the habits were intended to represent (vegetable intake, moderate intensity physical activity, daily steps, emotional regulation, and sensory awareness). Spearman's rho correlations between each habit measure and its concomitant behavioral risk factor were calculated to assess criterion validity, spillover to other related behavioral risk factors, and discriminant validity relative to the Perceived Stress Scale. RESULTS: Three of the four habits showed moderate correlations with their respective risk factors with ranges from r = 0.31 to r = 0.44 (all p < 0.001). The strongest association was an inverse correlation between the habit pause before reacting and perceived stress (r = -0.34, p < 0.001). The weakest associations were between the physical activity habit and accelerometer-assessed moderate intensity physical activity (r = 0.16) and daily steps (r = 0.18), both p < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports a correspondence between habits assessed by the SRHI and the more complex behavioral risk factors they are intended to represent. It justifies targeting simple habits in service of improving complex behavioral risk factors and managing clinical problems such as MetS.

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Hands-on activities, where children explore food with their senses, are of interest for their potential to promote healthy eating. Various food-related sensory activities (FRSA) have been developed as interventions, but design, delivery and outcome variation challenge a robust evaluation of programs. Some argue that a focus on health is narrow and that FRSA could foster other competences, including non-health dimensions of sustainability. The objective of this scoping review was therefore to examine insights from the scientific literature regarding types, aims, perceived benefits, outcome measures and connections to sustainability of FRSA targeting children in educational settings. PRISMA-ScR was used. Three databases were searched in Spring 2024, resulting in 25 included articles. The FRSA were categorized into two main types and four subtypes. The most common aims, perceived benefits, and outcome measures were related to improving children's healthy eating. It has also been suggested that FRSA might foster critically conscious consumers and socially competent individuals, and support product development. Yet, these aspects were only partially evaluated in the studies reviewed. While environmental dimensions of sustainable eating were recognized, some of the competences related to being critically conscious and socially competent may also be important for sustainable development. Future research may explore FRSA's potential contributions to outcomes other than physical health.