The feeding system of Tiktaalik roseae: an intermediate between suction feeding and biting.

Changes to feeding structures are a fundamental component of the vertebrate transition from water to land. Classically, this event has been characterized as a shift from an aquatic, suction-based mode of prey capture involving cranial kinesis to a biting-based feeding system utilizing a rigid skull capable of capturing prey on land. Here we show that a key intermediate, Tiktaalik roseae, was capable of cranial kinesis despite significant restructuring of the skull to facilitate biting and snapping. Lateral sliding joints between the cheek and dermal skull roof, as well as independent mobility between the hyomandibula and palatoquadrate, enable the suspensorium of T. roseae to expand laterally in a manner similar to modern alligator gars and polypterids. This movement can expand the spiracular and opercular cavities during feeding and respiration, which would direct fluid through the feeding apparatus. Detailed analysis of the sutural morphology of T. roseae suggests that the ability to laterally expand the cheek and palate was maintained during the fish-to-tetrapod transition, implying that limited cranial kinesis was plesiomorphic to the earliest limbed vertebrates. Furthermore, recent kinematic studies of feeding in gars demonstrate that prey capture with lateral snapping can synergistically combine both biting and suction, rather than trading off one for the other. A "gar-like" stage in early tetrapod evolution might have been an important intermediate step in the evolution of terrestrial feeding systems by maintaining suction-generation capabilities while simultaneously elaborating a mechanism for biting-based prey capture.

Ecophysiological responses to the effect of annual management on an endemic viviparous fish in central plateau of México

Studies on the biological aspects of fish typically focus on species that currently have commercial value, causing species that lack such market value to be ignored. This is the case of several freshwater fish, specifically of several members of the Goodeidae family. In the State of Querétaro there are several species of this family characterized for being viviparous and having distinctive sexual dimorphism that may have commercial potential. The subject of this study is Girardinichthys multiradiatus, a viviparous fish endemic to the upper-half of the Lerma River basin. The lack of knowledge regarding its biology and ecology has prevented the development of guidelines to manage its habitat and to preserve its population. The objective was to determine the ecophysiological responses of G. multiradiatus to its environmental management. From the sampling (24 hours every two months) population structure and dynamics were analyzed throughout a hydrological cycle using meristic data (standard length). Trophic and ecophysiological responses to fluctuations in environmental factors were also identified. Although the mexcalpique is a polytrophic species, results show that it prefers feeding on Diptera or Cladocera, while detritus is the third substance frequently found in their stomachs. Environmentally, the water regime is responsible for fluctuations in the population dynamics of the species, while temperature changes are the most influence its energy balance. These results can guide efforts to conserve this species and its habitat.

Los estudios sobre aspectos biológicos de los peces se centran, generalmente, en especies que actualmente tienen interés comercial, lo que ocasiona que las especies que carecen de tal valor en el mercado estén prácticamente olvidadas; tal es el caso de varios peces de agua dulce y más específicamente de algunos integrantes de la familia Godeidae. En el estado de Querétaro se encuentran varias especies pertenecientes a esta familia que se caracterizan por ser vivíparas y presentar un marcado dimorfismo sexual, aspectos que pudieran definir un potencial comercial. El pez objeto de este estudio es Girardinichthys multiradiatus, especie endémica de la parte alta-media de la cuenca del río Lerma; los lugares donde habita presentan procesos de degradación, fragmentación del hábitat y extracción de agua, que ponen en riesgo su existencia. Además, la falta de conocimiento sobre su biología y ecología, no permiten que se elaboren pautas de gestión de sus poblaciones o hábitats con fines de conservación y preservación de la especie o de los procesos ecológicos que mantienen la estabilidad del ecosistema que ocupa. En el presente trabajo se estudió la población de G. multiradiatus localizada en el bordo de San Martín, Amealco. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar las respuestas ecofisológicas de G. multiradiatus debido al manejo de su ambiente. Se hicieron ciclos de 24 horas en muestreos bimensuales a lo largo de un ciclo hidrológico en el que se analizaron la estructura y dinámica de la población; asimismo, se determinaron las respuestas tróficas y ecofisiológicas de la población ante las fluctuaciones de los factores ambientales de su entorno. Los resultados muestran que aunque el mexcalpique es polítrofo, prefiere dípteros, cladóceros y detritus, habiendo diferencias alimentarias entre las clases de edades. G. multiradiatus presenta 12 clases de talla que van de 8 a 48 mm de longitud patrón. En el medio ambiente, el régimen de agua es responsable de las fluctuaciones en la dinámica poblacional de las especies, mientras que el cambio de temperatura es el factor de mayor influencia sobre su balance energético. Estos resultados pueden guiar los esfuerzos para conservar esta especie y su hábitat.

Hair cells in non-vertebrate models: lower chordates and molluscs.

The study of hair cells in invertebrates is important, because it can shed light on the debated question about the evolutionary origin of vertebrate hair cells. Here, we review the morphology and significance of hair cells in two groups of invertebrates, the lower chordates (tunicates and cephalochordates) and the molluscs. These taxa possess complex mechanoreceptor organs based on both primary (sensory neurons) and/or secondary, axonless, sensory cells, bearing various apical specializations. Compared with vertebrates, these taxa show interesting examples of convergent evolution and possible homologies of sensory systems. For example, the "lateral line organ" of Octopoda and Decapoda, composed of primary sensory cells aligned on the arms and the head, is considered a classic example of convergent evolution to mechanoreception. Similarly, in ascidians, the cupular organ, formed of primary sensory cells embedded in a gelatinous cupula, is seen as an analog of neuromasts in vertebrates. However, the coronal organ of the oral siphon of ascidians, represented by a line of secondary sensory cells with a hair bundle also comprising graded stereovilli, is currently the best candidate for tracing the evolutionary origin of the vertebrate octavo-lateralis system. Several features, such as embryological origin, position, gene expression and morphology, support this hypothesis.

A conserved role for FGF signaling in chordate otic/atrial placode formation.

The widely held view that neurogenic placodes are vertebrate novelties has been challenged by morphological and molecular data from tunicates suggesting that placodes predate the vertebrate divergence. Here, we examine requirements for the development of the tunicate atrial siphon primordium, thought to share homology with the vertebrate otic placode. In vertebrates, FGF signaling is required for otic placode induction and for later events following placode invagination, including elaboration and patterning of the inner ear. We show that results from perturbation of the FGF pathway in the ascidian Ciona support a similar role for this pathway: inhibition with MEK or Fgfr inhibitor at tailbud stages in Ciona results in a larva which fails to form atrial placodes; inhibition during metamorphosis disrupts development of the atrial siphon and gill slits, structures which form where invaginated atrial siphon ectoderm apposes pharyngeal endoderm. We show that laser ablation of atrial primordium ectoderm also results in a failure to form gill slits in the underlying endoderm. Our data suggest interactions required for formation of the atrial siphon and highlight the role of atrial ectoderm during gill slit morphogenesis.

Exploring developmental, functional, and evolutionary aspects of amphioxus sensory cells.

Amphioxus has neither elaborated brains nor definitive sensory organs, so that the two may have evolved in a mutually affecting manner and given rise to the forms seen in extant vertebrates. Clarifying the developmental and functional aspects of the amphioxus sensory system is thus pivotal for inferring the early evolution of vertebrates. Morphological studies have identified and classified amphioxus sensory cells; however, it is completely unknown whether the morphological classification makes sense in functional and evolutionary terms. Molecular markers, such as gene expression, are therefore indispensable for investigating the developmental and functional aspects of amphioxus sensory cells. This article reviews recent molecular studies on amphioxus sensory cells. Increasing evidence shows that the non-neural ectoderm of amphioxus can be subdivided into molecularly distinct subdomains by the combinatorial code of developmental cues involving the RA-dependent Hox code, suggesting that amphioxus epithelial sensory cells developed along positional information. This study focuses particularly on research involving the molecular phylogeny and expression of the seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes and discusses the usefulness of this information for characterizing the sensory cells of amphioxus.