Prospective Study of Surgery for Traumatic Brain Injury in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Surgical Procedures, Complications, and Postoperative Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important cause of trauma-related mortality and morbidity in Ethiopia. There are significant resource limitations along the entire continuum of care, and little is known about the neurosurgical activity and patient outcomes. METHODS: All surgically treated TBI patients at the 4 teaching hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia were prospectively registered from October 2012 to December 2016. Data registration included surgical procedures, complications, reoperations, discharge outcomes, and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 1087 patients were included. The most common procedures were elevation of depressed skull fractures (49.5%) and craniotomies (47.9%). Epidural hematoma was the most frequent indication for a craniotomy (74.7%). Most (77.7%) patients were operated within 24 hours of admission. The median hospital stay for depressed skull fracture operations or craniotomies was 4 days. Decompressive craniectomy was only done in 10 patients. Postoperative complications were seen in 17% of patients, and only 3% were reoperated. Cerebrospinal fluid leak was the most common complication (7.9%). The overall mortality was 8.2%. Diagnosis, admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, surgical procedure, and complications were significant predictors of discharge GCS score (P < 0.01). Age, admission GCS score, and length of hospital stay were significantly associated with mortality (P ≤ 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The injury panorama, surgical activity, and outcome are significantly influenced by patient selection due to deficits within both prehospital and hospital care. Still, the neurosurgical services benefit a large number of patients in the greater Addis region and are qualitatively comparable with reports from high-income countries.

A Safe Transitions Pathway for post-craniotomy neurological surgery patients: high-value care that bypasses the intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVE: High-value medical care is described as care that leads to excellent patient outcomes, high patient satisfaction, and efficient costs. Neurosurgical care in particular can be expensive for the hospital, as substantial costs are accrued during the operation and throughout the postoperative stay. The authors developed a "Safe Transitions Pathway" (STP) model in which select patients went to the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) and then the neuro-transitional care unit (NTCU) rather than being directly admitted to the neurosciences intensive care unit (ICU) following a craniotomy. They sought to evaluate the clinical and financial outcomes as well as the impact on the patient experience for patients who participated in the STP and bypassed the ICU level of care. METHODS: Patients were enrolled during the 2018 fiscal year (FY18; July 1, 2017, through June 30, 2018). The electronic medical record was reviewed for clinical information and the hospital cost accounting record was reviewed for financial information. Nurses and patients were given a satisfaction survey to assess their respective impressions of the hospital stay and of the recovery pathway. RESULTS: No patients who proceeded to the NTCU postoperatively were upgraded to the ICU level of care postoperatively. There were no deaths in the STP group, and no patients required a return to the operating room during their hospitalization (95% CI 0%-3.9%). There was a trend toward fewer 30-day readmissions in the STP patients than in the standard pathway patients (1.2% [95% CI 0.0%-6.8%] vs 5.1% [95% CI 2.5%-9.1%], p = 0.058). The mean number of ICU days saved per case was 1.20. The average postprocedure length of stay was reduced by 0.25 days for STP patients. Actual FY18 direct cost savings from 94 patients who went through the STP was $422,128. CONCLUSIONS: Length of stay, direct cost per case, and ICU days were significantly less after the adoption of the STP, and ICU bed utilization was freed for acute admissions and transfers. There were no substantial complications or adverse patient outcomes in the STP group.

Complications in cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy: timing of the intervention.

OBJECTIVE: To prevent complications following decompressive craniectomy (DC), such as sinking skin flap syndrome, studies suggested early cranioplasty (CP). However, several groups reported higher complication rates in early CP. We studied the clinical characteristics associated with complications in patients undergoing CP, with special emphasis on timing. METHODS: A single-center observational cohort study was performed, including all patients undergoing CP from 2006 to 2018, to identify predictors of complications. RESULTS: 145 patients underwent CP: complications occurred in 33 (23%): 18 (12%) epi/subdural hemorrhage, 10 (7%) bone flap infection, 4 (3%) hygroma requiring drainage, and 1 (1%) post-CP hydrocephalus. On univariate analysis, acute subdural hematoma as etiology of DC, symptomatic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow disturbance (hydrocephalus) prior to CP, and CP within three months after DC were associated with higher complication rates. On multivariate analysis, only acute subdural hematoma as etiology of DC (OR 7.5; 95% CI 1.9-29.5) and symptomatic CSF flow disturbance prior to CP (OR 2.9; 95% CI 1.1-7.9) were associated with higher complication rates. CP performed within three months after DC was not (OR 1.4; 95% CI 0.5-3.9). Pre-CP symptomatic CSF flow disturbance was the only variable associated with the occurrence of epi/subdural hemorrhage. (OR 3.8; 95% CI 1.6-9.0) CONCLUSION: Cranioplasty has high complication rates, 23% in our cohort. Contrary to recent systematic reviews, early CP was associated with more complications (41%), explained by the higher incidence of pre-CP CSF flow disturbance and acute subdural hematoma as etiology of DC. CP in such patients should therefore be performed with highest caution.

Decompressive hemicraniectomy in the management of subcortical spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: The benefit of decompressive hemicraniectomy in patients with malignant acute ischemic stroke is well established, however its role in supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhages is unclear and evolving. Prior studies combined cortical and subcortical hemorrhages in their analysis despite their different natural history. Subcortical hematoma is associated with worse outcomes due to mechanical compression of subcortical structures. We describe outcomes of a matched comparison of patients with spontaneous subcortical hemorrhage managed with hemicraniectomy versus medical management alone. METHODS: Using our "Get-with-the-guideline stroke" database, patients with spontaneous subcortical hematoma managed with hemicraniectomy were identified. Using age, gender, and hematoma volume (categorized as 0-30, 30-60, >60ml), patients managed with hemicraniectomy were matched with medical management alone. Outcomes included hospital length of stay, discharge disposition, and Glasgow outcome score. RESULTS: Eight patients with subcortical hematoma managed with hemicraniectomy were matched with 22 medically managed patients. Other than use of antithrombotics, clinical characteristics did not differ between groups. On comparing outcomes, hospital length of stay in the hemicraniectomy group (26.5 vs 12.5 days p = 0.006) was significantly longer. Discharge disposition did not differ between groups (75% vs 36.4% p = 0.101). Despite a higher frequency of Glasgow outcome score ≥ 3 at 90 days amongst hemicraniectomy cases, there was no significant difference between groups (71.3% vs 54.5% p = 0.535). CONCLUSION: Hemicraniectomy for subcortical hematoma was associated with a prolonged hospital stay. Despite improving survival and favorable discharge disposition, there was no statistically significant difference between groups. Further studies on the benefit of hemicraniectomy in subcortical hematoma are needed.

Risk factors for decompressive craniectomy after endovascular treatment in acute ischemic stroke.

Endovascular treatment (EVT) is safe and effective for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) caused by large artery occlusion in the anterior circulation. However, some patients require decompressive craniectomy (DC), despite having undergone a timely EVT. This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors for subsequent DC after EVT. This retrospective cohort study comprised 138 patients who received EVT between April 2015 and June 2019 at our center. The need for subsequent DC was defined as cerebral edema or/and hemorrhagic transformation caused by large ischemic infarction, with a ≥ 5-mm midline shift and clinical deterioration after EVT. The relationship between risk factors and DC after EVT was assessed via univariate and multivariable logistic regression. Thirty (21.7%) patients required DC. These patients tended to have atrial fibrillation (P = 0.037), sedation (P = 0.049), mechanical ventilation (P = 0.008), poorer collateral circulation (P = 0.003), a higher baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (P < 0.001), heavier thrombus burden (P < 0.001), a lower baseline Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score (ASPECTS) (P < 0.001), and unsuccessful recanalization (P < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, higher baseline NIHSS score [odds ratio (OR), 1.17; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03-1.32], heavier thrombus burden [OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.02-1.79], baseline ASPECTS ≤ 8 [OR, 7.41; 95% CI, 2.43-22.66], and unsuccessful recanalization [OR, 7.49; 95% CI, 2.13-26.36] were independent risk factors for DC after EVT. DC remains an essential treatment for some AIS patients after EVT, especially those with higher baseline NIHSS scores, heavier thrombus burden, baseline ASPECTS ≤ 8, and unsuccessful recanalization.

Reoperations after surgery for acute subdural hematoma: reasons, risk factors, and effects.

PURPOSE: To analyze the reasons and patient-related and injury-related risk factors for reoperation after surgery for acute subdural hematoma (SDH) and the effects of reoperation on treatment outcome. METHODS: Among adult patients operated on for acute SDH between 2013 and 2017, patients reoperated within 14 days after the primary surgery were identified. In all patients, parameters were identified that related to the patient (age, anticoagulation, antiplatelet, and antiepileptic treatment, and alcohol intoxication), trauma (Glasgow Coma Score, SDH thickness, midline shift, midline shift /hematoma thickness rate, other surgical lesion, primary surgery-trephination, craniotomy, or decompressive craniotomy), and Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS). The reasons for reoperation and intervals between primary surgery and reoperation were studied. RESULTS: Of 86 investigated patients, 24 patients were reoperated (27.9%), with a median interval of 2 days between primary surgery and reoperation. No significant differences in patients and injury-related factors were found between reoperated and non-reoperated patients. The rate of primary craniectomies was higher in non-reoperated patients (P = 0.066). The main indications for reoperation were recurrent /significant residual SDH (10 patients), contralateral SDH (5 patients), and expansive intracerebral hematoma or contusion (5 patients). The final median GOS was 3 in non-reoperated and 1.5 in reoperated patients, with good outcomes in 41.2% of non-reoperated and 16.7% of reoperated patients. CONCLUSIONS: Reoperation after acute SDH surgery is associated with a significantly worse prognosis. Recurrent /significant residual SDH and contralateral SDH are the most frequently found reasons for reoperation. None of the analyzed parameters were significant reoperation predictors.

Retrospective analysis of decompressive craniectomy performed in pediatric patients with subdural hematoma.

BACKGROUND: The impact of decompressive craniectomy (DC) on the overall outcome of pediatric acute subdural hematoma patients has not been fully determined to date. In this paper, we aimed to investigate the role of decompressive craniectomy performed to treat traumatic subdural hematoma in patients from the pediatric age group. METHODS: We described our experience with DC in pediatric acute subdural hematoma patients and analyzed the outcomes. RESULTS: Eleven (7 unilateral and 4 bilateral) DCs were performed. The patients' ages ranged from 8 months to 15 years. The mean GCS score at admission was 7.8. All patients underwent DC with duraplasty within 2 hours of injury. All the patients were admitted to the intensive care unit for 10 days postoperatively. The mean hospital stay was 22 days and the mean follow-up period was 3.7 years. CONCLUSION: Early DC for pediatric subdural hematoma patients, independent of their initial GCS, was recommended. Larger studies are needed to define the indications, surgical techniques, and timing of DC in the pediatric population.

Recent Nationwide Impact of Mechanical Thrombectomy on Decompressive Hemicraniectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Background and Purpose- The treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke has been revolutionized by endovascular mechanical thrombectomy (MT), leading to dramatically improved outcomes. Here, we analyzed the impact of recent changes in stroke management on nationwide trends in patient characteristics, treatment modalities, and outcomes. Methods- The National Inpatient Sample was analyzed using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth and Tenth Editions, Clinical Modification codes to identify adult stroke patients with anterior-circulation, large-vessel occlusion in the pre- (2012-2014) and the post-MT trial period (2015-2016). Univariate and multivariable predictors of decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC) were ascertained in patients developing malignant cerebral edema. Results- The nationwide query identified 519 320 adult stroke patients with annually increasing volume (92 320 to 129 340), stroke severity, and treatment at urban teaching centers. DHC was performed in 9.5% of patients developing malignant cerebral edema (n=33 530) and was associated with a high rate of discharge to long-term nursing care (65%) and mortality (23%). Over time, the rate of MT (3.4% to 9.8%) increased whereas the rate of DHC for malignant cerebral edema declined from 11.4% to 4.8% (P<0.001). In a binary logistic regression model controlling for potential confounders (eg, age, severity of illness), MT patients were 43% less likely to require DHC (odds ratio, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.6-0.9). Conclusions- Nationwide trends indicated that successful reperfusion of penumbra with MT in stroke patients leads to a declining indication for DHC whereas stroke volume increases over time.

Predictors of decompressive hemicraniectomy in malignant middle cerebral artery stroke.

Identification of factors in malignant middle cerebral artery (MMCA) stroke patients that may be useful in selecting patients for DHC. This study was a retrospective multicenter study of patients referred for DHC based on the criteria of the randomized control trials of DHC in MMCA stroke. Demographic, clinical, and radiology data were analyzed. Patients who underwent DHC were compared to those who survived without surgery. Two hundred three patients with MMCA strokes were identified: 137 underwent DHC, 47 survived without DHC, and 19 refused surgery and died. Multivariate analysis identified the following factors determining DHC in MMCA stroke: age < 55 years (OR 8.5, 95% CI 3.3-22.1, P < 0.001), MCA with involvement of additional vascular territories (anterior cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery (OR 4.8, 95% CI 1.5-14.9, P = 0.007), septum pellucidum displacement ≥ 7.5 mm (OR 4.8, 95% CI 1.9-11.7, P = 0.001), diabetes (OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.3-10.6, P = 0.012), infarct growth rate (IGR) ml/h (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.02-1.2, P = 0.015), and temporal lobe involvement (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.01-6.1, P = 0.048). The internal validation of the multivariate logistic regression model using bootstrapping analysis showed marginal bias. Among patients with MMCA infarctions, an increased possibility of DHC is associated with younger age, MCA with additional infarction, septum pellucidum deviation of > 7.5 mm, diabetes, IGR, and temporal lobe involvement. The presence of these risk factors identifies those MMCA stroke patients who may require DHC. Bootstrapping analysis indicated the model is good enough to predict the outcome in general population.

Variation in neurosurgical management of traumatic brain injury: a survey in 68 centers participating in the CENTER-TBI study.

BACKGROUND: Neurosurgical management of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is challenging, with only low-quality evidence. We aimed to explore differences in neurosurgical strategies for TBI across Europe. METHODS: A survey was sent to 68 centers participating in the Collaborative European Neurotrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) study. The questionnaire contained 21 questions, including the decision when to operate (or not) on traumatic acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) and intracerebral hematoma (ICH), and when to perform a decompressive craniectomy (DC) in raised intracranial pressure (ICP). RESULTS: The survey was completed by 68 centers (100%). On average, 10 neurosurgeons work in each trauma center. In all centers, a neurosurgeon was available within 30 min. Forty percent of responders reported a thickness or volume threshold for evacuation of an ASDH. Most responders (78%) decide on a primary DC in evacuating an ASDH during the operation, when swelling is present. For ICH, 3% would perform an evacuation directly to prevent secondary deterioration and 66% only in case of clinical deterioration. Most respondents (91%) reported to consider a DC for refractory high ICP. The reported cut-off ICP for DC in refractory high ICP, however, differed: 60% uses 25 mmHg, 18% 30 mmHg, and 17% 20 mmHg. Treatment strategies varied substantially between regions, specifically for the threshold for ASDH surgery and DC for refractory raised ICP. Also within center variation was present: 31% reported variation within the hospital for inserting an ICP monitor and 43% for evacuating mass lesions. CONCLUSION: Despite a homogeneous organization, considerable practice variation exists of neurosurgical strategies for TBI in Europe. These results provide an incentive for comparative effectiveness research to determine elements of effective neurosurgical care.

Decompressive hemicraniectomy after malignant middle cerebral artery infarction: does hospital of origin matter?

Decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC) has been shown to reduce mortality in malignant middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction. Our primary objective was to compare 1-year mortality between patients receiving DHC for malignant MCA infarction at our institution based on hospital of origin. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients treated for malignant MCA infarction with DHC at our institution over a 3-year period. One-year mortality rates and time to surgery were comparable regardless of whether the patient first attended the tertiary referral centre or a peripheral centre.

Analysis of direct costs of decompressive craniectomy in victims of traumatic brain injury / Análise dos custos diretos da craniectomia descompressiva em vítimas de traumatismo cranioencefálico

ABSTRACT Background: Decompressive craniectomy is a procedure required in some cases of traumatic brain injury (TBI). This manuscript evaluates the direct costs and outcomes of decompressive craniectomy for TBI in a developing country and describes the epidemiological profile. Methods: A retrospective study was performed using a five-year neurosurgical database, taking a sample of patients with TBI who underwent decompressive craniectomy. Several variables were considered and a formula was developed for calculating the total cost. Results: Most patients had multiple brain lesions and the majority (69.0%) developed an infectious complication. The general mortality index was 68.8%. The total cost was R$ 2,116,960.22 (US$ 661,550.06) and the mean patient cost was R$ 66,155.00 (US$ 20,673.44). Conclusions: Decompressive craniectomy for TBI is an expensive procedure that is also associated with high morbidity and mortality. This was the first study performed in a developing country that aimed to evaluate the direct costs. Prevention measures should be a priority.

RESUMO Introdução: A craniectomia descompressiva (CD) é procedimento necessário em alguns casos de trauma cranioencefálico (TCE). Este manuscrito objetiva avaliar os custos diretos e desfechos da CD no TCE em um país em desenvolvimento e descrever o perfil epidemiológico. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo foi realizado usando banco de dados neurocirúrgico de cinco anos, considerando amostra de pacientes com TCE que realizaram CD. Algumas variáveis foram analisadas e foi desenvolvida uma fórmula para cálculo do custo total. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes teve múltiplas lesões intracranianas, sendo que 69.0% evoluíram com algum tipo de complicação infecciosa. A taxa de mortalidade foi de 68,8%. O custo total foi R$ 2.116.960,22 (US$ 653,216.00) e o custo médio por paciente foi R$ 66.155,00 (US$ 20,415.00). Conclusões: CD no TCE é um procedimento caro e associado á alta morbidade e mortalidade. Este foi o primeiro estudo realizado em um país em desenvolvimento com o objetivo de avaliar os custos diretos. Medidas de prevenção devem ser priorizadas.

Decompressive Craniectomy With Bifrontal Coronal Incision in the Management of Fronto-Temporal Contusion and Laceration for Early Cranioplasty.

The present study aims to explore the effectiveness of decompressive craniectomy with bifrontal coronal incision in the management of severe contusion and laceration of bilateral fronto-temporal lobes, as well as the outcomes of early cranioplasty. The authors performed the bifrontal decompressive craniectomy on 56 patients with contusion and laceration of bilateral frontal and temporal lobes, and their follow-up treatment outcomes were tracked within 6 months using Glasgow Outcome Scale. The results showed that 33 patients (out of 56, 58.9%) have recovered, 12 patients (out of 56, 21.4%) have moderate defects, 5 patients (out of 56, 8.9%) have severe defects, 3 patients (out of 56, 5.3%) stayed in persistent vegetative status, and the remaining 3 patients (out of 56, 5.3%) have been dead. There was no persistent temporal hollowing. No patients required revision surgery with modified titanium mesh in this study. Particularly, 28 patients have successfully accepted the early cranioplasty with bone flap or computer-assisted design titanium mesh, and showed good recovery. These results together indicated that the decompressive craniectomy with bifrontal coronal incision in the management of severe contusion and laceration of bilateral fronto-temporal lobes can significantly relieve the comorbidity of intracranial hypertension, and improve the prognosis obviously, thus finally increasing the probability of successful rescue and decreasing the probability of mortality and disability.

Decompressive hemicraniectomy for malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. Experience from the Western Province of Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe our experience implementing decompressive hemicraniectomy (DH) for eligible patients with malignant middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarcts. METHODS: We retrospectively collected data of malignant MCA infarction patients requiring DH at King Abdulaziz University Hospital & King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between October 2010 and July 2015. Clinical outcome was assessed immediately postoperatively using Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), and at 12 months using the modified Rankin scale (mRS) and Barthel index. Survival was evaluated at thirty-days and one year after surgery. RESULTS: Six out of 10 patients diagnosed with malignant MCA infarction underwent DH. Among the surgically treated patients (n=6), 4 were males (66%), and the median age was 22.5 years. The median time from admission to surgery was 35.5 hours. The median post-operative GCS was 6.5. Three patients (50%) died within 30 days of DH. In those who survived, the median mRS was 4.5 and BI was 7.5. CONCLUSION: Decompressive hemicraniectomy saves life and has the potential of improving survival functional outcome when done fast and in carefully selected patients. We call for national awareness of the management of such cases and early intervention.

Burr-Hole Drainage for Chronic Subdural Hematoma Under Low-Dose Acetylsalicylic Acid: A Comparative Risk Analysis Study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) is one of the most common neurosurgical diseases typically affecting older people. Many of these patients have coronary artery disease and receive antiplatelet therapy, usually acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). Despite growing clinical relevance, there is still a lack of data focusing on the perioperative management of such patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to compare the perioperative and postoperative bleeding and cardiovascular complication rates of patients undergoing burr-hole drainage for cSDH with and without discontinuation of low-dose ASA. METHODS: Of 963 consecutive patients undergoing burr-hole drainage for cSDH, 198 (20.5%) patients were receiving low-dose ASA treatment. In 26 patients (13.1%), ASA was not discontinued (ASA group; ASA discontinuation ≤7 days); in the remaining patients (n = 172; 86.9%), ASA was discontinued at least for 7 days (control group). The primary outcome measure was recurrent cSDH that required revision surgery owing to clinical symptoms, whereas secondary outcome measures were postoperative cardiovascular and thromboembolic events, other complications, operation and hospitalization time, morbidity, and mortality. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was observed between the 2 groups regarding recurrence of cSDH (P = 1). Cardiovascular event rates, surgical morbidity, and mortality did not significantly differ between patients with and without discontinuation of low-dose ASA. CONCLUSION: Given the lack of guidelines regarding perioperative management with antiplatelet therapy, our findings elucidate one issue, showing comparable recurrence rates with and without discontinuation of low-dose ASA in patients undergoing burr-hole drainage for cSDH.

Impact of Obesity on Complications and 30-Day Readmission Rates After Cranial Surgery: A Single-Institutional Study of 224 Consecutive Craniotomy/Craniectomy Procedures.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of obesity is increasing at a disparaging rate in the United States. Although previous studies have associated obesity with increased surgical complications and readmission rates, the impact of obesity on surgical outcomes after cranial surgery remains understudied. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of obesity on complication and 30-day readmission rates after cranial surgery. METHODS: The medical records of 224 consecutive patients (nonobese, n = 164; obese, n = 60) undergoing either craniotomy or craniectomy at a major academic institution in 2011 were reviewed. Preoperative body mass index equal to or greater than 30 kg/m2 was classified as obese. The primary outcome investigated in this study was the rate of intraoperative and postoperative complications and 30-day readmissions after craniectomy/craniotomy. RESULTS: Baseline patient characteristics and comorbidities were similar between the cohorts. The mean body mass indexes for both cohorts were significantly different (nonobese, 22.8 ± 4.2 kg/m2 vs. obese, 45.1 ± 15.9 kg/m2; P < 0.0001). Most patients underwent tumor excision in both cohorts (nonobese, 64.0% vs. obese, 66.7%; P = 0.75). Compared with the nonobese cohort, the obese cohort had significantly higher estimated blood loss (nonobese, 209.9 ± 201.3 mL vs. obese, 284.9 ± 250.0 mL; P = 0.04), but similar length of operation (nonobese, 187.3 ± 89.4 minutes vs. obese, 209.6 ± 100.5; P = 0.14). Length of hospital stay and rate of postoperative complications were similar between both cohorts. Obese patients had increased rate of 30-day readmission, but this was not statistically significant (nonobese, 3.1% vs. obese, 6.7%; P = 0.25). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that obesity may not have a significant impact on surgical outcomes after cranial surgery.

Impact of timing of cranioplasty on hydrocephalus after decompressive hemicraniectomy in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with malignant middle cerebral artery infarction frequently develop hydrocephalus after decompressive hemicraniectomy. Hydrocephalus itself and known shunt related complications after ventriculo-peritoneal shunt implantation may negatively impact patients outcome. Here, we aimed to identify factors associated with the development of hydrocephalus after decompressive hemicraniectomy in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 99 consecutive patients with the diagnosis of large hemispheric infarctions and the indication for decompressive hemicraniectomy were included. We retrospectively evaluated patient characteristics (gender, age and selected preoperative risk factors), stroke characteristics (side, stroke volume and existing mass effect) and surgical characteristics (size of the bone flap, initial complication rate, time to cranioplasty, complication rate following cranioplasty, type of implant, number of revision surgeries and mortality). RESULTS: Frequency of hydrocephalus development was 10% in our cohort. Patients who developed a hydrocephalus had an earlier time point of bone flap reimplantation compared to the control group (no hydrocephalus=164±104days, hydrocephalus=108±52days, p<0.05). Additionally, numbers of revision surgeries after cranioplasty was associated with hydrocephalus with a trend towards significance (p=0.08). CONCLUSION: Communicating hydrocephalus is frequent in patients with malignant middle cerebral artery infarction after decompressive hemicraniectomy. A later time point of cranioplasty might lead to a lower incidence of required shunting procedures in general as we could show in our patient cohort.

Impact of the Implementation of Thrombectomy with Stent Retrievers on the Frequency of Hemicraniectomy in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke.

BACKGROUND: The increasing use of endovascular treatments has led to higher recanalization rates and better clinical outcomes compared with intravenous thrombolysis alone. Stent retrievers represent the latest development for recanalization of large vessel occlusions. Decompressive hemicraniectomy has proved beneficial in patients suffering from rising intracranial pressure after malignant stroke. AIMS AND/OR HYPOTHESIS: We investigated the effect of the implementation of stent retriever treatment on the frequency of hemicraniectomy as a surrogate marker for infarct size and thus for poor neurological outcome. METHODS: Patients with acute ischemic stroke were retrospectively studied. We compared the frequency of hemicraniectomy following proximal artery occlusion of the internal carotid artery and middle cerebral artery main stem in the years before (2009 and 2010) and after (2012 and 2013) introducing stent retrievers. RESULTS: Overall, 497 patients with proximal arterial occlusion were included in the study. Of 253 patients admitted in the years 2009 and 2010 44 (17.4 %) and of 244 patients admitted in 2012 and 2013, 20 (8.2 %) received a hemicraniectomy. This decrease in the proportion of hemicraniectomies was statistically significant (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The findings in this study illustrate a significantly reduced rate of hemicraniectomies in patients with proximal artery occlusions after implementation of thrombectomy with stent retriever. Hereby, we could show a significant reduction of malignant infarctions after thrombectomy with stent retriever.

Restoration of Functional Integrity After Evacuation of Chronic Subdural Hematoma-An Age-Adjusted Analysis of 697 Patients.

OBJECTIVE: Although chronic subdural hematoma (CSH) can be treated by surgery, little is known about age-dependent symptoms and age-adjusted rates of restoring functional integrity. To evaluate the clinical symptoms and the course of CSH in patients of different age groups (AGs), we reviewed patients with CSH treated at our department over the past 22 years. METHODS: This retrospective analysis included 697 patients with CSH (461 men, 236 women; mean age 70.1 years). Subgroup analysis was done according to AG 1) <65 years, 2) 66-75 years, 3) 76-85 years, 4) 86-95 years, and 5) >95 years. RESULTS: Most patients had been treated with burr-hole trephination and implantation of a subdural drain (96.5%; n = 673). No significant difference concerning surgical morbidity and mortality was found between the AGs, but patients >75 years more frequently required reoperation (P = 0.001). Preoperatively, the most common symptoms were headache in AGs 1 and 2 (56.3% and 48.5%) and mnestic deficits in AGs 3-5 (54.9%, 51.9%, and 50.0%). After surgery, the clinical symptoms of CSH had significantly abated in all age groups. The most common clinical residuals were motor deficits in AG 1 (10.4%), mnestic deficits in AG 2 (10.7%), AG 4 (24.1%), and AG 5 (50.0%), and organic brain syndrome in AG 3 (15.0%). CONCLUSION: CSH predominantly caused unspecific symptoms such as headache and cognitive decline. CSH surgery immediately relieved symptoms in patients of all AGs. However, improvement rates significantly depended on patient age. This should be taken into consideration when advising on surgical treatment of CSH.

Outcome After Decompressive Craniectomy in Different Pathologies.

BACKGROUND: We compare the outcome after decompressive craniectomy for various neurologic diseases with the final common pathway of coma, compression of the basal cisterns, a midline shift, or refractory intracranial hypertension. METHODS: Between January 2005 and June 2009, 134 patients underwent decompressive craniectomy for traumatic brain injury (n = 74), intracerebral hemorrhage (n = 21), spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (n = 11), malignant cerebral infarction (n = 27), or encephalitis (n = 1). The outcome was classified at discharge and up to 12 months after treatment in accordance with the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), as well as the Glasgow Coma Scale, Marshall classification, or National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Significance was established as P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Median and mean scores on the Glasgow Coma Scale at time of neurosurgical assessment in all patients were ≤7. Midline shift was reduced in each subset as a result of surgery (mean, 0.26-0.46 cm; P ≤ 0.049). Overall outcome based on the median GOS score at discharge ranged from death to severe disability. After 12 months, the median range narrowed to a range of death to persistent vegetative state. At various time points, mean GOS score was not found to differ significantly between the subsets. Unfavorable outcome after 3 months was found in a smaller group of patients after traumatic brain injury than was found in patients with other diseases (P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: The outcome after decompressive craniectomy does not differ significantly in different diseases once the final pathophysiologic pathway of refractory intracranial hypertension, coma, compression of the basal cisterns, or midline shift has been reached.