Salmonella Typhi: a rare cause of parotid abscess.

The incidence of extraintestinal infection caused by Salmonella spp has been increased during the past decade. Here we report a case of a parotid abscess caused by Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Typhi (S Typhi) in an individual without any significant abnormality of the parotid gland. A 68-year-old man presented to the surgical department with high-grade intermittent fever associated with painful swelling over the right side of the face, extending into the neck. An ultrasound of the neck revealed an abscess of the right parotid gland. S Typhi was isolated from the pus drained from the parotid gland. The patient was treated with intravenous followed by oral cephalosporin for a period of 7 days. This case gives an insight into one of the rarer aetiological agents causing parotid abscess.

Estudio de problemas de enfermedades causados ​​por Salmonella y relación con la fiebre tifoidea / Study of Illness Problems Caused By Salmonella and Relation with Typhoid

There is urgent need to address illness problems caused by Salmonella enteric serotype Typhibacteria. The bacteria are deposited in water or food by human carrier and are then spread to other people in the area. In this research, a blood specimens were collected from typhoid fever patients, and serum levels of IFN-γ and IL-6 during the chronic and acute phase in typhoid patients group was determined according protocol kit and calculation, results were higher levels in chronic phase (137.187 ± 0.703.427 ± 206.545pg/ml respectively) and in acute phase were 128.787 ± 2.522, 137.733 ± 23.424 pg/ml, respectively with highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) than those in healthy control group. Salmonella infects hosts as diversified as human, animal, and plant

Burden of typhoid fever and cholera: similarities and differences. Prevention strategies for European travelers to endemic/epidemic areas.

The burden of diarrheal diseases is very high, accounting for 1.7 to 5 billion cases per year worldwide. Typhoid fever (TF) and cholera are potentially life-threatening infectious diseases, and are mainly transmitted through the consumption of food, drink or water that have been contaminated by the feces or urine of subjects excreting the pathogen. TF is mainly caused by Salmonella typhi, whereas cholera is caused by intestinal infection by the toxin-producing bacterium Vibrio cholerae. These diseases typically affect low- and middle-income countries where housing is overcrowded and water and sanitation are poor, or where conflicts or natural disasters have led to the collapse of the water, sanitation and healthcare systems. Mortality is higher in children under 5 years of age. Regarding their geographical distribution, TF has a high incidence in sub-Saharan Africa, India and south-east Asia, while cholera has a high incidence in a few African countries, particularly in the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. In the fight against these diseases, preventive measures are fundamental. With modern air travel, transmissible diseases can spread across continents and oceans in a few days, constituting a threat to global public health. Nowadays, people travel for many reasons, such as tourism and business. Several surveys have shown that a high proportion of travelers lack adequate information on safety issues, such as timely vaccination and prophylactic medications. The main objective of this overview is to provide information to help European travelers to stay healthy while abroad, and thus also to reduce the potential importation of these diseases and their consequent implications for public health and society. The preventive measures to be implemented in the case of travel to countries where these diseases are still endemic are well known: the adoption of safe practices and vaccinations. It is important to stress that an effective preventive strategy should be based both on vaccinations and on hygiene travel guidelines. Furthermore, the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains is becoming a serious problem in the clinical treatment of these diseases. For this reason, vaccination is the main solution.

Biofilm Producing Salmonella Typhi: Chronic Colonization and Development of Gallbladder Cancer.

Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi is the aetiological agent of typhoid or enteric fever. In a subset of individuals, S. Typhi colonizes the gallbladder causing an asymptomatic chronic infection. Nonetheless, these asymptomatic carriers provide a reservoir for further spreading of the disease. Epidemiological studies performed in regions where S. Typhi is endemic, revealed that the majority of chronically infected carriers also harbour gallstones, which in turn, have been indicated as a primary predisposing factor for the onset of gallbladder cancer (GC). It is now well recognised, that S. Typhi produces a typhoid toxin with a carcinogenic potential, that induces DNA damage and cell cycle alterations in intoxicated cells. In addition, biofilm production by S. Typhi may represent a key factor for the promotion of a persistent infection in the gallbladder, thus sustaining a chronic local inflammatory response and exposing the epithelium to repeated damage caused by carcinogenic toxins. This review aims to highlight the putative connection between the chronic colonization by highly pathogenic strains of S. Typhi capable of combining biofilm and toxin production and the onset of GC. Considering the high risk of GC associated with the asymptomatic carrier status, the rapid identification and profiling of biofilm production by S. Typhi strains would be key for effective therapeutic management and cancer prevention.

Typhoid intestinal perforation in developing countries: Still unavoidable deaths?

Typhoid fever is a public health challenge mostly concentrated in impoverished, overcrowded areas of the developing world, with lack of safe drinking and sanitation. The most serious complication is typhoid intestinal perforation (TIP), observed in 0.8% to 39%, with a striking rate difference between high-income and low-middle-income countries. Although the mortality rate consequent to TIP in resource-poor countries is improved in the last decades, it is still fluctuating from 5% to 80%, due to surgical- and not surgical-related constraints. Huge economic costs and long timelines are required to provide a short- to middle-term solution to the lack of safe water and sanitation. Inherent limitations of the currently available diagnostic tools may lead to under-evaluation as well as over-evaluation of the disease, with consequent delayed treatment or inappropriate, excessive antibiotic use, hence increasing the likelihood of bacterial resistance. There is a need for immunization programs in populations at greatest risk, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Uniform surgical strategies and guidelines, on the basis of sound or prospective surgical studies and adapted to the local realities, are still lacking. Major drawbacks of the surgical treatment are the frequent delays to surgery, either for late diagnosis or for difficult transports, and the unavailable appropriate intensive care units in most peripheral facilities. As a consequence, poor patient's conditions at presentation, severe peritoneal contamination and unsuitable postoperative care are the foremost determinant of surgical morbidity and mortality.

Noma in a child with acute leukaemia: when the 'face of poverty' finds an ally.

A 2-year-6-month old, appropriately immunised, well-thriving boy, symptomatic for the past 6 months, presented with recurrent fever, progressive pallor, lymphadenopathy and a raw area on the right cheek, with discharging sinus. The necrotising infection of the face developed after one and half months of febrile illness. This febrile illness with bicytopaenia was diagnosed as enteric fever and treated with antibiotics. Skin grafting was performed for the full-thickness defect of the face. The patient continued to have a non-healing oral ulcer with progressive pallor and was finally diagnosed as having acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Immunodeficiency was ruled out by appropriate investigations. Noma is an indirect measure of extreme poverty, but malignancy is known to predispose to this debilitating condition. The worldwide incidence of Noma is reported to be 30,000-140,000, with a preponderance in sub-Saharan Africa. This case emphasises the need for a thorough search for the underlying illness predisposing to a rare opportunistic infection such as Noma in a well-thriving child.

An uncommon case of haemorrhagic enteric fever treated successfully with super-selective embolisation using polyvinyl alcohol particles and coils.

Lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage due to enteric fever is uncommon and potentially fatal. The majority of patients recover with conservative treatment, with surgery reserved for life-threatening bleeding. Given the advances in radiologically guided procedures, there have been numerous reports of successful embolisation for gastrointestinal haemorrhage, although few of these involved enteric fever as the causative agent. We report an uncommon case of haemorrhagic enteric fever treated successfully with embolisation using polyvinyl alcohol particles and coils.

A pilot study on the role of T-tube in typhoid ileal perforation in children.

BACKGROUND: Ileostomy is usually performed for patients of typhoid intestinal perforation with poor general condition, but it is associated with significant morbidity. We have used the T-tube in such patients as an alternative to ileostomy. METHODS: This is a prospective evaluation of a cohort of children with proven typhoid intestinal perforation. Patients with multiple perforations and poor general condition were managed with a T-tube inserted into the bowel lumen after closing all distal perforations (group 3). They were compared with patients who had primary closure of perforation (group 1) or bowel resection (group 2) to determine the efficacy of the use of T-tube. RESULTS: The total number of patients for groups 1, 2, and 3 was 51, 4, and 12 (n = 67). The mean number of perforations for the three groups was 1, 3.5 +/- 0.58, and 4.25 +/- 0.97. The operation time for the three groups was 37.29 +/- 3.24, 59.25 +/- 3.09, and 59.17 +/- 4.17 minutes, respectively. The T-tube was removed after 13.17 days. The mean duration of fistula at T-tube site to heal was 8.58 +/- 2.11 days. The overall follow-up period was 10.94 +/- 1.15 months and none of the patients with T-tube placement had features of intestinal obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: In children with multiple typhoid intestinal perforations and poor general condition, the use of T-tube may be an effective management option.

Results of typhoid perforation management: our experience in Bir Hospital, Nepal.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the demographic characteristics, clinical features, operative findings and postoperative complications in patients operated for typhoid enteric perforation. METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out in the Department of General Surgery, Bir Hospital since 2002 to April 2004. Among 189 patients who underwent laparotomy for hollow viscus perforation in two years, ileal perforation was found in 102 patients. RESULTS: The sex ratio of the patients was 4.66:1, in favor of male, with age range of 14-78 years and mean age 28.35 years. Most of the patients (80.39 %) presented with history of fever for two weeks. Half of the patients presented within 24 hours of onset of generalized abdominal pain. Majority (65.67%) had a solitary perforation on the antimesenteric border of terminal ileum. Eighty one percent of patients had trimming of the ulcer margins and primary closure. Complications included wound infection (35.3%), wound dehiscence (17.6%), fecal fistula (7.84%) and hospital mortality (6.86%). CONCLUSION: Typhoid ulcer perforation is common among developing nations, including Nepal. Postoperative complications following surgical management of perforation are high and increases mortality.

Prognostic factors in typhoid perforation.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the effect of duration of illness before perforation and time interval between perforation and surgery on the prognosis of typhoid perforation. DESIGN: Comparative study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Nishtar Hospital, Multan from September 2002 to September 2004. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy-two patients of typhoid perforation were included in this study. The patients were divided into three groups A, B and C according to duration of illness before perforation. In these groups, typhoid perforation occurred during 1st, 2nd and 3rd week respectively. Further patients were divided into group D, E and F according to time interval between perforation and surgery. In these groups surgery was carried out within 24 hours, 24-48 hours and after 48 hours respectively. RESULTS: Fifty-six patients were males and 16 were females. In groups A, B and C, mortality rate was 6.6%, 13.3% and 25%, while morbidity rate was 33.3%, 55.5% and 75% respectively. There were 12, 42 and 18 patients in Group D, E and F with mortality rate of 8.33%, 11.9% and 22.2% respectively. Group D had 41.6% morbidity rate while group E and F had 71.42% and 77.7% respectively. CONCLUSION: In this study, early perforation during the typhoid fever and short perforation-operation interval were good prognostic signs. So best results can be achieved by early patient's presentation and early operation.

Salmonella typhi-infected lung hydatid cyst.

A 12-year-old girl presented with hemoptysis, fever and weight loss. She was initially diagnosed and treated for presumed tuberculosis and a lung abscess. Salmonella typhi was isolated from the abscess. Hydatid cyst was diagnosed at surgery. This is the first reported case of a pulmonary hydatid cyst infected with S. typhi.

Compromiso pulmonar en un paciente con fiebre tifoidea

La fiebre tifoidea es una patología de rara frecuencia en Estados Unidos donde se observan menos de 500 casos por año. En Latinoamérica se presenta 4 a 5 veces más frecuentemente. Los síntomas pulmonares ocurren en menosdel 20 por ciento de los casos. El desarrollo de neumonía es más frecuente en pacientes inmunosuprimidos. En los últimos 10 años su frecuencia a aumentado en pacientes con SIDA o con otras causas de inmunosupresión. Presentamos un caso de fiebre tifoidea con neumonía multilobar en un adulto joven y en quien se descartó SIDA u otra inmunodeficinecia.

Fiebre tifoidea en niños: valor diagnóstico del cultivo de médula ósea frente al hemocultivo / Tifoidea fever in children: value diagnosis of the culture of bony marrow forehead to the hemocultivo

Anualmente se registran mundialmente alrededor 12,5 millones de casos de fiebre tifoidea con una tasa de mortalidad de 15 al 30xcto. En el Ecuador la enfermedad es endémica con una incidencia de 40-50 casos por cada 100.000 habitantes. Estas tasas pueden reducirse a niveles muy bajos con un diagnóstico y terapia adecuados. En nuestro medio se continúan utilizando los métodos diagnósticos tradicionales como el cultivo en sangre, heces, orina y reacciones febriles de aglutinación. Ultimamente han aparecido nuevos métodos como la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) y el cultivo de médula ósea. Sin embargo, de que éste último es considerado el método más sensible para aislamiento de Samonella typhi, éste no es comúnmente utilizado. El presente estudio compara el valor del cultivo del aspirado medular frente a tres hemocultivos, en población infantil y valora si éste método invasivo puede remplazar a los otros empleados frecuentemente.

Revisión de los diagnósticos de fiebre tifoidea en menores de 12 años hospitalizados en el Servicio de Pediatría del Hospital Regional Honorio Delgado Arequipa 1991 - 1995

El presente estudio se realizó en niños menores de 12 años, con el diagnóstico de egreso de fiebre tifoidea, durante 1991 a 1995, en el Hospital Regional Honorio Delgado Arequipa. Se encontraron 48 casos con el diagnóstico de egreso de fiebre tifoidea, de los cuales 43 tenían respaldo de comprobación etiológica, titulos crecientes de aglutininas y/o cuadro clínico compatible con fiebre tifoidea; 5 fueron excluídos del estudio. La mayor frecuencia de casos se dieron en otoño y primavera, a las edades de 7,8 y 11 años, con ligero predominio para el sexo masculino. El diagnóstico de ingreso que se registró en las historias clínicas fue compatible con el egreso en un 51.16 por ciento de los casos. el tiempo previo a la hospitalización fué de 5 a 19 días con un 74.42 por ciento de los casos. Los signos que predominaron fueron: lengua saburral, orofarinoe congestiva y dolor en fosa ilíaca derecha; los síntomas más frecuentes son: Inapetencia, fiebre, malestar general, cefalea y dolor abdominal, en más de 50 por ciento de los casos. En cifras menores se dió la disuria, poliaquiuria, esplenomegalia y murphy positivo. la positividad de los cultivos (Hemo y Copro), fueron de 28.57 por ciento y 30 por ciento respectivamente; los cuales registraron títulos elevados de aglutinina "o" en 12 caso; no se consideraron los datos de resistencia terapéuticas. En el hemograma la mayoría presentó recuentos normales de leucocitos con un 62.79 por ciento con desviación izquierda relativa en 76.74 por ciento y absoluta en un 34.88 por ciento. la aneosinofilia está presente en 97.67 por ciento de los casos. El tratamiento de elección fué a base de cloranfenicol en un 100 por ciento, cayendo la fiebre entre el tercero y octavo día de tratamiento, en un 74.42 por ciento; los días de hospitalización oscilaron entre 5 a 30 días. Las complicaciones se dieron en 5 casos (10.42 por ciento). De ellos 2 casos con apendicitis y peritonitis y en uno de ellos perforación cecal, la hemorragia degestiva, hepatitis tífica y colecistitis tífica con un caso respectivamente. En 2 casos además de cursar con fiebre tifoidea concomitante se aisló Vibrio cholerae. Al aplicar el Score clínico en los 48 casos, obtuvimos con 7 ó más puntos 34 casos (70.83 por ciento) y en 9 casos (18.75 por ciento) con 6 puntos, en los 5 casos que excluimos del estudio se obtuvo como máximo 3 puntos.

Fiebre tifoidea y ciprofloxacina / Typhoid fever and ciprofloxacine

Se presenta a un varón, de 20 años de edad, procedente de Andahuaylas, con fiebre tifoidea complicada con hepatitis severa, ascitis, hemorragia digestiva, deshidratación e insuficiencia prerrenal aguda; tratado exitosamente con un ciclo corto de ciprofloxacina endovenosa: 400 mg bid durante seis días, en el Hospital Militar Central de Lima. Concomitantemente, el paciente sufrió de malaria y parasitismo intestinal con Ancylostoma duodenale. Al trigésimo sexto día de su internamiento, y estando asintomático, desarrollo neumonía basal izquierda que se trató con eritromicina oral. Se hace una revisión de la literatura en relación al uso de quinolonas en el tratamiento de la fiebre tifoidea y se discute la fisiopatología del paciente