Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds from Three Endemic Iris Taxa: Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction vs. Hydrodistillation.

Iris taxa are sources of valuable essential oils obtained from aged rhizomes used by various industries, including pharmacy, cosmetic, perfume, and food industry, in which irones are the most important aroma components. In this study, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) obtained from dried rhizomes of three endemics from Croatia, Iris pseudopallida, I. illyrica, and I. adriatica, were studied. The VOCs were isolated by three different methods: headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) using divinylbenzene/carboxene/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fiber or polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) fiber, and hydrodistillation (HD). The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In five out of six samples, the main compounds detected by HS-SPME were perilla aldehyde, butan-2,3-diol, acetic acid, 2-phenylethanol, benzyl alcohol, hexanal, and nonanal, while 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one, trans-caryophyllene, and ethanol were common for all studied samples. The former VOCs were absent from the oldest, irone-rich I. pseudopallida sample, mainly characterized by cis-α-irone (43.74-45.76%). When using HD, its content was reduced (24.70%), while docosane prevailed (45.79%). HD yielded predominantly fatty acids, including myristic, common for all studied taxa (4.20-97.01%), and linoleic (40.69%) and palmitic (35.48%) as the major VOCs of I. adriatica EO. The performed GC-MS analyses of EOs, in combination with HS-SPME/GC-MS, proved to be useful for gaining a better insight into Iris VOCs.

Biological effects and phytochemical study of the underground part of Iris scariosa Willd. ex Link extract: A new source of bioactive constituents.

The expected toxicity and resistance of chemotherapeutic agents necessitate and encourage for the use of natural chemotherapeutic sources of plant origin in the clinical stage of cancer therapy. Plants of the genus Iris (Iridaceae) used by local populations for the treatment of cancer, bacterial and viral infections. In this study, an ethanol extract of rhizomes of I. scariosa was prepared and tested for the cytotoxicity using the MTT assay. The extract exhibited the most potent cytotoxicity against the breast cancer cell line MCF7 (IC50 = 9.28 ± 0.49 µg/ml, selectively index ˃5), and induced apoptosis in MCF7 lines. Notably, the extract significantly inhibited the colony formation of MCF7 and HepG2 cancer cells at a concentration range from 10.6 to 85.0 µg/ml, including non-toxic concentrations for HepG2 cells. The ethanol extract was analyzed by HPLC, revealed the identification of 5 secondary metabolites (quercetin, rutin, myricetin, apigenin, artemisetin), the content of which was shown to reach around 15% of the extract. The petroleum ether (PE) part of the extract (yield 2.62%) was analyzed by GC-MS. The composition of tert-butyl methyl ether (TBME) part of the extract (yield 23.72%) was studied. Total of 15 individual compounds: two benzophenones, eight isoflavones, four flavones and a (2R)-flavanone were isolated. The pentamethoxyflavone artemisetin and flavanone pinocembrin were isolated for the first from Iris sp. The readily available isoflavones from the TBME part of extract (irilone, iriflogenin, irigenin and tectorigenin) may serve as new leads for the discovery of anticancer drugs.

Phenolic constituents with anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities from the rhizomes of Iris domestica.

Four undescribed flavonoid glucosides (iridins B-C, tectoridin A and ampelopsinin A); one undescribed phenolic glucoside (diplostephioside B); one undescribed phenolic compound (phenanthrenetriol A); and seventeen known compounds were isolated from the rhizomes of Iris domestica. The chemical structures of the undescribed compounds were established by spectroscopic/spectrometric data interpretation using HRESIMS, NMR, and ECD. Tectoridin A, nigricin A and naringenin exhibited anti-inflammatory activities with inhibition rates of 53.71%, 57.68% and 88.71%, respectively, against the NF-κB signaling pathway at a concentration of 10 µM. 4'-O-methylnyasol (10 µM) exhibited 84.91% antiproliferative activity against the K562 human leukemia cell line with an IC50 value of 4.20 µM.

Development of approach for flavonoid profiling of biotechnological raw materials Iris sibirica L. by HPLC with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry.

INTRODUCTION: Iris L. are promising in medicine due to the biological activity of extracts. Iris sibirica L. is spread in Russia but its phytochemical composition has not been studied in detail though it is included in the Red Book. For this reason, I. sibirica L. biotechnology is in high demand. One of the key points in biotechnology is the regulation of plant metabolism using phytohormones. Obtaining of chromatographic metabolite profiles allows to control this process. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop an approach for effective control of biotechnological raw materials of I. sibirica L. by flavonoid profiles using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and to investigate the influence of phytohormones in nutrient media on content of flavonoids. METHODOLOGY: Iris sibirica L. regenerated plants were grown on Murashige-Skoog media with 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) and α-naphtylacetic acid (NAA) additives. To optimise extraction conditions, the design of the experiment was used. Profiles of polyphenols were obtained by HPLC-MS/MS in the positive and negative ionisation modes. RESULTS: The process for efficient extraction from leaves of I. sibirica L. were developed. The factors influencing the extraction efficiency of flavonoids have been determined. A total of 36 compounds were identified by HPLC-MS/MS. Among them isoflavones and their glycosides are the main classes. Addition of an auxin-like hormone increased the non-polar flavonoid levels, but decreased the polar ones. The variation in concentration of cytokinin (6-BAP) affected almost all of the analytes. CONCLUSION: The methodology for effective control of I. sibirica L. raw plant material biotechnology was developed by analysing obtained chromatographic polyphenol profiles.

Chromane Derivatives from Underground Parts of Iris tenuifolia and Their In Vitro Antimicrobial, Cytotoxicity and Antiproliferative Evaluation.

Phytochemical investigation of the ethanol extract of underground parts of Iris tenuifolia Pall. afforded five new compounds; an unusual macrolide termed moniristenulide (1), 5-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-4-O-2'-cycloflavan (2), 5,7,2',3'-tetrahydroxyflavanone (3), 5-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyisoflavone-2'-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside (9), 5,2',3'-dihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyisoflavone (10), along with seven known compounds (4-8, 11-12). The structures of all purified compounds were established by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and HR-ESI-MS. The antimicrobial activity of the compounds 1-3, 5, 9, and 10 was investigated using the agar diffusion method against fungi, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In consequence, new compound 3 was found to possess the highest antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis VRE and Mycobacterium vaccae. Cell proliferation and cytotoxicity tests were also applied on all isolated compounds and plant crude extract in vitro with the result of potent inhibitory effect against leukemia cells. In particular, the newly discovered isoflavone 10 was active against both of the leukemia cells K-562 and THP-1 while 4-6 of the flavanone type compounds were active against only THP-1.

The inhibition of inducible nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated rat macrophages and in silico studies by flavonoids from Iris spuria L. rhizomes.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Iris is the largest genus in the family Iridaceae. Iris plants are distributed in tropical regions of the world. They are used as ornamentals and traditionally used to treat a variety of ailments. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of flavonoids isolated from Iris spuria L. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The isolated flavonoids (1-4) were identified on the basis of different spectroscopic methods (1D- and 2D-NMR) and co-TLC with authentic samples. The anti-inflammatory effect was tested on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production from rat-isolated peritoneal macrophages. Modeling and docking simulations of the compounds were performed using Molecular Operating Environment software and the crystal structure of the murine inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). RESULTS: Four flavonoids (1-4) had been isolated from the rhizomes of Iris spuria L. (Hocka Hoona) for the first time. They were characterized as 5,7,2'-trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavanone (1), tectorigenin 7-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (2), tectorigenin 4'-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (3), and tectorigenin 4'-O-[ß-D-glucopyranosyl(1 â†’ 6)-ß-D-glucopyranoside] (4). The selective inducible NO synthase inhibitor; aminoguanidine was used as a positive control. The production of nitric oxide (NO) was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner of the isolated compounds along with isoflavonoids (5-9) previously isolated from Iris spuria L. (Calizona). A concentration of 60 µg/ml of all tested compounds showed a significant inhibitory effect compared to media with LPS. Molecular modeling experiments supported the obtained biological data. CONCLUSION: Our results reveal that flavonoids isolated from I. spuria L. (Hocka Hoona) and I. spuria L. (Calizona) appear to have a potential anti-inflammatory effect via inhibition of iNOS.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Ukrainian Iris Species: A Fresh Look on Their Antioxidant Content and Biological Activities.

The major groups of antioxidant compounds (isoflavonoids, xanthones, hydroxycinnamic acids) in the rhizome methanol extracts of four Ukrainian Iris sp. (Iris pallida, Iris hungarica, Iris sibirica, and Iris variegata) were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using HPLC-DAD and UPLC-MS/MS. Gallic acid, caffeic acid, mangiferin, tectoridin, irigenin, iristectorigenin B, irisolidone, 5,6-dihydroxy-7,8,3',5'-tetramethoxyisoflavone, irisolidone-7-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside, germanaism B, and nigricin were recognized by comparing their UV/MS spectra, chromatographic retention time (tR) with those of standard reference compounds. I. hungarica and I. variegata showed the highest total amount of phenolic compounds. Germanaism B was the most abundant component in the rhizomes of I. variegata (7.089 ± 0.032 mg/g) and I. hungarica (6.285 ± 0.030 mg/g). The compound analyses showed good calibration curve linearity (r2 > 0.999) and low detection and quantifications limit. These results validated the method for its use in the simultaneous quantitative evaluation of phenolic compounds in the studied Iris sp. I. hungarica and I. variegata rhizomes exhibited antioxidant activity, as demonstrated by the HPLC-ABTS system and NRF2 expression assay and anti-inflammatory activity on respiratory burst in human neutrophils. Moreover, the extracts showed anti-allergic and cytotoxic effects against cancer cells. Anti-coronavirus 229E and lipid formation activities were also evaluated. In summary, potent antioxidant marker compounds were identified in the examined Iris sp.

Combined MS/MS-NMR Annotation Guided Discovery of Iris lactea var. chinensis Seed as a Source of Viral Neuraminidase Inhibitory Polyphenols.

In this study, the chemical diversity of polyphenols in Iris lactea var. chinensis seeds was identified by combined MS/MS-NMR analysis. Based on the annotated chemical profile, the isolation of stilbene oligomers was conducted, and consequently, stilbene oligomers (1-10) were characterized. Of these, compounds 1 and 2 are previously undescribed stilbene dimer glycoside (1) and tetramer glycoside (2), respectively. Besides, to evaluate this plant seed as a rich source of stilbene oligomers, we quantified three stilbene oligomers of I. lactea var. chinensis seeds. The contents of three major stilbene oligomers-trans-ε-viniferin (3), vitisin A (6), and vitisin B (9)-in I. lactea var. chinensis seeds were quantified as 2.32 (3), 4.95 (6), and 1.64 (9) mg/g dry weight (DW). All the isolated compounds were tested for their inhibitory activities against influenza neuraminidase. Compound 10 was found to be active with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values at 4.76 µM. Taken together, it is concluded that I. lactea var. chinensis seed is a valuable source of stilbene oligomers with a human health benefit.

6'-O-acetyl mangiferin from Iris rossii Baker inhibits lipid accumulation partly via AMPK activation in adipogenesis.

Effective control of white adipose tissue accumulation would provide a therapeutic strategy for obesity, which poses a growing global problem. The plant chemical mangiferin stimulates adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which inhibits adipogenesis and has therefore been considered a therapeutic target for obesity and related diseases. We previously reported the anti-inflammatory properties of 6'-O-acetyl mangiferin (OAM). In this study, we evaluated the potential of OAM as an AMPK activator in vitro in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. OAM inhibited adipogenesis as indicated by lower intracellular lipid and triglyceride accumulation as well as reduced adipogenic gene and protein expression upon treatment. OAM-treated 3T3-L1 cells excreted more glycerol, indicating increased lipolysis, which was supported by increased expression of lipolysis-related genes, including adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase. We determined that OAM upregulates lipolysis via phosphorylation-dependent activation of AMPK. Further, OAM upregulated the ß-oxidation pathway as indicated by enhanced expression of phosphorylated acetyl-CoA-carboxylase and long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1. In conclusion, OAM markedly decreased intracellular lipid accumulation by enhancing lipolysis via AMPK activation and by upregulating ß-oxidation. Thus, OAM has potential as a drug for the prevention and/or improvement of obesity and related diseases and deserves further study.

Rearranged iridal-type triterpenoids from Iris tectorum.

Three new iridal-type triterpenoids (1-3) featuring a rearranged homofarnesylside chain were isolated from the rhizomes of Iris tectorum. Compounds 2 and 3 were found to be a pair of epimers. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic analysis. A possible biosynthetic pathway for them was postulated. Moreover, the mixture of compounds 2 and 3 exhibited moderate neuroprotective activity against serum deprivation-induced PC12 cell death.

Belamchinenin A, an unprecedented tricyclic-fused triterpenoid with cytotoxicity from Belamcanda chinensis.

Belamchinenin A (1), an unprecedented 6/5/6-fused tricyclic triterpenoid with a novel carbon skeleton, has been isolated from the rhizomes of Belamcanda chinensis. Compound 1 features a half-caged tricyclic nucleus with a flexible geranyl side chain. Its structure was determined by the interpretation of spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of tricyclic nucleus system of 1 was unequivocally assigned by ECD calculation. Geometries optimization indicated that the tricyclic nucleus system is rigid. Compound 1 showed cytotoxic activities against five cells with IC50 values from 2.29 to 4.47 µM.

Phenolic Compounds from Belamcanda chinensis Seeds.

Two new sucrose derivatives, namely, belamcanosides A (1) and B (2), together with five other known compounds (3-7), were isolated from the seeds of Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. Their structures were identified based on spectroscopic data. Especially, the absolute configurations of fructose and glucose residues in 1 and 2 were assigned by acid hydrolysis, followed by derivatization and gas chromatography (GC) analysis. Among the known compounds, (-)-hopeaphenol (3), (+)-syringaresinol (4), and quercetin (5), were isolated from B. chinensis for the first time. In addition, biological evaluation of 1 and 2 against cholesterol synthesis and metabolism at the gene level was carried out. The results showed that compounds 1 and 2 could regulate the expression of cholesterol synthesis and metabolism-associated genes, including 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), squalene epoxidase (SQLE), low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), and sortilin (SORT1) genes in HepG2 cells.

New C16-noriridals and formyl-monocycloiridals from the rhizomes of Iris pseudoacorus.

Four new C16-noriridals (1-4) and two reported C16-noriridals (5-6), together with two new formyl-monocycloiridals (7-8) and three known monocycloiridals (9-11) were isolated from the rhizomes of Iris pseudoacorus. Irispseudoacorins A-D (1-4) and iridojaponals A-B (5-6) were C16-noriridals which shared a 6/5/7 tricyclic ring system (1-2, 5-6) or 6/5 tricyclic ring system (3-4). The formyl-monocycloiridals (7-8) were detected in the crude extracts of I. pseudoacorus by LC-MS analysis which suggested they were originated from natural sources rather than artificial products during the isolation. Their structures were determined by UV, IR, extensive NMR spectra and X-ray diffraction analyses. The known monocycloiridals 9-10 displayed pronounced cytotoxic effects against five human tumor cell lines. The IC50 values of 9 were ranging from 12.63 to 24.69µM.

Ethanol Iris tenuifolia extract reduces brain damage in a mouse model of cerebral ischaemia.

In the previous experiments, the neuroprotective role of Iris tenuifolia Pall. (IT) in the model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was investigated. In addition, the concentrations of the cytokines tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in blood plasma were measured. It was found that IT administered 1 hr prior to MCAO or immediately after MCAO reduced infarct volume significantly. IT application 1 and 4 hr after MCAO, respectively, was without any effect on infarct volume. There were no significant changes as regards tumour necrosis factor-alpha, whereas interleukin-6 concentrations were increased in blood plasma. This is the first evidence that flavonoids from Iris tenuifolia exert protective effects in the in vivo MCAO model. Our results suggest that these flavonoids are likely to be beneficial to humans by virtue of their ability to reduce infarct volume.

Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry studies of the component composition of carboxylic acids of the rhizomes of Iris medwedewii and Iris carthaliniae (Iridaceae).

The composition of carboxylic acids of the rhizomes of Iris carthaliniae and Iris medwedewii by the gas chromatography - mass spectrometry method has been studied for the first time. The total content of carboxylic acids for I. carthaliniae was 1.34%, including (%) - 0.65 fatty; 0.36 mono-, di- and tri-carboxylic; 0.33 phenol carboxylic acids. The yield of carboxylic acids for I. medwedewii was 1.58%, including (%) - 0.73 fatty; 0.38 mono-, di- and tri-carboxylic; 0.47 phenol carboxylic acids. The dominant fatty acids in the rhizomes of I. carthaliniae were myristic acid (25%), palmitic acid (14.41%), stearic acid (10.51%) and linoleic acid (6.05%). Besides, levulinic acid (15.84%) and oxalic acid (4.42%) prevailed among organic acids, while ferulic acid (2.43%), citric acid (1.88%) and malic acid (3.62%) prevailed among the hydroxy acids. The fatty acids palmitic acid (6.51%), linoleic acid (8.38%), oleic acid (3.87%) and capric acid (3.21%) were found in the rhizomes of I. medwedewii, and also, levulinic (29.39%), malonic (1.45%), succinic (1.72%) acids prevailed among the organic acids and citric (25.37%), malic (3.30%) and ferulic (2.42%) acids in the rhizomes of I. medwedewii prevailed among the hydroxy acids.Key words: Iris carthaliniae Iris medwedewii rhizomes carboxylic acids GC-MS analysis.

8-Hydroxyirilone 5-methyl ether and 8-hydroxyirilone, new antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitors isoflavonoids from Iris germanica rhizomes.

Iris species are well recognized as wealthy sources of isoflavonoids. In the present study, phytochemical investigation of the rhizomes of Iris germanica (Iridaceae) procure the isolation of two new isoflavonoids namely, 8-hydroxyirilone 5-methyl ether (2) and 8-hydroxyirilone (3), along with eight known isoflavonoids: irilone 4'-methyl ether (1), irilone (4), irisolidone (5), irigenin S (6), irigenin (7), irilone 4'-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside (8), iridin S (9), and iridin (10). The isolated flavonoids were structurally characterized with the assist of comprehensive spectroscopic analyses (UV, IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and HRMS) and comparing with the published data. They were estimated for their antioxidant and antidaibetic capacities using DPPH and α-amylase inhibition assays, respectively. Compounds 2, 3, and 4 exhibited prominent antioxidant activities with IC50 values of 12.92, 9.23, and 10.46µM, respectively compared to propyl gallate (IC50 7.11µM). Moreover, 2-5 possessed highest α-amylase inhibitory activity with % inhibition 66.1, 78.3, 67.3, and 70.1, respectively in comparison to acarbose (reference α-amylase inhibitor). Additionally, their structure-activity relationship has been discussed.

Isolation of isoflavones from Iris kashmiriana Baker as potential anti proliferative agents targeting NF-kappaB.

Cancer is possibly one of the most devastating and complex disease and therefore involves chemotherapy as one of the frontline strategies in its therapy. However, expected toxicity and resistance with chemotherapeutic agents encourage us to use the plant derived natural chemotherapeutic sources at the clinical stage of cancer therapy. In view of this strategy, herein new glycosides and isoflavonoids were isolated from Iris kashmiriana Baker and subjected to structure elucidation followed by their biological evaluation. Isolated compounds and their derivatives were purified by the column chromatography and structural identification was made by a combination of various spectroscopic technique vis. UV, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT, 2-D NMR and mass spectrometry coupled with chemical analysis. Furthermore, an in silico library of isolated isoflavones and its analogues were designed. NF-kappaB (transcription factor that facilitates angiogenesis, inflammation, invasion and metastasis) was selected as a target to evaluate the anticancer and antioxidant activity of isoflavones and its analogues. Designed library of isoflavones and analogues were docked into the active site of NF-kappa B and the most active 15 analogues were selected for synthesis. Finally, all compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against various cell lines and antioxidant activity with different methods that demonstrate their anti-cancer and anti-oxidant potential. The cell cycle specificity of the cytotoxicity was further analyzed by corresponding analysis, using flow cytometer. Most of the compounds exhibit moderate activity, whereas the 5,7,8-trihydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one, 5,7,8-trihydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one, 5,7,8-triacetoxyoxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one and 6,7-diacetoxyoxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one showed distinct broad-spectrum anticancer activity with IC50 values ranges between 3.8 and 5.6 µg/mL. Cell cycle analysis indicates that these compounds induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase.

Anti-inflammatory Constituents from the Aerial Parts of Iris minutiaurea.

Phytochemical investigation of the methanol extract of the aerial parts of Iris minutiaurea (Iridaceae) using column chromatography led to the isolation of a new xanthone glycoside, 1-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-xanthone-6-O-ß-D-glucoside (1), together with one known flavonoid glycoside (2). The structure of this new compound was elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic, including 1D (1H, 13C), 2D NMR (COSY, HMQC, HMBC), and high resolution fast atom bombardment mass spectrometric (HR-FAB-MS) data and enzyme hydrolysis. We found that compounds 1 and 2 significantly suppressed production of NO, and pro-inflammatory cytokine in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that compound 1 and 2 have anti-inflammatory activity related with production of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß, and NO in macrophages, and then compound 1 were more efficient than compound 2 in lowering the level of proinflammatory cytokine.

Phenolic compounds of the genus Iris plants (Iridaceae).

UNLABELLED: This article presents the results of testing of phenolic compounds (flavonoids, isoflavonoids, xanthones, phenolcarboxylic acids, tannins, coumarins, etc.) in the rhizomes of four Iris species (Iris sibirica L., Iris pseudacorus L., Iris imbricatа Lindl., Iris hungarica Waldst. et Kit.). With the use of paper and thin-layer chromatography, fifteen phenolic compounds were identified: gallic, coumaric, cinnamic, chlorogenic, neochlorogenic, ferulic, caffeic acids; kaempferol, quercetin, hispidulin, daidzein, genistein, formononetin, mangiferin and isomangiferin. Quantitative contents of flavonoids (1.2-3.7%), hydroxycinnamic acids (0.6-6.5%), γ-pyrones (0.01-0.8%), tannins (6-14%), isoflavonoids (1-2%), polyphenolic compounds (up to 3%) in the rhizomes of the Iris species were determined. Chosen plants belong to natural flora and have been often cultivated. However, this phytochemical analysis for the main groups of the biologically active substances shows a perspective use of the Iris species in medicine. KEY WORDS: Iris species Iridaceae phenolic compounds chromatography qualitative analysis quantitative contents.

Anti-inflammatory effects of 6'-O-acetyl mangiferin from Iris rossii Baker via NF-κb signal blocking in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.

A series of acylated xanthone C-glucosides were identified from the methanolic extract of whole Iris rossii Baker. The major constituent was characterized as 6'-O-acetyl mangiferin (OAM), and complete structure elucidation was carried out using 2D NMR (COSY, HSQC, and HMBC) and LC-IT-TOF-MS analyses. The present study is the first to report the anti-inflammatory effects of 6'-O-acetyl mangiferin from Iris rossii Baker on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. OAM strongly suppressed protein expression of inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), thereby inhibiting the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Furthermore, OAM inhibited the LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38, which led to the blockade of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and inhibitor kappa B (IκB)-α activation. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of OAM may be attributed to the downregulation of COX-2 and iNOS via the suppression of NF-κB and the MAPK signaling pathway in RAW264.7 macrophages.