First Isolation and Genetic Characterization of Avian Nephritis Virus 4 from Commercial Poultry in India.

Avian nephritis virus (ANV), which belongs to the family Astroviridae, is associated with different clinical manifestations (enteric and kidney disorders) in poultry. Despite being a significant pathogen of the avian industry worldwide, information regarding genetic features of these viruses in India is scarce. In this study, 386 intestinal samples collected from 37 slaughterhouses in two north Indian states (Rajasthan and Haryana) were screened for ANV with reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) targeting the conserved ORF1b gene, followed by nucleotide sequencing of the amplified product. RT-PCR and sequencing confirmed the presence of ANV in 32 clinical samples (8.29%), with concurrent infections of infectious bronchitis virus, chicken astrovirus, and fowl adenoviruses observed in some clinical samples (n = 4). Virus isolations were successful from four out of 12 ANV-positive clinical samples passaged via the yolk-sac route in specific-pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs. Additionally, the near-complete genomes of two viruses were determined through sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis based on full-length capsid protein sequences classified the viruses into ANV genotype 4 (ANV4), and to the best of our knowledge this is the first report of ANV4 from India. This study revealed the presence and circulation of new strains of ANV in Indian poultry. Genetic profiling and isolation of the viruses in this study will not only aid in the development of diagnostic tools and vaccines for ANV but also offer valuable insights into its epidemiology.

Primer aislamiento y caracterización genética del virus de la nefritis aviar 4 en la avicultura comercial de la India El virus de la nefritis aviar (ANV), que pertenece a la familia Astroviridae, se asocia con diferentes manifestaciones clínicas (trastornos entéricos y renales) en la avicultura. A pesar de ser un patógeno importante de la industria avícola en todo el mundo, la información sobre las características genéticas de estos virus en la India es escasa. En este estudio, se analizaron 386 muestras intestinales recolectadas en 37 plantas de procesamiento en dos estados del norte de la India (Rajasthan y Haryana) para detectar al virus de la nefritis aviar mediante un método de RT-PCR dirigido al gene conservado ORF1b, seguido de la secuenciación de nucleótidos del producto amplificado. El método de RT-PCR y la secuenciación confirmaron la presencia del virus de la nefritis aviar en 32 muestras clínicas (8.29%), observándose infecciones concurrentes por el virus de la bronquitis infecciosa, astrovirus del pollo y adenovirus de las aves en algunas muestras clínicas (n = 4). Los aislamientos del virus tuvieron éxito en cuatro de las 12 muestras clínicas positivas para el virus de la nefritis aviar inoculadas a través de la ruta del saco vitelino en huevos de gallina embrionados libres de patógenos específicos. Además, se determinaron los genomas casi completos de dos virus mediante secuenciación. El análisis filogenético basado en secuencias completas de proteínas de la cápside clasificó los virus en el genotipo 4 del virus de la nefritis aviar (ANV4) y hasta donde se sabe, este es el primer informe del virus de la nefritis aviar 4 en la India. Este estudio reveló la presencia y circulación de nuevas cepas del virus de la nefritis aviar en la avicultura comercial de la India. El perfil genético y el aislamiento de los virus en este estudio no solo ayudarán en el desarrollo de herramientas de diagnóstico y vacunas para el virus de la nefritis aviar, sino que también ofrecerán información valiosa sobre su epidemiología.

The biological characteristics of DAstV molecular epidemiology and pathogenicity of duck astrovirus causing hepatitis in ducks and chickens in Southeast China.

A suspected outbreak of duck astrovirus (DAstV) disease occurred in a large Muscovy duck farm in Guangdong Province, China, in June 2022, which severely affected the production performance and health of Muscovy ducks. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of DAstV disease in Southeast China. Herein, we employed semi-nested PCR ethodto screen 5203 swab and liver samples from 11 Muscovy duck farms in 5 provinces of China for the presence of DAstV. Among them, 1356 samples (26.06%, 1356/5203) tested positive for DAstV, out of which 11 DAstV strains were isolated after 10 generations of blind transmission through Leghorn male hepatoma (LMH) cells and performed their whole-genome sequencing. The alignment results showed that the 11 DAstV isolates exhibited relatively low homology (15.4%-75%) with the astrovirus isolates from other species published in GenBank, whereas their homology (nucleotide: 90.4%-99.99%; amino acid: 94%-99.8%) with the DAstV type 1 (DAstV-1) reference strain was higher, indicating considerable homology. The results indicated that DAstV-1 was the main pathogenic factor. Herein, we successfully recreated the clinical symptoms of natural infection in 28-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) ducks using the DAstV-1-GDB-2022 strain. The primary clinical manifestations included liver enlargement, hemorrhaging, and disruptions in liver function. Additionally, we confirmed the cross-species transmission potential of DAstV-1, marking the first occurrence of clinical symptoms of DAstV in 28-day-old SPF chickens. Our findings provide new perspectives on the epidemiology and pathogenicity of DAstV-1 and may help in advancing the development of DAstV vaccines.

Primary goose kidney tubular epithelial cells for goose astrovirus genotype 2 infection: establishment and RNA sequencing analysis.

Goose astrovirus genotype 2 (GAstV-2) mainly causes gout in goslings; therefore, it is a major pathogen threatening to goose flocks. However, the mechanisms underlying host-GAstV-2 interactions remain unclear because host cells suitable for GAstV-2 replication have been unavailable. We previously noted that GAstV-2 is primarily located in goose renal epithelial cells, where it causes kidney damage. Therefore, here, we derived goose primary renal tubular epithelial (RTE) cells (GRTE cells) from the kidneys of goose embryos after collagenase I digestion. After culture in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium/Nutrient mixture F-12 with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), the isolated cells had polygonal with roadstone-like morphology; they were identified to be epithelial cells based on the presence of cytokeratin 18 expression detected through immunofluorescence assay (IFA). GAstV-2 infection in GRTE cells led to no obvious cytopathic effects; the maximum amounts of infectious virions were observed 48 h post infection through IFA and quantitative PCR. Next, RNA-seq was performed to identify and map post-GAstV-2 infection differentially expressed genes. The downregulated pathways were mainly related to metabolism, including tryptophan metabolism, drug metabolism by cytochrome P450, xenobiotic metabolism by cytochrome P450, retinol metabolism, butanoate metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, and drug metabolism by other enzymes and peroxisome. In contrast, the upregulated pathways were mostly related to the host cell defense and proliferation, including extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, complement and coagulation cascades, phagosome, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, human T-lymphotropic virus 1 infection, lysosome, and tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway. In conclusion, we developed a GRTE cell line for GAstV-2 replication and analyzed the potential host-GAstV-2 interactions through RNA-seq; our results may aid in further investigating the pathogenic mechanisms underlying GAstV-2 infection and provide strategies for its prevention and control.

Effects of Goose Astrovirus Type 2 Infection on Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte and Macrophage Activity In Vitro.

Goose astrovirus type 2 (GAstV-2) is a novel pathogen causing visceral gout in goslings; it not only causes necrosis of renal epithelial cells but also causes spleen damage, indicating that GAstV-2 induces immunosuppression in goslings. However, to date, the interaction between GAstV-2 and immune cells remains unclear. In this study, peripheral blood lymphocytes and macrophages were isolated from goslings without GAstV-2 infection and then inoculated in vitro with GAstV-2, and the virus localization in the lymphocytes and macrophages, proliferation and apoptosis of lymphocytes, and phagocytic activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production, and cell polarity in macrophages were determined. The results showed that GAstV-2 was observed in the cytoplasm of CD4 and CD8 T cells and macrophages, indicating that GAstV-2 can infect both lymphocytes and macrophages. GAstV-2 infection reduced the lymphocyte proliferation induced by Concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide stimulation and increased the lymphocyte apoptosis rate and mRNA expression of Fas, demonstrating that GAstV-2 causes damage to lymphocytes. Moreover, GAstV-2 infection enhanced phagocytic activity and production of ROS and NO and induced a proinflammatory phenotype in macrophages (M1 macrophages), indicating that macrophages play an antiviral role during GAstV-2 infection. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that GAstV-2 infection causes damages to lymphocytes, and host macrophages inhibit GAstV-2 invasion during infection.

Bovine astrovirus and its role in lymphocytic encephalitis in cattle in Ontario, Canada, 1988-2019.

Astroviruses have been found in cattle and other species with encephalitis. Our objective was to determine the frequency of neurotropic bovine astrovirus (BoAstV) in cases of encephalitis in cattle ≥ 4-mo-old. Of 56 cases of idiopathic lymphocytic encephalitis examined retrospectively (1988-2019), fixed brain from 11 cases (19%) tested positive by semi-quantitative RT-PCR for BoAstV CH13/NeuroS1. None of the control cases tested positive, including 32 with other forms of encephalitis and 40 with no neurologic disease. Most astrovirus-positive cases were 1-2-y-old, with a range of 7 mo to 7 y, and affected both beef and dairy breeds with wide geographic distribution. BoAstV-positive cases had acute onset of neurologic signs of 12 h to 7 d before death or euthanasia. Affected cattle had lymphocytic inflammation throughout the brain including cerebrum, thalamus, midbrain, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord, and affecting gray and white matter. Further PCR testing identified a possible cause in 9 of the 45 (20%) remaining idiopathic cases of lymphocytic encephalitis, including eastern equine encephalitis virus, Listeria monocytogenes, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine alphaherpesvirus 1, and ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (malignant catarrhal fever); we found no cases of infection by West Nile virus, rabies virus, or Chlamydia spp. No cause was identified in 36 of 56 (64%) cases of lymphocytic encephalitis. We frequently identified neurotropic BoAstV in cases of lymphocytic encephalitis that had no previously identified cause. Neurotropic BoAstV infections had gone undetected for decades, but the frequency of BoAstV infections has not increased among contemporary cases.

Extensive genetic heterogeneity and molecular characteristics of emerging astroviruses causing fatal gout in goslings.

Since 2017, outbreaks of gosling astroviruses (GoAstV) causing the major symptoms related to gout in geese have posed a threat to China's poultry industry and caused huge economic losses. In this study, tissue samples from goslings with gout and urate deposition as the main symptoms were taken from 14 goose farms in different regions of China and screened for pathogen infection. The infection rate of GoAstV was 100%, whereas the infection rates of goose parvovirus, reovirus, Tembusu virus, and goose hemorrhagic polyomavirus were 2, 4, 0, and 0%, respectively. In total, 14 GoAstV strains were isolated and their complete genomes were sequenced. Based on the phylogenetic trees, the 14 isolated strains were classified as GoAstV (G-I) and were considered distant from strains belonging to GoAstV (G-II). The multiple sequence alignments indicated a tremendous amount of amino acid mutations in some parts of the encoding proteins of these strains; the main mutations were located in open reading frames (ORFs)-ORF1a and ORF2, such as M533V and F568S in ORF1a and A614T in ORF2. On the other hand, Further, 2 of the 14 GoAstV strains were possibly derived through inter-GoAstV-I recombination. Taken together, these findings indicate that GoAstVs are evolving in a more complex manner and have diverse transmission routes.

First report of a novel goose astrovirus outbreak in Muscovy ducklings in China.

A highly acute disease characterized as visceral gout broke out in Muscovy ducklings in Henan province (China) in June 2020, with a mortality rate of up to 61%. In this study, common pathogenic agents were screened using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction or polymerase chain reaction. The results found the novel goose astrovirus (GoAstV) to be the pathogenic agent. We isolated the GoAstV, which has been designated as HNNY0620, using the Leghorn male chicken hepatocellular carcinoma (LMH) cell line and sequenced the complete genome. The phylogenetic tree showed that the amino acid (aa) sequences of ORF1a and ORF2 and the completed nucleotide sequences of the HNNY0620 strain were clustered in the GoAstV-I clade. ORF1a aa and whole-genome sequences were genetically close to TAstV-2 and DHV-3, whereas the ORF2 aa sequences were clustered with TAstV-2 and DHV2. Both the duck-origin GoAstVs and HNNY0620 harbored some special mutations, but ORF1a in 700 (I/T), ORF1b in 288 (F/L), and ORF2 in 306 (A/T) were only found in HNNY0620. These results suggest that the host range of GoAstV is diffusing, which can potentially affect other waterfowl.

Detection and characterization of chicken astrovirus associated with hatchery disease in commercial day-old turkeys in southwestern Nigeria.

Infectious diseases are a major obstacle to profitable poultry production in Nigeria due to the mortality and severe economic losses they cause. In particular, they are a potent threat to attainment of the food security goals of government and national self-sufficiency in food production. Thus, there is a need for continuous monitoring of the nation's poultry population for these diseases. As part of an ongoing investigation of enteric viruses associated with poor performance or hatchery diseases in commercial poultry in southwestern Nigeria, intestinal contents from 97 condemned or runted day-old commercial turkey poults were examined for turkey astroviruses, infectious bronchitis virus, chicken astrovirus (CAstV), avian nephritis virus, avian rotavirus, avian reovirus, fowl adenovirus, and chicken parvovirus by virus isolation, electron microscopy (EM), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and reverse transcription PCR. The samples were collected from five commercial hatcheries and five farms located in southwestern Nigeria. While all samples tested negative for other viruses, CAstV was detected in the majority (83.5%) of the birds, although some pleomorphic virus-like particles with surface projections that appeared fringed or fimbriated were observed in five of the cell culture samples by EM. Phylogenetic analysis revealed these CAstV strains belonged to the Bi clade. These findings not only implicate CAstV as the major cause of hatchery condemnations in commercial turkeys in southwestern Nigeria but also highlight the need for experimental studies to further establish its role in this disease condition.

Immune-related gene expression in the kidneys and spleens of goslings infected with goose nephritic astrovirus.

Goose nephritic astrovirus (GNAstV) was first isolated in 2018, causing great economic losses to the goose industry. However, little is known about host immune response to GNAstV infection. In this study, forty 2-day-old goslings were randomly divided into 2 groups: infection and negative control groups. Each gosling in the infection group was challenged with 0.5 mL GNAstV-JSHA intramuscularly, whereas the gosling in the negative control group was inoculated with the same amount of PBS. Histopathological changes and virus location in the spleen and kidney were examined, and the expression of immune-related genes was determined by qPCR at 7 and 14 d after infection. Our results showed that GNAstV infection induced degeneration and necrosis of splenic lymphocytes and renal epithelial cells, and these cells were positive for the virus. In addition, GNAstV infection induced the activation of pattern recognition receptors (RIG-I, MDA-5, and TLR3) and key adaptor molecules (MyD88, MAVS, and IRF7) in the spleen and kidney, and upregulated the gene expression of interferon-α in the spleen and antiviral proteins (MX1, OASL, and IFITM3) in the spleen and kidney. Moreover, high expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-8 in the spleen and iNOS in the spleen and kidney were found. These results indicated that GNAstV infection activated host innate immune response. Furthermore, GNAstV infection increased the expression levels of CD8+, MHCI, and MHCII, indicating that adaptive immune response was activated. Besides, TGF-ß was highly expressed in the spleen and kidney, which may be an immune evasion strategy of GNAstV to cause infection. Interestingly, both IL-1ß and IL-6 mRNA levels were decreased in the kidney, which may help reduce kidney lesions. This is the first study to report changes in immune-related gene expression in response to GNAstV infection, and our results provide insights into viral pathogenesis.

The First Whole Genome Sequence and Characterisation of Avian Nephritis Virus Genotype 3.

Avian nephritis virus (ANV) is classified in the Avastroviridae family with disease associations with nephritis, uneven flock growth and runting stunting syndrome (RSS) in chicken and turkey flocks, and other avian species. The whole genome of ANV genotype 3 (ANV-3) of 6959 nucleotides including the untranslated 5' and 3' regions and polyadenylated tail was detected in a metagenomic virome investigation of RSS-affected chicken broiler flocks. This report characterises the ANV-3 genome, identifying partially overlapping open reading frames (ORFs), ORF1a and ORF1b, and an opposing secondary pseudoknot prior to a ribosomal frameshift stemloop structure, with a separate ORF2, whilst observing conserved astrovirus motifs. Phylogenetic analysis of the Avastroviridae whole genome and ORF2 capsid polyprotein classified the first complete whole genome of ANV-3 within Avastroviridae genogroup 2.

Coinfection of parvovirus and astrovirus in gout-affected goslings.

Outbreaks of gosling gout have occurred in China since 2017 and caused a considerable economic impact on the poultry industry. While gosling astrovirus (GoAstV) is believed to be the main causal pathogen of gout, the full-blown disease of gout cannot be well reproduced by infecting the goslings with GoAstV, suggesting the possibility of other infectious agents being involved with the development of gosling gout. To assess other possible infectious agents, we collected tissues from gout-affected goslings in 12 goose farms in China, followed by PCR detection of GoAstV, goose reovirus (GRV), goose parvovirus (GPV), fowl adenovirus (FAdV), goose circovirus (GcoV), Tembusu virus (TMUV) and goose haemorrhagic polyomavirus (GHPV). Our data showed that all gout-affected goslings carried both of GoAstV and GPV determined by PCRs, and this was further confirmed by fluorescence multiplex immunohistochemical staining, and phylogenetic analysis of ORF2 gene of GoAstV and VP3 gene of GPV. In addition to the haemorrhage in the kidney, liver, spleen and lung of the gout-affected goslings, histological examinations showed also extensive infiltration of heterophil myelocytes in the kidney, liver, spleen, bursa of Fabricius, thymus, lungs and pancreas. Our findings strongly suggest that coinfection of GoAstV and GPV increases the severity of gout. While this is the first study to report GPV in gout-affected goslings, further studies including infection model are warranted to investigate the role of GPV and its coinfection with GoAstV in the development of gosling gout.

Goose astrovirus infection affects uric acid production and excretion in goslings.

In 2018, a new goose astrovirus (GAstrV) was reported in China, which causes 2 to 20% deaths in 4- to 16-day-old goslings causing great damages to the livestock industry. Gout is the typical feature of GAstrV infection in goslings. However, the mechanism of gout formation remains unclear. In the present study, 2-day-old goslings were infected intramuscularly with GAstrV for 14 D. One quarter of the infected goslings died, and typical gout pathological changes were found in the dead infected goslings. Pathological changes were observed in the morphology of the kidney and liver, such as degeneration, necrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Accordingly, a high virus load was found in both organs. The serum level of uric acid in the inoculated goslings was higher, whereas no differences were found in levels of creatinine, calcium, and phosphorus. Moreover, the xanthine dehydrogenase (XOD) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities and the mRNA levels of xanthine dehydrogenase, adenosine deaminase, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase, and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1 in livers increased, wheres the multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 mRNA level and Na-K-ATPase activity in the kidneys decreased. These results showed that GAstrV infection could cause lesions on the liver and kidney and then increase the expression or activity of enzymes related to uric acid production in the liver and decrease renal excretion function, which contribute to hyperuricemia and gout formation.

Astrovirus-Associated Polioencephalomyelitis in an Alpaca.

An 8-year-old alpaca was admitted to the emergency service of the Clinic for Ruminants in Bern due to a reduced general condition and progressive neurological signs. Despite supportive treatment, its condition deteriorated and the animal had to be euthanized. Histopathological analysis revealed a severe non-suppurative polioencephalomyelitis with neuronal necrosis, most likely of viral origin. We detected abundant neuronal labelling with antibodies directed against two different epitopes of Bovine Astrovirus CH13/NeuroS1 (BoAstV-CH13/NeuroS1), which is a common viral agent associated with non-suppurative encephalitis in Swiss cattle. These findings were further verified by detection of viral RNA by use of in-situ hybridization and real-time RT-PCR. Next generation sequencing revealed that the detected virus genome had a pairwise identity of 98.9% to the genome of BoAstV-CH13/NeuroS1. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an astrovirus-associated polioencephalomyelitis in an alpaca. These results point to the possibility of an interspecies transmission of BoAstV-CH13/NeuroS1.

Characterization and genomic analysis of emerging astroviruses causing fatal gout in goslings.

Since February 2017, severe outbreaks of fatal gout caused by novel gosling astroviruses (GoAstVs) have occurred in several Chinese provinces, causing a considerable economic impact on the poultry industry. To assess the infection status of GoAstVs causing gout, 165 clinical samples were collected from goslings from seven farms located in different Chinese provinces, and they were screened for viral infection. Seven GoAstV strains were completely sequenced. The positive infection rates of GoAstV, goose parvovirus, reovirus, goose haemorrhagic polyomavirus and Tembusu virus were 100%, 9.69%, 3.64%, 0% and 0%, respectively, indicating the role of GoAstV in gout. The genomes of all seven GoAstV strains were 7170-nt long and encoded three open reading frames (ORFs), namely, ORF1a, ORF1b and ORF2. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the seven GoAstV strains showed that these were avastroviruses and were closely related to viruses classified within Avastrovirus 3 and turkey astrovirus 2. Moreover, the mutation rates of ORF1a and ORF2 were high, and ORF1a was highly mutated at amino acid loci 545-580. The tertiary structure of the mutated ORF2 protein was smooth, and its antigenic epitope was highly mutated, which may be related to the pathogenicity of the virus and caused by antibody pressure from the host. These findings enrich our understanding of the evolution of novel GoAstVs causing gout and their circulation as well as lay the foundation for the selection of vaccine strains.

Pathogenic Characteristics of a Porcine Astrovirus Strain Isolated in China.

Astroviral infection is considered to be one of the causes of mammalian diarrheal diseases. It has been shown that astrovirus infections cause varying degrees of diarrhea in turkeys and mice. However, the pathogenesis of porcine astrovirus is unknown. In this study, the virulence of a cytopathic porcine astrovirus (PAstV) strain (PAstV1-GX1) isolated from the PK-15 cell line was tested using seven-day-old nursing piglets. The results showed that PAstV1-GX1 infection could cause mild diarrhea, growth retardation, and damage of the villi of the small intestinal mucosa. However, all the above symptoms could be restored within 7 to 10days post inoculation (dpi). To evaluate the innate immunity response of PAstV in vivo, the alteration of inflammatory cytokine expression in piglets infected with PAstV1-GX1 was determined using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The mRNA expression levels of the IFNß and ISG54 were found to be significantly elevated in virus-infected piglets. In contrast, expression of IFNλ was downregulated in piglets infected with PAstV1-GX1. In addition, the mRNA expression of the tight junction protein 1 and 2 and zonula occludin 1, which are associated with the intestinal barrier permeability, were affected after PAstV1 infection. The present study adds to our understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of PAstV and has established an animal model for further study of pig astrovirus infection.

Astrovirus replication in human intestinal enteroids reveals multi-cellular tropism and an intricate host innate immune landscape.

Human astroviruses (HAstV) are understudied positive-strand RNA viruses that cause gastroenteritis mostly in children and the elderly. Three clades of astroviruses, classic, MLB-type and VA-type have been reported in humans. One limitation towards a better understanding of these viruses has been the lack of a physiologically relevant cell culture model that supports growth of all clades of HAstV. Herein, we demonstrate infection of HAstV strains belonging to all three clades in epithelium-only human intestinal enteroids (HIE) isolated from biopsy-derived intestinal crypts. A detailed investigation of infection of VA1, a member of the non-canonical HAstV-VA/HMO clade, showed robust replication in HIE derived from different patients and from different intestinal regions independent of the cellular differentiation status. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that VA1 infects several cell types, including intestinal progenitor cells and mature enterocytes, in HIE cultures. RNA profiling of VA1-infected HIE uncovered that the host response to infection is dominated by interferon (IFN)-mediated innate immune responses. A comparison of the antiviral host response in non-transformed HIE and transformed human colon carcinoma Caco-2 cells highlighted significant differences between these cells, including an increased magnitude of the response in HIE. Additional studies confirmed the sensitivity of VA1 to exogenous IFNs, and indicated that the endogenous IFN response of HIE to curtail the growth of strains from all three clades. Genotypic variation in the permissiveness of different HIE lines to HAstV could be overcome by pharmacologic inhibition of JAK/STAT signaling. Collectively, our data identify HIE as a universal infection model for HAstV and an improved model of the intestinal epithelium to investigate enteric virus-host interactions.

Experimental infection of conventional newly-weaned piglets with porcine astrovirus.

The presence of porcine astroviruses in diarrheic and healthy pigs has been reported, however, the consequences of the astrovirus infection during the weaning process have not been described. In this study, eight healthy conventional newly-weaned piglets were used to evaluate effects of astrovirus infection during the first five days. Four piglets were infected with the porcine astrovirus PoAstV/PUJP5 strain and the other four represented the control group. Body weight, rectal temperature, diarrhea and other clinical signs were monitored every 24 hours. The results showed that all animals gained body weight, the occurrence of mild diarrhea on the 3rd day post-infection, and the astroviral presence in diarrheic samples. On the 5th day post-infection all the piglets were euthanized and then intestinal and extra-intestinal tissues were analyzed for the presence of PoAstV/PUJP5. The cytoplasmic antigen of PoAstV/PUJP5 was observed in the enterocytes of infected piglets from jejunum, ileum, colon and in inflammatory cells from mesenteric lymph nodes. In addition, villi atrophy, fusion, epithelial hyperplasia and incipient virus detection in mesenteric lymph were observed. RNAemia could not be proved. This study shows for the first time the effects of porcine astrovirus infection on conventional newly-weaning piglets. Keywords: porcine astrovirus; newly-weaned piglets.

Detection and genetic characterization of Mamastrovirus 5 from Brazilian dogs

Abstract Mamastrovirus 5 (MAstV5), belonging to the Astroviridae (AstV) family, previously known as canine astrovirus or astrovirus-like particles, has been reported in several countries to be associated with viral enteric disease in dogs since the 1980s. Astroviruses have been detected in fecal samples from a wide variety of mammals and birds that are associated with gastroenteritis and extra enteric manifestations. In the present study, RT-PCR was used to investigate the presence of MAstV5 in 269 dog fecal samples. MAstV5 was detected in 26% (71/269) of the samples. Interestingly, all MAstV5-positive samples derived from dogs displaying clinical signs suggestive of gastroenteritis, other enteric viruses were simultaneously detected (canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus, canine coronavirus, canine adenovirus and canine rotavirus). Based on genomic sequence analysis of MAstV5 a novel classification of the species into four genotypes, MAstV5a-MAstV5d, is proposed. Phylogenetic analyses based on the ORF2 amino acid sequences, samples described herein grouped into the putative genotype 'a' closed related with Chinese samples. Other studies are required to attempt the clinical and antigenic implications of these astrovirus genotypes in dogs.

Chicken astrovirus as an aetiological agent of runting-stunting syndrome in broiler chickens.

Despite descriptions of runting-stunting syndrome (RSS) in broiler chickens dating back over 40 years, the aetiology has not yet been described. A novel chicken astrovirus (CkAstV) was isolated in an LMH liver cell line from the intestines of chickens affected with RSS. Clinical RSS is characterized by retarded growth and cystic crypt lesions in the small intestine. In 1-day-old broiler chickens infected with the CkAstV isolate, virus was only detected in the intestinal epithelial cells during the first few days after infection. Notably, the preferred host cells are the crypt epithelial cells following initial replication in the villous epithelial cells, thus implying viral preference for immature intestinal cells. Nevertheless, the CkAstV isolate did not induce remarkable pathological changes, despite the presence of the virus in situ. Serial chicken-to-chicken passages of the virus induced increased virulence, as displayed by decreased weight gain and the presence of cystic lesions in the small intestine reproducing clinical RSS in chickens. The analysis of the full-length genome sequences from the isolated CkAstV and the CkAstV from the bird-to-bird passages showed >99 % similarity. The data obtained in this study suggest that the CkAstV isolate is capable of inducing RSS following serial bird-to-bird passages in broilers and is as an aetiological agent of the disease.

Detection and genetic characterization of Mamastrovirus 5 from Brazilian dogs.

Mamastrovirus 5 (MAstV5), belonging to the Astroviridae (AstV) family, previously known as canine astrovirus or astrovirus-like particles, has been reported in several countries to be associated with viral enteric disease in dogs since the 1980s. Astroviruses have been detected in fecal samples from a wide variety of mammals and birds that are associated with gastroenteritis and extra enteric manifestations. In the present study, RT-PCR was used to investigate the presence of MAstV5 in 269 dog fecal samples. MAstV5 was detected in 26% (71/269) of the samples. Interestingly, all MAstV5-positive samples derived from dogs displaying clinical signs suggestive of gastroenteritis, other enteric viruses were simultaneously detected (canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus, canine coronavirus, canine adenovirus and canine rotavirus). Based on genomic sequence analysis of MAstV5 a novel classification of the species into four genotypes, MAstV5a-MAstV5d, is proposed. Phylogenetic analyses based on the ORF2 amino acid sequences, samples described herein grouped into the putative genotype 'a' closed related with Chinese samples. Other studies are required to attempt the clinical and antigenic implications of these astrovirus genotypes in dogs.