Incidence and risk factors for shoulder stiffness after open and arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of stiffness during the first 6 months after rotator cuff repair and to evaluate postoperative stiffness with respect to its risk factors and its influence on the outcome at 6 months postoperatively. METHODS: In a prospective cohort of 117 patients (69 women, 48 men; average age 59) from our institutional rotator cuff registry, who underwent either arthroscopic (n = 77) or open (n = 40) rotator cuff repair, we measured shoulder range of motion (ROM) at 3 and 6 months post-surgery. We evaluated the incidence of stiffness and analyzed functional outcomes, comparing various preoperative and intraoperative factors in patients with stiffness to those without at the 6-month mark. RESULTS: Shoulder stiffness was observed in 31% of patients (36/117) at 3 months postoperatively, decreasing to 20% (23/117) at 6 months. No significant link was found between stiffness at 6 months and demographic factors, preoperative stiffness, tear characteristics, or the type of repair. Notably, patients undergoing arthroscopic repair exhibited a 4.3-fold higher risk (OR 4.3; 95% CI 1.2-15.6, p = 0.02) of developing stiffness at 6 months compared to those with mini-open repair. Despite these differences in stiffness rates, no significant variation was seen in the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) score, or Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores at 6 months between the groups. CONCLUSION: The incidence of postoperative shoulder stiffness following rotator cuff repair was substantial at 31% at 3 months, reducing to 20% by 6 months. Mini-open repair was associated with a lower 6-month stiffness incidence than arthroscopic repair, likely due to variations in rehabilitation protocols. However, the presence of stiffness at 6 months post-surgery did not significantly affect functional outcomes or pain levels.

Differences in incidence rate and onset timing of undiagnosed finger symptom among shoulder surgeries related to complex regional pain syndrome.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the difference in onset timing and incidence of undiagnosed finger symptom (UDFS) between various shoulder surgical procedures. In this study, UDFS symptoms included the following four symptoms in the fingers;edema, limited range-of-motion, skin color changes, and abnormal sensations. UDFS cases were defined as those presenting with at least one UDFS. In result, the incidence rate of UDFS cases was 7.1% overall (58/816 shoulders), 7.4% (32/432) in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR), 9.0% (11/122) in open rotator cuff repair (ORCR), 1.4% (2/145) in arthroscopic subacromial decompression (ASD), 13.2% (5/38) in open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), 11.1% (3/27) in humeral head replacement, 4.8% (1/21) in anatomical total shoulder arthroplasty, and 12.9% (4/31) in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty cases. The Rate was significantly higher with ARCR compared to ASD (p<.01). About onset timing in weeks postoperatively, the ORIF group had a statistically earlier symptom onset than the Rotator cuff repair (ARCR + ORCR) group (2.4 weeks vs. 6.0 weeks, p<.01). When classifying the onset timing into before and after the removal of the abduction pillow, the ORIF group showed a statistically higher rate of onset before brace removal than the Rotator cuff repair groups (p<.01). Differences in UDFS among shoulder surgeries were demonstrated in this study. J. Med. Invest. 70 : 415-422, August, 2023.

Aetiopathogenesis of Rotator Cuff Tear in Patients Younger than 50 Years: Medical Conditions Play a Relevant Role.

Background and Objectives: Studies on rotator cuff tears (RCT) in patients younger than 50 years have focused on the post-operative outcomes. Little is known about cuff tear etiopathogenesis, although it is a common belief that most tears are due to trauma. We have retrospectively verified the prevalence of medical conditions, whose role in tendon degeneration development have been widely demonstrated, in a group of patients younger than 50 years with postero-superior RCT. Materials and Methods: 64 patients [44M-20F; mean age (SD): 46.90 (2.80)] were enrolled. Personal data, BMI, smoking habit, diseases (diabetes, arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, thyroid diseases, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) were registered. The possible triggering cause and the affected side and tear dimensions were recorded, and statistical analysis was then performed. Results: 75% of patients had one or more diseases and/or a smoking habit for more than 10 years. In the remaining 25%, only four patients referred had had a traumatic event, while in the other eight patients, both medical condition and trauma were registered. The presence of two or more diseases did not affect RCT size. Conclusions: In our series, three quarters of patients with RCT had a smoking habit or medical conditions predisposing them to a tendon tear; therefore, the role of trauma in RCT onset in patients younger than 50 years is markedly resized. It is plausible that in the remaining 25%, RCT may be due to trauma or to genetic or acquired degeneration. Level of Evidence: IV.

The Relationship Between Testosterone Therapy and Rotator Cuff Tears, Repairs, and Revision Repairs.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to evaluate rates of rotator cuff tears (RCTs), repairs (RCRs), and revision RCR in patients who were prescribed testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and compare these patients with a control group. METHODS: The PearlDiver database was queried for patients who were prescribed testosterone for at least 90 days between 2011 and 2018 to evaluate the incidence of RCTs in this population. A second analysis evaluated patients who sustained RCTs using International Classification of Diseases, 9th/10th codes to evaluate these patients for rates of RCR and revision RCR. Chi square analysis and multivariate regression analyses were used to compare rates of RCTs, RCR, and subsequent or revision RCR between the testosterone and control groups, with a P -value of 0.05 representing statistical significance. RESULTS: A total of 673,862 patients with RCT were included for analysis, and 9,168 of these patients were prescribed testosterone for at least 90 days before their RCT. The TRT group had a 3.6 times greater risk of sustaining an RCT (1.14% versus 0.19%; adjusted odds ratio (OR) 3.57; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.57 to 3.96). A 1.6 times greater rate of RCR was observed in the TRT cohort (TRT, 46.4% RCR rate and control, 34.0% RCR rate; adjusted OR 1.60; 95% CI 1.54 to 1.67). The TRT cohort had a 26.7 times greater risk of undergoing a subsequent RCR, irrespective of laterality, within 1 year of undergoing a primary RCR when compared with the control group (TRT, 47.1% and control, 4.0%; adjusted OR 26.4; 95% CI 25.0 to 27.9, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There is increased risk of RCTs, RCRs, and subsequent RCRs in patients prescribed testosterone. This finding may represent a musculoskeletal consequence of TRT and is important for patients and clinicians to understand. Additional research into the science of tendon injury in the setting of exogenous anabolic steroids remains of interest. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level Ⅲ, retrospective cohort study.

Arthroscopic Treatment of Rotator Cuff Rupture in Patients Under 55 years Old versus Patients Older than 65 Years Old / Comparação do tratamento artroscópico de ruptura do manguito rotador em pacientes com menos de 55 anos versus pacientes com mais de 65 anos

Abstract Objective To evaluate patients submitted to arthroscopic repair of the rotator cuff (RC) comparing the results of muscle, functional strength, and pain obtained in 2 distinct groups: patients < 55 years old (G55) and patients > 65 years old (G65). Methods Data collection was performed with 63 participants (29 < 55 years old and 34 > 65 years old), in 2 moments, analyzing: A) demographic, surgical and RC lesion characteristics; B) functional variables, muscle strength, and pain. Results Higher levels of anterior elevation force, lateral, and medial rotation of the operated shoulder were observed in group G55. However, when the difference between these forces of the operated shoulder and of the contralateral shoulder was evaluated, there was no significant difference between the groups. The other variables of function and pain were similar (p> 0.05). There was also no difference between the groups in the University of California at Los Angeles Shoulder Rating Scale (UCLA) (p= 0.56) and Constant-Murley Score (p= 0.99) scores. Conclusion Arthroscopic repair of the RC in older, active, selected patients may achieve functional improvement and quality of life similar to that performed in younger patients.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar os pacientes submetidos a reparo artroscópico do manguito rotador (MR) comparando os resultados de força muscular, funcionais e de dor obtidos em 2 grupos distintos: de pacientes < 55 anos (G55) e em pacientes > 65 anos (G65). Métodos A coleta de dados foi realizada com 63 participantes (29 pacientes < 55 anos e 34 > 65 anos), em 2 momentos, analisando: A) características demográficas, cirúrgicas e das lesões de MR; B) variáveis funcionais, força muscular e dor. Resultados Foram observados maiores níveis de na força de elevação anterior, rotação lateral e rotação medial do ombro operado no grupo G55. Porém, quando avaliada a diferença entre estas forças do ombro operado e do ombro contralateral, não se observou diferença significativa entre os grupos. As demais variáveis de função e dor foram similares (p> 0,05). Também não houve diferença entre os grupos nos escores University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA, na sigla em inglês) (p= 0,56) e Constant (p= 0,99). Conclusão O reparo artroscópico do MR em pacientes mais velhos, ativos e selecionados pode obter melhora funcional e de qualidade de vida similar ao realizado em pacientes mais jovens.

The Prevalence of Shoulder Disorders among Professional Bullfighters: A Cross-Sectional Ultrasonography Study.

We aimed to investigate clinical and ultrasound signs of shoulder overuse injuries in professional bullfighters; side-to-side differences (dominant vs. non-dominant); and to determine potential differences according to bullfighters' categories. An observational cross-sectional study was conducted. Thirty professional and active bullfighters were assessed. A bilateral ultrasound assessment of the subacromial bursa, long biceps head tendon (LHBT), and rotator cuff was performed to determine the presence of bursitis, subluxation, partial or total tendon rupture, tenosynovitis, or calcification. Supraspinatus tendon thickness was measured. Finally, a battery of clinical orthopedic tests (Yergason, Jobe, infraspinatus, Gerber, and bursa tests) were also performed. Most identified ultrasound findings were located in the dominant side, being the presence of bursitis (n = 9; 30%), LHBT tenosynovitis (n = 8; 26.7%), and subscapularis tendon calcification (n = 5; 16.7%) the most prevalent. No side-to-side or between-categories differences were found for supraspinatus tendon thickness (all, p > 0.05). The most frequent positive signs were the infraspinatus test (40.0%), Gerber lift-off test (33.3%), and bursitis, Jobe, and Yergason tests (all, 26.7%). Ultrasound signs were commonly found at LHBT, subacromial bursa, and rotator cuff in professional bullfighters without difference between categories and sides. No side-to-side or between-categories differences were found. Positive clinical test signs suggestive of bursitis, LHBT, and rotator cuff tendinopathy were frequently observed.

The Effect of Sex Hormone Deficiency on the Incidence of Rotator Cuff Repair: Analysis of a Large Insurance Database.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study was to analyze the association between sex hormone deficiency and rotator cuff repair (RCR) with use of data from a large United States insurance database. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of insured subjects from the Truven Health MarketScan database was conducted, collecting data for RCR cases as well as controls matched for age, sex, and years in the database. Multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for matching variables were utilized to compare RCR status with estrogen deficiency status and testosterone deficiency status. These associations were confirmed with use of data from the Veterans Genealogy Project database, with which the relative risk of RCR was estimated for patients with and without sex hormone deficiency. RESULTS: The odds of RCR for female patients with estrogen deficiency were 48% higher (odds ratio, 1.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.44 to 1.51; p < 0.001) than for those without estrogen deficiency. The odds of RCR for males with testosterone deficiency were 89% higher (odds ratio, 1.89; 95% confidence interval, 1.82 to 1.96; p < 0.001) than for those without testosterone deficiency. Within the Veterans Genealogy Project database, the relative risk of estrogen deficiency among RCR patients was 2.58 (95% confidence interval, 2.15 to 3.06; p < 0.001) and the relative risk of testosterone deficiency was 3.05 (95% confidence interval, 2.67 to 3.47; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Sex hormone deficiency was significantly associated with RCR. Future prospective studies will be necessary to understand the pathophysiology of rotator cuff disease as it relates to sex hormones. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

A Positive Correlation between Steroid Injections and Cuff Tendon Tears: A Cohort Study Using a Clinical Database.

This cohort study aimed to investigate the association between steroid injections for shoulder diseases and the increased incidence of cuff tendon tears. The Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital clinical database was used in this study. Patients were enrolled using the corresponding diagnostic codes for shoulder diseases. Patients who received steroid injections were included in the case group, and those without steroid injections were included in the control group. The outcome measure was the occurrence of cuff tendon tears during the study period. Adjusted hazard ratios for outcomes were calculated using Cox regression analysis adjusted for sex, age, and comorbidities. Of the 1025 patients with shoulder disease, 205 were in the case group and 820 were in the control group. The incidence of cuff tendon tears was 9.8% in patients who received steroid injections (p < 0.001). The adjusted hazard ratios for steroid injections, smoking, and chronic liver disease were 7.44 (p < 0.001), 2.40 (p = 0.046), 3.25 (p = 0.007), respectively. Steroid injections on the shoulder were associated with a raised risk of cuff tendon tears by 7.44 times compared to non-injection. The incidence of cuff tendon tears increased by 3.25 times with concurrent chronic liver disease and by 2.4 times with smoking.

Concomitant Glenohumeral Instability and Rotator Cuff Injury: An Epidemiologic and Case-Control Analysis in Military Cadets.

INTRODUCTION: Concomitant rotator cuff tear and glenohumeral instability in a large cohort of young and active patients has not been examined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence, associated variables, and outcomes in military cadets undergoing shoulder stabilization procedures with these concomitant pathologies. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of a consecutive series of collegiate patients who underwent shoulder stabilization from 2014 to 2018 at a single service academy was conducted. Exclusion criteria were noncadets, revision instability cases, multidirectional instability, and prior rotator cuff repair. A nested case-control analysis was done in a matched series of patients with and without MRI evidence of rotator cuff tear. Baseline demographics, VAS pain scale, physical therapy duration, and time to surgery were analyzed. Postoperative metrics included rate of recurrent instability, subjective outcomes, VAS pain scale, and military-specific criteria. RESULTS: Three hundred twenty-four cadets met the inclusion criteria, including 272 men and 52 women averaging 20.53 ± 1.80 years of age. MRI demonstrated concomitant rotator cuff tears in 5.56% of cases. A matched case-control comparison between patients with (rotator cuff tear group) and without (no rotator cuff tear group) rotator cuff tear showed no differences in preoperative data, recurrent instability rate, or postoperative VAS pain scores (0.24 versus 0.88, P = 0.207) at mean 44-month follow-up. Fifteen of 17 patients (88.2%) in each group returned to full activity (P > 0.999). No patients failed to graduate due to shoulder concerns. No patients in the rotator cuff tear group underwent a medical board for separation from the military compared with 2 (11.8%) in the no rotator cuff tear group (P = 0.163). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of concomitant rotator cuff tears in this study of military cadets undergoing shoulder stabilization was 5.56%. In a matched cohort comparison, the presence of a rotator cuff tear on preoperative MRI was not associated with inferior clinical outcomes.

Rotator Cuff Lesion and Obesity: A Demographic and Metabolic Evaluation / Lesão do manguito rotador e obesidade: Uma avaliação demográfica e metabólica

Abstract Objective To analyze the relationship between the presence and severity of rotator cuff (RC) injury with obesity and the time of exposure to obesity. Secondarily, to evaluate the relationship and prevalence of demographic and metabolic factors in obese individuals with RC injury. Methods This is a cross-sectional study with 235 obese patients (body mass index [BMI] 30 kg/m2). Demographic data (age and gender), metabolic data (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, lipid profile, and time of exposure to obesity), physical examination (weight, height, waist circumference, and clinical tests), and musculoskeletal ultrasound examination were used to analyze the results. Results There was no evidence of an association between RC injury and BMI (p » 0.82), time of exposure to obesity (p » 0.29), or abdominal circumference (p » 0.52). In the subgroup with injury, age (p < 0.001), presence of diabetes mellitus (p » 0.013), hypertension (p < 0.001), level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (p » 0.026), and time of exposure to obesity (p < 0.001) were significantly greater compared to the subgroup without injury. In the search for other parameters independently associated with RC injury, associations were observed with age (p » 0.0003) and hypertension (p » 0.004). Conclusion We did not evidence an association between obesity and the time of exposure to it with the occurrence and severity of RC injury. However, individuals with injury had a longer time of exposure to obesity and prevalence of metabolic disorders than individuals without RC injury. In addition, our findings suggest an association between systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and advanced age with RC injury.

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a relação da presença e da gravidade da lesão do manguito rotador (MR) com a obesidade e o tempo de exposição à obesidade. De forma secundária, avaliar a relação e a prevalência de fatores demográficos e metabólicos em indivíduos obesos com lesão do MR. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com 235 pacientes obesos (índice de massa corporal [IMC] 30 kg/m2). Dados demográficos (idade e gênero), metabólicos (hipertensão, diabetes mellitus, perfil lipídico, e tempo de exposição à obesidade), exame físico (peso, estatura, circunferência abdominal, e testes clínicos), e exame ultrassonográfico musculoesquelético foram utilizados para a análise dos resultados. Resultados Não foi evidenciada associação da lesão do MR com IMC (p » 0,82), tempo de exposição à obesidade (p » 0,29), ou circunferência abdominal (p » 0,52). No subgrupo com lesão, a idade (p < 0,001), a presença de diabetes melito (p » 0,013), a hipertensão (p < 0,001), o nível de lipoproteína de alta densidade (high-density lipoprotein, HDL, em inglês) (p » 0,026), e o tempo de exposição à obesidade (p < 0,001) foram significativamente maiores em comparação ao subgrupo sem lesão do MR. Na busca por demais parâmetros associados de forma independente para lesão do MR, foram observadas associações com idade (p » 0,0003) e hipertensão (p »0,004). Conclusão Não evidenciamos associação da obesidade e do tempo de exposição a ela coma ocorrência e a gravidadeda lesãodo MR. Porém, indivíduos comlesão apresentaram maior tempo de exposição à obesidade e prevalência de disfunções metabólicas do que indivíduos sem lesão. Além disso, nossos achados sugerem uma associação entre hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e idade avançada com a lesão do MR.

Concomitant glenohumeral injuries in patients with distal clavicle fractures undergoing arthroscopic-assisted surgery: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: To determine the incidence of concomitant intra-articular glenohumeral injuries in patients undergoing surgical management from distal clavicle fractures (DCF) with shoulder arthroscopy and their impact on outcome. METHODS: This systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, EMBASE, and Virtual Health Library databases were accessed in October 2021. All the clinical studies evaluating the surgical management of DCF and using concomitant intra-operatory shoulder arthroscopy were included. Studies that did not specify the concomitant injury type were not eligible. Data from the incidence of intra-articular glenohumeral injuries, injury type, length of the follow-up, and clinical outcomes were retrieved. The quantitative content assessment was performed using the STROBE statement checklist. Evaluation of the publication bias of the included studies was performed using the risk of bias assessment tool for systematic reviews. RESULTS: Data from five retrospective and five prospective cohort studies were analyzed. Eight of the included studies were conducted on patient cohorts with Neer type II injuries. Data pooling revealed a mean of 17.70% of concomitant glenohumeral injuries, whereas 84.21% of them required additional surgical management (Table 1). Rotator cuff injuries, labral tears, and biceps pulley lesions were the most common concomitant injuries. CONCLUSION: Preoperative MRI or diagnostic arthroscopy to evaluate glenohumeral associated injuries to DCF should be recommended.

Prognostic factors for the occurrence of post-operative shoulder stiffness after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Post-operative shoulder stiffness (POSS) is one of the most frequent complications after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR). Factors specifying clinical prediction models for the occurrence of POSS should rely on the literature and expert assessment. Our objective was to map prognostic factors for the occurrence of POSS in patients after an ARCR. METHODS: Longitudinal studies of ARCR reporting prognostic factors for the occurrence of POSS with an endpoint of at least 6 months were included. We systematically searched Embase, Medline, and Scopus for articles published between January 1, 2014 and February 12, 2020 and screened cited and citing literature of eligible records and identified reviews. The risk of bias of included studies and the quality of evidence were assessed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool and an adapted Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations framework. A database was implemented to report the results of individual studies. The review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020199257). RESULTS: Seven cohort studies including 23 257 patients were included after screening 5013 records. POSS prevalence ranged from 0.51 to 8.75% with an endpoint ranging from 6 to 24 months. Due to scarcity of data, no meta-analysis could be performed. Overall risk of bias and quality of evidence was deemed high and low or very low, respectively. Twenty-two potential prognostic factors were identified. Increased age and male sex emerged as protective factors against POSS. Additional factors were reported but do require further analyses to determine their prognostic value. DISCUSSION: Available evidence pointed to male sex and increased age as probable protective factors against POSS after ARCR. To establish a reliable pre-specified set of factors for clinical prediction models, our review results require complementation with an expert's opinion.

Osteoporosis increases the risk of rotator cuff tears: a population-based cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Osteoporosis has been demonstrated to be a risk factor for rotator cuff retears after surgery; however, no studies have directly investigated the association between osteoporosis and the development of rotator cuff tears. To investigate whether osteoporosis is associated with an increased risk of rotator cuff tears. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a population-based, matched-cohort study with a 7-year follow-uTwo matched cohorts (n = 3511 with osteoporosis and 17,555 without osteoporosis) were recruited from Taiwan's Longitudinal Health Insurance Dataset. Person-year data and incidence rates were evaluated. A multivariable Cox model was used to derive an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) after controlling for age, sex, and various prespecified comorbidities. Age and sex were added in the model to test for interaction with osteoporosis. RESULTS: Women constituted 88.5% of the cohorts. During follow-up of 17,067 and 100,501 person-years for the osteoporosis and nonosteoporosis cohorts, 166 and 89 rotator cuff tears occurred, respectively. The cumulative incidence of rotator cuff tears was significantly higher in the osteoporosis cohort than in the nonosteoporosis cohort (p < 0.001, log-rank). The Cox model revealed a 1.79-fold increase in rotator cuff tears in the osteoporosis cohort, with an aHR of 1.79 (95% confidence interval, 1.55-2.05). Effect modification of sex and age on rotator cuff tears was not found in patients with osteoporosis. CONCLUSION: This population-based study supports the hypothesis that compared with individuals without osteoporosis, those with osteoporosis have a higher risk of developing rotator cuff tears.

Prevalence and Clinical Impact of Acromial Cupping after Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair: Does Acromioplasty Matter?

BACKGROUND: Although the effectiveness of acromioplasty is controversial, it is commonly performed during rotator cuff repair to reduce external impingement. During follow-up, osteolysis under the acromion (acromial cupping) could be observed. However, this phenomenon has been rarely addressed in the literature. The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence and severity of acromial cupping after rotator cuff repair depending on the concomitant performance of acromioplasty and evaluate the influence of acromial cupping on clinical and radiological outcome. METHODS: This is a retrospective study involving patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair for small-to-large full-thickness rotator cuff tears from October 2015 to March 2019 and clinical follow-up and magnetic resonance imaging at least 1 year postoperatively. A total of 110 patients were enrolled and divided into two groups depending on whether acromioplasty had been performed (group A) or not (group N). The prevalence of acromial cupping was evaluated in each group. In addition, we stratified patients according to the severity of acromial cupping to investigate its influence on healing and functional scores (visual analog scale [VAS], American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons [ASES] score, simple shoulder test [SST], and Constant-Murley score). RESULTS: There were 85 patients in group A and 25 patients in group N. The prevalence of acromial cupping and acromial cysts was as follows: 36.4% (40 patients) and 6.4% (7 patients), respectively, in the total subjects; 43.5% (37/85) and 5.9% (5/85), respectively, in group A; and 12.0% (3/25) and 8.0% (2/25), respectively, in group N. The prevalence of acromial cupping was significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.012). However, functional outcomes were not significantly different between groups stratified by the severity of acromial cupping (VAS, p = 0.464; ASES score, p = 0.902; SST, p = 0.816; and Constant-Murley score, p = 0.117). The difference in healing rate was statistically insignificant between groups (p = 0.726). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and severity of acromial cupping were significantly greater in patients who underwent rotator cuff repair with acromioplasty. It was a relatively common phenomenon, especially after acromioplasty. However, neither the existence nor the severity of acromial cupping affected functional outcomes or healing.

Retear rates after rotator cuff surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Rotator cuff retear (RCR) is one of the main postoperative drawbacks. RCR can be considered a multifactorial issue, which causes are related either to biological than biomechanical factors. The aim of this study was to define the incidence of RCR after surgical treatment at different time points and to identify the main factors influencing the postoperative rotator cuff (RC) healing. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed following the PRISMA guidelines. A comprehensive search of the literature was carried out in July 2020, using PubMed and Cochrane Library databases. Only level 1 and 2 clinical evidence studies were included. Studies were included if patients with preoperative repairable full-thickness RC tears were treated surgically, and if studies reported postoperative RCR confirmed by imaging diagnostic. The association between timing of retear and follow-up time points were investigated using an inverse-variance method of pooling data. A subgroup meta-analysis was performed using the DerSimonian and Laird method for the estimation of the between-study variance, i.e., τ2. The association between retear rate after surgery and patients' age, preoperative tear size, fatty infiltration, postoperative rehabilitation protocol, surgical techniques, and RC repairs was determined by expressing the effect measure in terms of odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). The Mantel-Haenszel method with 95% CIs was used. RESULTS: Thirty-one articles were included in this study. The percentage of RCR after surgery was 15% at 3 months follow-up, 21% at 3-6 months follow-up, 16% at 6-12 months follow-up, 21% at 12-24 months follow-up, 16% at follow-up longer than 24 months. The main factors influencing RC healing are both patient-related (i.e., age, larger tear size, fatty infiltration) and not patient-related (i.e., postoperative rehabilitation protocol, surgical techniques, and procedures). CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative RC healing is influenced by patient-related and non-patient-related factors. Further high-level clinical studies are needed to provide highly relevant clinical results.

Surgical outcome following rotator cuff tear repair in a low-income population. Impact of obesity and smoking.

BACKGROUND: Comorbidities and socioeconomic issues impact outcome of rotator cuff tear (RCT) repair. There are no data on RCT repair outcome from developing regions. We determined the impact of obesity and smoking following RCT repair in a low-income population. METHODS: This is a retrospective case series. Forty-seven shoulders of 42 patients subjected to open or arthroscopic repair of a RCT with a minimum of 2 years follow-up were cross-sectionally evaluated. Patients were seen in the Orthopaedic Service of the Hospital Geral de Fortaleza-CE, Brazil between March and September 2018. RCT were classified as partial or full-thickness lesions. Fatty infiltration (Goutallier) and tendon retraction (Patte) were recorded as well as obesity (BMI > 30), literacy [>/≤ 8 school years (SY)] and smoking status 6 months prior to surgery (present/absent). Outcomes included pain (visual analogue scale; VAS, 0-10 cm), range of motion [active forward flexion and external rotation (ER)], UCLA and ASES scoring. RESULTS: Patients were 59.9 ± 7.4 years-old, 35(74.4%) female with 19 (17.1-30.2 IQR) median of months from diagnosis to surgery and 25 median months of follow-up (26.9-34.0 IQR); over 90% declared < 900.00 US$ monthly family income and two-thirds had ≤8 SY. Forty patients (85.1%) had full-thickness tears, 7 (14.9%) had Goutallier ≥3 and over 80% had < Patte III stage. Outcomes were similar regardless of fatty infiltration or tendon retraction staging. There were 17 (36.1%) smokers and 13 (27.6%) obese patients. Outcome was similar when comparing obese vs non-obese patients. Smokers had more pain (P = 0.043) and less ER (P = 0.029) with a trend towards worse UCLA and ASES scores as compared to non-smokers though differences did not achieve minimal clinically important difference (MCID) proposed for surgical RCT treatment. After adjusting for obesity, VAS and ER values in smokers were no longer significant (P = 0.2474 and 0.4872, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our data document outcomes following RCT repair in a low-income population. Smoking status but not obesity impacted RCT repair outcome though not reaching MCID for surgical treatment.

National Trends Show Declining Use of Arthroscopic Subacromial Decompression Without Rotator Cuff Repair.

PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to investigate trends in the United States for arthroscopic subacromial decompression (aSAD) and open SAD (oSAD) with and without rotator cuff repair (RCR) between 2010 and 2018. METHODS: The PearlDiver Mariner claims database was queried using CPT codes for open and arthroscopic subacromial decompression and rotator cuff repair. Patient cohorts were developed for those undergoing aSAD or oSAD between 2010 and 2018, then segmented by whether RCR was performed simultaneously. Annual incidence was analyzed, as were associated diagnosis codes, and concomitant shoulder-associated procedures performed on the same day. RESULTS: The PearlDiver Mariner dataset from 2010 to 2018 included 186,932 patients that underwent aSAD, while 9,263 patients underwent oSAD. The total incidence of aSAD declined from 118.0 to 71.3 per 100,000 (39.6% decrease) (P < .001). This change was due primarily to a decreasing incidence of aSAD performed without RCR, which declined from 66.3 to 25.5 per 100,000 (61.5% decrease) (P < .001). During the same period, the incidence of aSAD combined with RCR remained relatively stable, from 51.7 to 45.8 per 100,000 (11.5% decrease) (P = .27). The overall incidence of oSAD declined from 7.1 to 2.2 per 100,000 (68.1% decrease) (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The overall rate of aSAD has declined in recent years, primarily due to a large decrease in the incidence of aSAD without RCR as an isolated treatment for rotator cuff disorders. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Prior studies have demonstrated a rising incidence of SAD; however, high-level clinical evidence and clinical practice guidelines have challenged its efficacy. It is important for orthopaedic surgeons to understand evolving national trends in management among their peers.

Identification of a Novel Genetic Marker for Risk of Degenerative Rotator Cuff Disease Surgery in the UK Biobank.

BACKGROUND: While evidence indicates that familial predisposition influences the risk of developing degenerative rotator cuff disease (RCD), knowledge of specific genetic markers is limited. We conducted a genome-wide association study of RCD surgery using the UK Biobank, a prospective cohort of 500,000 people (40 to 69 years of age at enrollment) with genotype data. METHODS: Cases with surgery for degenerative RCD were identified using linked hospital records. The cases were defined as an International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) code of M75.1 determined by a trauma/orthopaedic specialist and surgery consistent with RCD treatment. Cases were excluded if a diagnosis of traumatic injury had been made during the same hospital visit. For each case, up to 5 controls matched by age, sex, and follow-up time were chosen from the UK Biobank. Analyses were limited to European-ancestry individuals who were not third-degree or closer relations. We used logistic regression to test for genetic association of 674,405 typed and >10 million imputed markers, after adjusting for age, sex, population principal components, and follow-up. RESULTS: We identified 2,917 RCD surgery cases and 14,158 matched controls. We observed 1 genome-wide significant signal (p < 5 × 10-8) for a novel locus tagged by rs2237352 in the CREB5 gene on chromosome 7 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11 to 1.24). The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2237352 was imputed with a high degree of confidence (info score = 0.9847) and is common, with a minor allele frequency of 47%. After expanding the control sample to include additional unmatched non-cases, rs2237352 and another SNP in the CREB5 gene, rs12700903, were genome-wide significant. We did not detect genome-wide significant signals at loci associated with RCD in previous studies. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a novel association between a variant in the CREB5 gene and RCD surgery. Validation of this finding in studies with imaging data to confirm diagnoses will be an important next step. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Identification of genetic RCD susceptibility markers can guide understanding of biological processes in rotator cuff degeneration and help inform disease risk in the clinical setting. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Rotator Cuff Healing / A cicatrização do manguito rotador

Abstract The present article broadly addresses the aspects that interfere with the healing process of the rotator cuff. Life habits, such as smoking and alcoholism, are considered, systemic factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity, as well as local factors, among which are those related to the pre, peri, and postoperative periods. From an extensive literature review, with the citation of 60 scientific articles from both Western and Eastern literature, the authors intend to deepen the theme by bringing to medical practice conducts based on new established concepts.

Resumo O presente artigo aborda de forma ampla os aspectos que interferem no processo de cicatrização do manguito rotador. São considerados hábitos de vida como tabagismo e alcoolismo, fatores sistêmicos como diabetes mellitus, hipertensão arterial e obesidade bem como fatores locais, dentre os quais aqueles relacionados ao pré, per e pós operatório. A partir de uma extensa revisão da literatura, com a citação de 60 artigos científicos tanto da literatura ocidental como oriental, os autores pretendem aprofundar no tema trazendo para a prática médica condutas embasadas em novos conceitos estabelecidos.

Are Comorbidities Affecting Rotator Cuff Repair Outcomes? A Retrospective Review of Postoperative Costs and complications.

Our study examines the effect of comorbidities on rotator cuff repair (RCR) postoperative costs and complication rates. A retrospective review of patients receiving RCRs from 2008-2016 using the PearlDiver database was performed. We evaluated the effect of major comorbidities on postoperative costs and complications within one year of surgery. In total, 8,747 patients underwent RCR. Patients with no comorbidities had a 6-month and 12-month postoperative cost of $3,534 and $3,853, respectively. Patients with one comorbidity had 6-month postoperative costs ranging from $2,623 to $3,466 and 1-year postoperative costs ranging from $2,992 to $5,906. Patients with 3+ comorbidities receiving arthroscopic RCR had the highest complication rates at 1-, 3- and 6-month intervals (11.8%, 19.7% and 26.8%, respectively) compared to those with no comorbidities (8.1% [p = 0.139], 12.7% [p = 0.022] and 15.9% [p = 0.001], respectively). Patients with isolated comorbidities likely require similar healthcare utilization to those without, but patients with 3+ comorbidities risk greater complications and higher post-operative costs. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 30(1):024-029, 2021).