Migración en Venezuela, marco normativo e indicadores 2000- 2022 / Migration in Venezuela, regulatory framework and indicators 2000 - 2022

El objetivo fue describir el estado actual del marco normativo de migración, y la tendencia de indicadores de población y migración en Venezuela en el periodo 2000-2022.Métodos: Estudio descriptivo del marco normativo de migración y la tendencia de indicadores de población y migración en Venezuela. Indicadores: población total, tasa de dependencia demográfica (total, niñez, adulto mayor) y tasa de migración. Fuentes de datos: plataforma informativa salud y migración(marco normativo), Anuario estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe año 2000 al 2022 (indicadores de población).Resultados: El marco normativo de la migración en Venezuela está contenido en escasas leyes y Convenios Internacionales y regionales. La variación porcentual en la población venezolana fue descendente durante casi todo el periodo, donde se presentan incluso valores negativos para 2018-2021. La tasa anual decrecimiento poblacional, demostró un descenso constante y marcado desde el año 2000 hasta el año 2018, con altos valores negativos, luego asciende mostrando valores positivos a partir del año 2022, con un valor equivalente al año 2000. Conclusiones: El marco legal migratorio en Venezuela, es deficitario y no acorde a las necesidades de los migrantes. Los cambios ocurridos en la población venezolana de 2000 a 2022 fue debido a varios factores, siendo de gran impacto el fenómeno migratorio. La tasa de migración en Venezuela muestra tendencia negativa lo que indica que el país pierde población.

Objective Describe the current state of the regulatory framework for migration and the trend of populationand migration indicators in Venezuela for the period2000-2022. Methods: Descriptive study of the regulatory framework for migration and the trend of population andmigration indicators in Venezuela. Sample of national and international documents (regulatory framework). Indicators: total population, demographic dependency rate (total,childhood, elderly) and migration rate. Data sources: health andmigration information platform (regulatory framework) LatinAmerica and the Caribbean Statistical Yearbook 2000 to 2022(population indicators) Results: The regulatory framework formigration in Venezuela is contained in few international andregional laws and agreements. The percentage variation in the Venezuelan population was downward during almost the entireperiod, where even negative values are presented for 2018-2021.The annual rate of population growth showed a constant andmarked decrease from the year 2000 to the year 2018 with highnegative values, then it ascends showing positive values from theyear 2022 with a value equivalent to the year 2000. Conclusions:The migratory legal framework in Venezuela is deficient anddoes not meet the needs of migrants. The changes that haveoccurred in the Venezuelan population from 2000 to 2022 wasdue to several factors, the migratory phenomenon being of greatimpact. the migration rate in Venezuela shows a negative trend,which indicates that the country is losing population.

Influence of the size of the cities of birth and residence in the sports career: an analysis through the bolsa-atleta program / Influência do tamanho das cidades de nascimento e residência na carreira desportiva: uma análise por meio do programa bolsa-atleta

ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify whether the size of municipalities in which Brazilian high-performance athletes are born or live influences the federal government subsidy, in addition to pointing out whether factors such as human development index, demographic density and municipal investment in sports also exert influence. The sample consisted of 2,033 Brazilian municipalities that had athletes, born or resident, receiving the Brazilian incentive Bolsa-Atleta program. The size of municipalities influences the amount and level of grant obtained, demonstrating that the smaller the population size, the lower the chance of obtaining a higher grant level. In addition, factors such as human development index, demographic density and investment in sport influence the acquisition of grants by athletes, mainly by resident athletes, which shows an internal sports migration in the country as a result.

RESUMO O presente estudo teve por objetivo verificar se o tamanho dos municípios em que os atletas brasileiros de rendimento nascem ou residem gera influência na obtenção de subsídio pelo governo federal, além de apontar se fatores como índices de desenvolvimento humano, densidade demográfica e investimento municipal no esporte também exercem influência. A amostra consistiu em 2033 municípios brasileiros que apresentaram atletas nascidos ou residentes contemplados pelo programa de incentivo brasileiro Bolsa-Atleta. Por meio da análise, pode-se verificar que o tamanho dos municípios influência na quantidade e no nível de bolsa obtido, demonstrando que quanto menor o tamanho da população, menor a chance de se obter um nível mais alto de bolsa. Além disto, pode-se notar que fatores como índices de desenvolvimento humano, densidade demográfica e investimento no esporte exercem influência na aquisição de bolsas pelos atletas, principalmente, por parte de atletas residentes, o que evidencia uma migração esportiva interna no país.

Voces que viajan: sueños que vuelan: vidas que se transmutan relatos de migración / Voices that travel: dreams that fly. Lives that transmute migration stories

Abordar en este ensayo relatos de migración, exigió una mirada fenoménica existencial-genero-sensitiva; en torno a lo vivido y experienciado por 05 mujeres venezolanas que migraron a Ecuador. Propósito. Visibilizar las razones que las obligaron a emigrar, estrategias de sobrevivencia en los nuevos hogares transnacionales. Evidenciar que hay detrás de la feminizacion de la migración y la situación de salud de las migrantes. En qué dimensión el acceso a los servicios de salud afecta la salud de las mujeres migrantes. Lo metódico: Paradigma cualitativo enfoque fenomenológico-existencial. Análisis de discurso. La técnica dialógica para la recolección de información fue la entrevista focalizada. Se realizaron 10 grabaciones en total. Se utilizó consentimiento informado. Las entrevistas fueron sometidas a su respectivo itinerario metodológico. Aproximaciones: Las razones de migrar: huir de la situación económica, política y social que vive Venezuela. Se repiten los roles y estereotipos de género. Ubicación de las mujeres en las cadenas globales del cuidado, oficios del hogar. El acceso a los servicios de salud es un proceso lento, burocrático y sin resolución. El modelo Bio-Medico en la relación médico-paciente estuvo marcado por la Indiferencia, exclusión, ejercicio del poder. Clara violación al Derecho a la Salud y los Derechos Humanos.

Addressing in this essay stories of migration, demanded an existential-gender-sensitive phenomenal look at what was experienced and experienced by 05 Venezuelan women who migrated to Ecuador. Purpose. To make visible the reasons that forced them to emigrate, survival strategies in the new transnational homes. To show that there is behind Addressing in this essay stories of migration, demanded an existential-gender-sensitive phenomenal look at what was experienced and experienced by 05 Venezuelan women who migrated to Ecuador. Purpose. To make visible the reasons that forced them to emigrate, survival strategies in the new transnational homes. To show that there is behind the feminization of migration and the health situation of migrants. The extent to which access to health services affects the health of migrant women. The methodical: Qualitative paradigm phenomenological-existential approach. Discourse analysis. The dialogic technique for collecting information was the focused interview. A total of 10 recordings were made. Informed consent was used. The interviews were submitted to their respective methodological itinerary. Approaches: The reasons for migrating: fleeing the economic, political and social situation in Venezuela. The roles are repeated and the feminization of migration and the health situation of migrants. The extent to which access to health services affects the health of migrant women. The Bio-Medical model in the doctor-patient relationship, was marked by indifference, exclusion, exercise of power. Clear violation of the right to health and human rights.

Demographics and outcomes of hepatitis B and D: A 10-year retrospective analysis in a Swiss tertiary referral center.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major global health challenge with approximately 250-350 million chronically infected individuals. An improved understanding of the demographic features and outcomes of chronic HBV infection and hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection in low-endemic areas may improve prevention, early identification and management both at individual and community levels. Here, we retrospectively analyzed the demographic and clinical characteristics, treatment rates and outcomes of adult patients with chronic HBV infection with or without HDV coinfection examined at Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland over a 10-year period. METHODS: We analyzed the medical records of all adult patients with chronic HBV and HDV infection examined in our center between 2007 and 2016. Liver-related outcome was defined as the occurrence of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver transplantation or liver-related death. Analyses were performed using logistic regression and results were reported as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Of 672 consecutive patients, 421 (62.6%) were male, median age was 36 years (interquartile range, 28-46 years), and 233 (34.7%) were of African origin. The prevalence of HDV coinfection was 7.1% and the proportion of anti-HDV-positive patients with detectable HDV RNA was 70.0%. In multivariate analysis, HDV coinfection was the strongest predictor for liver-related outcome (OR 6.06, 95% CI 2.93-12.54, p<0.001), followed by HBeAg positivity (OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.30-4.69, p = 0.006), age (OR per 10-year increase 2.03, 95% CI 1.63-2.52, p<0.001) and sex (OR for female 0.39, 95% CI 0.22-0.71, p = 0.002). The predictive accuracy of the multivariate model was high (receiver operator characteristic area under the curve 0.81). CONCLUSION: This retrospective study underscores the importance of migration in the epidemiology of chronic hepatitis B in low-endemic areas. HDV coinfection, HBeAg positivity and age predicted liver-related outcomes while female sex had a protective effect.

El Dr. Nicolás Triantafilo Klotza, los inicios de la Universidad de Antofagasta y la inmigración griega en el norte de Chile / Dr. Nicolás Triantafilo Klotza, the beginnings of the University of Antofagasta and Greek immigration in northern Chile

La Anatomía Humana en la Universidad de Chile, sede Antofagasta, fue el cimiento esencial para dar inicio a la carrera de medicina en 1971, como consecuencia de la Reforma Universitaria, creando las sedes Regionales de la Universidad. Un grupo de médicos-profesores, hijos de familias europeas, de los Balcanes, dictaban las clases en las aulas de ciencias de la salud en varias carreras de esta sede. En la década del 50, se suma a este grupo el médicocirujano Nicolás Triantafilo-Klotza (1922-2008), de ascendencia helénica, quien comienza organizando la asignatura de Patología para luego asumir la Cátedra de Anatomía Humana, siendo su titular hasta el año 1973, formando la "Unidad de Anatomía Humana". La Anatomía Humana era impartida en el anfiteatro del Hospital Regional "Leonardo Guzmán", para todas las carreras de la Salud y algunas carreras del área de Ciencias Sociales. Con la reforma universitaria de los 80 se descentraliza la educación superior estatal chilena, creándose las universidades regionales con autonomía propia. Esto generaría la Universidad de Antofagasta, entre otras, fruto de la fusión, decretada el 10 de marzo de 1981, de la UTE y la Universidad de Chile. La sede que ambas tenían en Antofagasta se transformó en la Universidad de Antofagasta, tal como la conocemos hoy. La carrera de medicina de la Universidad de Antofagasta renace en 1995.

Human Anatomy at the University of Chile, in Antofagasta, was the essential foundation for the beginning of the medical career in 1971, as consequence of the University Reform, creating the Regional branches of the University. A doctors-teachers group, descendent of European families, of the Balkans, were teaching health sciences in various courses at the University. In the 50's, the physician-surgeon Nicolás TriantafiloKlotza (1922-2008), of Greek descent, joined the group. He began organizing the Pathology course and later assumed the Chair of Human Anatomy, being its holder until 1973, forming the "Human Anatomy Unit". Human Anatomy taught in the amphitheater of the Regional Hospital "Leonardo Guzman", for all the careers of Health and some careers in the area of Social Sciences. With the university reform of the 80s, the Chilean state higher education was decentralized, creating regional universities with their own autonomy. This would generate the Universidad de Antofagasta, among others, as result of the merger, decreed on March 10, 1981, of the UTE and the Universidad de Chile. Both headquarters in Antofagasta was transformed into the Universidad de Antofagasta, as we know today. The medical career of the University of Antofagasta was reborn in 1995.

A Model of Care Optimized for Marginalized Remote Population Unravels Migration Pattern in India.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Access to basic health needs remains a challenge for most of world's population. In this study, we developed a care model for preventive and disease-specific health care for an extremely remote and marginalized population in Arunachal Pradesh, the northeasternmost state of India. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We performed patient screenings, performed interviews, and obtained blood samples in remote villages of Arunachal Pradesh through a tablet-based data collection application, which was later synced to a cloud database for storage. Positive cases of hepatitis B virus (HBV) were confirmed and genotyped in our central laboratory. The blood tests performed included liver function tests, HBV serologies, and HBV genotyping. HBV vaccination was provided as appropriate. A total of 11,818 participants were interviewed, 11,572 samples collected, and 5,176 participants vaccinated from the 5 westernmost districts in Arunachal Pradesh. The overall hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence was found to be 3.6% (n = 419). In total, 34.6% were hepatitis B e antigen positive (n = 145) and 25.5% had HBV DNA levels greater than 20,000 IU/mL (n = 107). Genotypic analysis showed that many patients were infected with HBV C/D recombinants. Certain tribes showed high seroprevalence, with rates of 9.8% and 6.3% in the Miji and Nishi tribes, respectively. The prevalence of HBsAg in individuals who reported medical injections was 3.5%, lower than the overall prevalence of HBV. CONCLUSIONS: Our unique, simplistic model of care was able to link a highly resource-limited population to screening, preventive vaccination, follow-up therapeutic care, and molecular epidemiology to define the migratory nature of the population and disease using an electronic platform. This model of care can be applied to other similar settings globally.

La inmigración internacional reciente en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires / Recent international immigration in the City of Buenos Aires

En un nuevo contexto de la migración en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, el presente informe tiene como objetivo analizar las características sociodemográficas de los principales orígenes que integran el conjunto de inmigrantes externos y que, como se mencionó, presentan particularidades en su composición y antigüedad de residencia en la Ciudad, considerando asimismo desde una perspectiva comparativa a los residentes nacidos en el país. Para este informe se explotaron los datos de la última Encuesta Anual de Hogares disponible correspondiente a 2019 que releva la Dirección General de Estadística y Censos sobre la base de una muestra probabilística de viviendas y hogares residentes en CABA y que contiene preguntas específicas sobre el lugar de nacimiento y el año desde que la persona reside en forma continua, que permiten identificar la antigüedad y cohortes de inmigrantes. (AU)

Migración internacional y fecundidad: el caso de la migración boliviana, paraguaya y peruana en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires en el período reciente / International migration and fertility: the case of the bolivian, paraguayan and peruvian migration in the City of Buenos Aires in the recent period

Este trabajo analiza la fecundidad de mujeres migrantes nacidas en Bolivia, Paraguay y Perú, residentes en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires durante la primera década del siglo XXI. A través de un análisis de período (2001 y 2010) y de cohorte de mujeres que han concluido su ciclo reproductivo (1951-1955 y 1961-1965), se examinan indicadores de nivel, estructura por edad e intensidad de este componente. Se establece una comparación con la fecundidad de la población nativa argentina y de los respectivos países de origen de las migrantes, tomando como referencia conceptual cuatro modelos que intentan explicar la interacción entre la migración internacional y la fecundidad. En congruencia con los antecedentes en la materia, los resultados muestran que la fecundidad de las migrantes es mayor que la de las mujeres autóctonas y posee una estructura precoz en relación con estas. Asimismo,la fecundidad de los distintos colectivos analizados es menor y posee una estructura por edad más envejecida en comparación con la población femenina de origen. (AU)

Entre Demografia e Antropologia: povos indígenas no Brasil / Between Demography and Anthropology indigenous peoples in Brazil

Oitavo livro da coleção Saúde dos Povos Indígenas, Entre Demografia e Antropologia: povos indígenas no Brasil apresenta profundas avaliações sobre as dinâmicas populacionais indígenas. A coletânea levanta contribuições que indicam que os escassos dados demográficos de décadas atrás se tornaram mais abundantes, passando a fomentar políticas públicas. Em suas abordagens, a obra passa por pesquisas e conhecimentos multidisciplinares, que vão de questões de migração, mobilidade e dinâmica territorial até a contextualização de dados censitários e a forma como a população indígena é retratada nos censos demográficos do Brasil. A antropóloga Marta Azevedo ressalta a importância de "buscar uma maior participação da população indígena na produção de dados e análises demográficas". Segundo ela, tão estratégico quanto continuar a fomentar a realização de uma demografia indígena é formar demógrafos indígenas no país. O anseio expressado pela autora e organizadora aparece no último capítulo do livro, que é dividido em três partes: Perspectivas a partir do Campo, Dados Censitários em Contexto e Trajetórias, Categorias, Implicações.

A US/Mexico Study of Joint Associations of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior on Anthropometric Indicators, Migration Status, Country of Birth and Country of Residence.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the influence of migration status, nativity and country of residence on joint associations of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) in anthropometric indicators of Mexicans and Mexican-Americans living in the US and in Mexico. METHODS: We examined data from two large national surveys, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from the US (NHANES, 2011⁻2012) and Mexico (ENSANUT, 2012). Using self-reported minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity and SB, we calculated four categories for analyses. Anthropometric measures consisted of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). We used data of migration status, nativity and country of residence. Linear regression models examined how joint categories of PA and SB were associated with BMI and WC according to migration status, nativity and country of residence, controlling for health risk behaviors. RESULTS: Analyses showed that even among those in the category with the lowest risk behavior, “physically active and low sedentary”, there were differences in BMI and WC by migration status, nativity and country of residence. Within this lower risk category, Mexican immigrants living in the US had the greatest association with high BMI, while US-born Mexican-Americans living in the US had the highest WC values when compared with the group of Mexicans living in Mexico. CONCLUSIONS: Joint categories of PA and SB were associated with BMI and WC by migration status, nativity and country of residence among populations with Mexican ethnicity.

Migration from Mexico to the United States: A high-speed cancer transition.

Differences and similarities in cancer patterns between the country of Mexico and the United States' Mexican population, 11% of the entire US population, have not been studied. Mortality data from 2008 to 2012 in Mexico and California were analyzed and compared for causes of cancer death among adult and pediatric populations, using standard techniques and negative binomial regression. A total of 380,227 cancer deaths from Mexico and California were included. Mexican Americans had 49% and 13% higher mortality than their counterparts in Mexico among males and females, respectively. For Mexican Immigrants in the US, overall cancer mortality was similar to Mexico, their country of birth, but all-cancers-combined rates mask wide variation by specific cancer site. The most extreme results were recorded when comparing Mexican Americans to Mexicans in Mexico: with mortality rate ratios ranging from 2.72 (95% CI: 2.44-3.03) for colorectal cancer in males to 0.28 (95% CI: 0.24-0.33) for cervical cancer in females. These findings further reinforce the preeminent role that the environment, in its multiple aspects, has on cancer. Overall, mortality from obesity and tobacco-related cancers was higher among Mexican origin populations in the US compared to Mexico, suggesting a higher risk for these cancers, while mortality from prostate, stomach, and especially cervical and pediatric cancers was markedly higher in Mexico. Among children, brain cancer and neuroblastoma patterns suggest an environmental role in the etiology of these malignancies as well. Partnered research between the US and Mexico for cancer studies is warranted.

Can changes in population mixing and socio-economic deprivation in Cumbria, England explain changes in cancer incidence around Sellafield?

Previously excesses in incident cases of leukaemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma have been observed amongst young people born or resident in Seascale, Cumbria. These excesses have not been seen more recently. It is postulated that the former apparent increased risk was related to 'unusual population mixing', which is not present in recent years. This study investigated changes in measures of population mixing from 1951-2001. Comparisons were made between three specified areas. Area-based measures were calculated (migration, commuting, deprivation, population density). All areas have become more affluent, although Seascale was consistently the most affluent. Seascale has become less densely populated, with less migration into the ward and less diversity with respect to migrants' origin. There have been marked changes in patterns of population mixing throughout Cumbria. Lesser population mixing has been observed in Seascale in recent decades. Changes in pattern and nature of population mixing may explain the lack of recent excesses.

Migração dos médicos: uma análise dos movimentos migratórios dos profissionais da saúde no Brasil segundo Unidades de Federação (2000-2010) / Migration of physicians: an analysis of the migratory movements of health professionals in Brazil according to Federation Units (2000-2010)

O objetivo do trabalho é identificar os principais padrões migratórios dos profissionais médicos segundo as Unidades de Federação (UFs) do Brasil, a partir dos Censos Demográficos dos anos 2000 e 2010. Construíram-se matrizes de migração para cada um dos pontos do tempo e se estimam taxas liquidas de migração para cada UF. Os resultados mostram que, apesar da identificação de um aumento no número de médicos que migram para outras UFs durante o período de estudo, continuam existindo diferenças significativas entre as regionais e UFs, em relação à alocação de médicos. A região Sudeste, especificamente, São Paulo, Minas Gerais e Rio de Janeiro são as principais UFs, fornecedoras de médicos para outros Estados e também são as principais receptoras. Realidade oposta é a de Amapá, a UF que recebe a menor quantidade de médicos imigrantes. Acreditamos que os resultados desta natureza permitem que o conhecimento sobre os deslocamentos dos médicos contribua a melhorar desenhos de planos estratégicos para estabelecer a quantidade mínima de médicos que cada Unidade de Federação do Brasil possa ter e monitorar estas correntes migratórias de mão de obra tão qualificada e específica como são os médicos.

The aim of this study is to identify the main migration patterns of medical professionals according to the Brazilian Federative Units (UFs), based on Demographic Census data of the years 2000 and 2010. Migration matrices for each of point in time are produced, and net migration rates for each UF are estimated. The results show that despite the increase in the number of physicians out flowing to other UFs during the study period, there are still significant differences between Regions and UFs related to the allocation of physicians. The Southeast Region, particularly, São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro are the main UFs providing these professionals to other states and are also the main attractors. Amapá shows opposite reality: it is the UF that receives the lowest inflow of physicians. Results suggest that the sort of knowledge presented about spatial movements of physicians may contribute to the design of strategic plans that allow each Federation Units of Brazil count on a minimum quantity of physicians. It is also am important tool for monitoring in-outflows of highly qualified and specific labor force as the physicians are.

Regeneration, relocation and health behaviours in deprived communities.

In the UK, recent regeneration programmes have aimed to improve the health of those who remain in their neighbourhood (Remainers) and those who are relocated (Outmovers); thus, as part of the 10-year GoWell study (2006-2015) of the effects of demolition, rebuilding and housing improvements on residents and communities, we examined associations of health behaviours with residential conditions and location status in deprived neighbourhoods of Glasgow. Better internal dwelling conditions were associated with several better health behaviours; in relation to neighbourhood conditions, the results were more mixed. Outmovers often exhibited worse health behaviours than Remainers, perhaps because environmental and social conditions were little altered by relocation, and because personal support mechanisms were missing. Health behaviours were relatively good among Remainers, indicating that in situ changes might stimulate life-changing improvements, but relocation less so.

Seca, condições de vida e saúde no Nordeste brasileiro: o caso do município de Itapetim, Pernambuco / Quality of information on the prenatal care by family health teams in a program area of the city of Rio de Janeiro

A seca é um tipo de processo metereológico com início lento e silencioso, definido por limites espaciais e temporais. Seus principais efeitos são escassez de água e alimentos, afetando diretamente nas condições de vida e saúde das populações. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo geral analisar as condições de vida e saúde de uma população residente de um dos municípios do semiárido com episódios de seca, Itapetim – Pernambuco. Mais especificamente, trata-se de um estudo de caso, exploratório e descritivo, em que a metodologia adotada buscou adequar o objeto de estudo com os objetivos propostos: descrição da realidade do município e das condições de vida e saúde da população de Itapetim através de um conjunto de dados secundários, além da aplicação de entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado e observação de campo, com ênfase nas representações sociais dos problemas de saúde. Procurou-se incorporar também na discussão os conceitos de vulnerabilidade, resiliência, adaptação, condições de vida, situação, necessidade e problemas de saúde. Adotamos como técnica de coleta e análise das entrevistas o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSCs), como estratégia de análise qualitativa proposta por Lefèvre e Lefèvre (2003). A análise das condições de vida e saúde da população de Itapetim indica que a situação de vulnerabilidade meteorológica e climática existente no município, ao estar associada com vulnerabilidades econômicas, sociais, ambientais já existentes tende a causar maiores efeitos da seca na vida e na saúde da população...

Drought is a kind of meteorological process which starts slowly and quietly. It's defined by spatial and temporal limits. Its main effects are shortages of water and food directly affecting the living conditions and health of populations. The main objective of this dissertation is to analyze living conditions and health of the population of a particular municipality in the semiarid region with drought episodes, Itapetim - Pernambuco. Specifically, it is an exploratory and descriptive case study in which the methodology adopted intent to connect the object of study to the proposed objectives: description of municipality reality and living and health conditions of the population of Itapetim through a secondary data set and also the application of semi-structured interviews with field observation with emphasis on the social representations of the health problems. We also sought to incorporate into the discussion the concepts of vulnerability, resilience, adaptation, living conditions, situation, need and health problems. In order to collect data and analyze the interviews we adopted the Discourse of the Collective Subject proposed by Lefèvre and Lefèvre (2003) as a qualitative strategy of analysis. The analysis of living conditions and health of the population of Itapetim indicates that the existing meteorological and climate vulnerability of the municipality associated to existing economic, social and environmental vulnerabilities tends to cause greater effects of drought in the life and health of the population...

Médicos en argentina red federal de registros de profesionales de la salud / Doctors in Argentina federal network of records of health professionals

En el año 2004, los países del MERCOSUR firman un acuerdo mediante el cual se establece que los estados parte deben disponer de una cantidad de datos mínimos2 de los profesionales de la salud en caso de que un profesional desee migrar de un país a otro. En esta situación es el país de origen quien debe aportar estos datos al estado al que migrará ese profesional. La Matriz Mínima fue adoptada por Argentina mediante la Resolución Ministerial 604 del año 2005. El proceso de consolidación de la matriz mínima en nuestro país requirió la creación de un sistema de registro de profesionales de alcance nacional, que comenzó a gestarse en el año 2008, a partir de la firma de convenios con las diferentes provincias. A través de los mismos se acuerda la incorporación de los datos de la matriz mínima en los registros provinciales y su carga en el Sistema Integrado de Información Sanitaria Argentina (SIISA). De este modo nace lo que se denomina Red Federal de Registros de Profesionales de la Salud (REFEPS).

Is the prevalence of MTHFR C677T polymorphism associated with ultraviolet radiation in Eurasia?

The methylenetetrahydrofolic acid reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism causes an amino-acid change from alanine to valine and results in the enzyme becoming thermolabile and half decreased activity. Its prevalence varies among global population. We collected data about MTHFR C677T polymorphism prevalence from epidemiology studies, as well as ultraviolet (UV) radiations and some other climatological factors from the internet. The results of the correlation and quadric regression showed that there was inverse U-shape relationship between T allele frequency and UV radiation. The explanatory power of UV radiation was stronger than latitude and all climatological factors. Our results supported the hypothesis that the distribution pattern of MTFHR C677T polymorphism in Eurasia might be the result of interaction of genetic and environmental natural selection, especially the UV radiation.

Diagnóstico da hanseníase fora do município de residência: uma abordagem espacial, 2001 a 2009 / Leprosy diagnosis in municipalities other than the patients' place of residence: spatial analysis, 2001-2009

Caracterizar o fluxo de pessoas afetadas pela hanseníase, do município de residência para o de diagnóstico, em área de alta endemicidade no Brasil. Estudo baseado em dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos e Notificação de 2001-2009, nos estados do Maranhão, Pará, Tocantins e Piauí. Dos 373 municípios, 349 (93,6%) tiveram pelo menos um residente afetado pela hanseníase notificado em outro município (4.325 casos, 5,2% dos notificados). Os municípios com maior número de casos notificados fora de sua residência foram Timon (248) e São José de Ribamar (201), no Maranhão. Os municípios que mais receberam casos para diagnóstico foram São Luís (719) e Teresina (516). Destacam-se Goiânia (146) e o Distrito Federal (42) como polos de notificações de casos residentes no agregado, mesmo a mais de 1.000km de distância da área. O fluxo observado indica lacunas na descentralização do processo de atenção integral à pessoa afetada pela hanseníase e chama atenção para as dificuldades e desafios associados com o acompanhamento durante e após a poliquimioterapia.

The study analyzed the flow of persons with leprosy from their municipality (county) of residence to that of their diagnosis in a highly endemic area in Brazil. The study was based on data from the National Information System for Notifiable Diseases from 2001 to 2009 in the States of Maranhão, Pará, Tocantins, and Piauí. Of the 373 municipalities, 349 (93.6%) had at least one resident with leprosy that had been diagnosed in a different municipality (4,325 cases, or 5.2% of the total). The municipalities with the most cases reported elsewhere were Timon (248) and São José de Ribamar (201), Maranhão State. The municipalities that received the most exogenous cases for diagnosis were São Luís (719), capital of Maranhão, and Teresina (516), capital of Piauí. Goiânia (146), capital of Goiás, and the Federal District (42) also reported numerous cases, even though they are located more than 1,000km from the endemic area. The flow indicates gaps in the decentralization of comprehensive care for persons with leprosy and calls attention to the difficulties associated with patient monitoring during and after multidrug therapy.

Migração, estrutura populacional, tipos de casamentos e doenças genéticas / Migration, population structure, types of marriages and genetic diseases

A migração é o fator evolutivo capaz de dispersar a diversidade genética entre populações, inserindo novas características fenotípicas e genotípicas. A dinâmica matrimonial, juntamente como a estrutura da população são fatores que podem alterar a frequência destas características. Exemplo dessas características são as doenças genéticas, onde a frequência e distribuição destas auxilia na compreensão da influência de fatores evolutivos em uma população. No município de Monte Santo, localizado no interior da Bahia, foram encontradas doenças genéticas com elevada frequência, como mucopolissacaridose do tipo VI e fenilcetonúria. Existem evidências que algumas doenças mostram associação entre a raça e o risco de sua ocorrência. Dados moleculares mostraram que na Bahia a contribuição africana é de 47,2%, entretanto, dados baseados em classificação fenotípica apontam para o aumento da contribuição europeia com o afastamento do litoral. Para inferir a origem de algumas doenças genéticas em Monte Santo foram analisados marcadores informativos de ancestralidade autossômicos (AT3-I/D, APO, PV92 e SB19.3 genotipados por PCR; GC*1F e GC*1S por PCR/RFLP; e os marcadores FYnull, CKMM e LPL por PCR em tempo real) e marcadores uniparentais do mtDNA (sequenciamento da região HVS-I) e do cromossomo Y (marcador YAP por PCR; DYS 199, 92R7 e M207 por PCR/RFLP; e M60, PN2, PN3, M34, M89, M9 por sequenciamento). Assim, através da identificação da origem desses marcadores foi possível inferir a contribuição das populações que formaram a população de Monte Santo, e a origem de algumas das alterações gênicas responsáveis pelas doenças genéticas aqui estudadas (síndrome de Treacher Collins, hipotireoidismo congênito, fenilcetonúria, mucopolissacaridose tipo VI, surdez hereditária não sindrômica e osteogênese imperfeita). Os dados do cromossomo Y e dos autossômicos apontam para maior contribuição europeia, e os resultados dos marcadores mitocondriais para elevada contribuição africana e ameríndia. A elevada contribuição europeia tanto paterna quanto autossômica sugere origem europeia para as mutações c.35delG e R252W, responsáveis por aproximadamente 24% dos casos de surdez hereditária não sindrômica e por todos os casos de fenilcetonúria, respectivamente. A mucopolissacaridose do tipo VI tem como causa a mutação p.H178L, a presença desta alteração apenas em pacientes brasileiros, que compartilham o mesmo haplótipo intragênico sugere origem autóctone. Além de marcadores moleculares também foram analisados os tipos de casamentos (endogâmicos, exogâmicos e entre imigrantes) e sua frequência no município. Foi observada elevada frequência de casamentos endogâmicos e baixa taxa de migração, sugerindo crescimento populacional interno. Além disso, a maioria da população reside em povoados, cujo tamanho varia de 113 a 582 pessoas por povoado. Nesta cidade 80% da população tem renda mensal equivalente a meio salário mínimo, o que explica baixa taxa de migração por ausência de atrativos econômicos. Avaliando os casamentos dentro das genealogias dos afetados é possível observar que a maioria 8 deles é filho de pais consanguíneos. Estes resultados mostram que o elevado grau de endogamia e endocruzamento assim como possível efeito fundador e deriva genética estão associados ao aumento da frequência e manutenção das doenças genéticas neste município.