The relation of recurrent laryngeal nerve to inferior thyroid artery and extralaryngeal nerve branching may increase the risk of vocal cord paralysis in thyroidectomy.

PURPOSE: The anatomical variations of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) are common during thyroidectomy. We aimed to evaluate the risk of RLN paralysis in case of its anatomical variations, retrospectively. METHODS: The patients with primary thyroidectomy between January 2016 and December 2019 were enrolled. The effect of age, gender, surgical intervention, neuromonitorisation type, central neck dissection, postoperative diagnosis, neck side, extralaryngeal branching, non-RLN, relation of RLN to inferior thyroid artery (ITA), grade of Zuckerkandl tubercle on vocal cord paralysis (VCP) were investigated. RESULTS: This study enrolled 1070 neck sides. The extralaryngeal branching rate was 35.5%. 45.9% of RLNs were anterior and 44.5% were posterior to the ITA, and 9.6% were crossing between the branches of the ITA. The rate of total VCP was 4.8% (transient:4.5%, permanent: 0.3%). The rates of total and transient VCP were significantly higher in extralaryngeal branching nerves compared to nonbranching nerves (6.8% vs. 3.6%, p = 0.018; 6.8% vs. 3.2%, p = 0.006, respectively). Total VCP rates were 7.2%, 2.5%, and 2.9% in case of the RLN crossing anterior, posterior and between the branches of ITA, respectively (p = 0.003). The difference was also significant regarding the transient VCP rates (p = 0.004). Anterior crossing pattern increased the total and transient VCP rates 2.8 and 2.9 times, respectively. CONCLUSION: RLN crossing ITA anteriorly and RLN branching are frequent anatomical variations increasing the risk of VCP in thyroidectomy that cannot be predicted preoperatively. This study is the first one reporting that the relationship between RLN and ITA increased the risk of VCP.

Critical swallowing functions contributing to dysphagia in patients with recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis after esophagectomy.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis (RLNP) after esophagectomy can cause aspiration because of incomplete glottis closure, leading to pneumonia. However, patients with RLNP often have preserved swallowing function. This study investigated factors that determine swallowing function in patients with RLNP. METHODS: Patients with esophageal cancer who underwent esophagectomy and cervical esophagogastric anastomosis were enrolled between 2017 and 2020. Videofluoroscopic examination of swallowing study (VFSS) and acoustic voice analysis were performed on patients with suspected dysphagia including RLNP. Dysphagia in VFSS was defined as score ≥ 3 of the 8-point penetration-aspiration scale VFSS and acoustic analysis results related to dysphagia were compared between patients with and without RLNP. RESULTS: Among 312 patients who underwent esophagectomy, 74 developed RLNP. The incidence of late-onset pneumonia was significantly higher in the RLNP group than in the non-RLNP (18.9 vs. 8.0%, P = .008). Detailed swallowing function was assessed by VFSS in 84 patients, and patients with RLNP and dysphagia showed significantly shorter maximum diagonal hyoid bone elevation (10.62 vs. 16.75 mm; P = .003), which was a specific finding not seen in patients without RLNP. For acoustic voice analysis, the degree of hoarseness was not closely related to dysphagia. The length of oral intake rehabilitation for patients with and without RLNP was comparable if they did not present with dysphagia (8.5 vs. 9.0 days). CONCLUSIONS: Impaired hyoid bone elevation is a specific dysphagia factor in patients with RLNP, suggesting compensatory epiglottis inversion by hyoid bone elevation is important for incomplete glottis closure caused by RLNP.

Vocal Cord Paralysis after Repair of Esophageal Atresia.

OBJECTIVE: Etiology of vocal cord paralysis (VCP) and laryngeal dysfunction may be congenital or surgical trauma of recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves. We assessed the incidence, risk factors, and morbidity of VCP after repair of esophageal atresia (EA). METHODS: Medical records of 201 EA patients from 2000 to 2022 were reviewed for this retrospective study. Postrepair vocal cord examination (VCE) included awake nasolaryngeal fiberoscopy by otolaryngologist or laryngoscopy under spontaneous breathing anesthesia. Before 2017, postoperative VCE was performed in symptomatic patients only and routinely after 2017. MAIN RESULTS: Overall, VCE was performed on 79 (38%) patients (52 asymptomatic), whereas 122 asymptomatic patients underwent no VCE. VCP was diagnosed in 32 of 79 patients (right 12, left 10, and bilateral 10; symptomatic 25 and asymptomatic unilateral 7) corresponding with extrapolated overall VCP incidence of 16 to 24% among 201 patients including asymptomatic ones. Ten patients (bilateral VCP 8 and left VCP 2) required tracheostomy. Of 10 patients with bilateral VCP, three underwent laryngotracheal expansion surgery (left VC lateralization in one and laryngoplasty in two with acquired subglottic stenosis), three remained tracheostomy dependent, three were off tracheostomy, and one died of complications after redo esophageal reconstruction. All patients with unilateral VCP managed without tracheostomy. Cervical dissection or ostomy formation was a major risk factor of VCP. CONCLUSION: Repair of EA is associated with a considerable risk of VCP and associated morbidity. Cervical EA surgery significantly increased the risk of VCP. Bilateral VCP may eventually require laryngotracheal expansion surgery.

Clinical Prognosis of Vocal Cord Paralysis After Cardiothoracic Surgery in Infants.

We aimed to clarify the long-term outcomes and prognosis of vocal cord paralysis (VCP) after cardiothoracic surgery in infants as well as the usefulness of laryngeal ultrasound (LUS) as screening for VCP. Overall, 967 infants aged 1-year-old or younger who underwent cardiothoracic surgery between 2008 and 2022 were included in this study. We divided the patients into two groups based on the period on whether they underwent screening without or with LUS and compared the incidence of VCP between the groups. There were no differences in the patients' preoperative characteristics between the two periods, whereas the incidence of VCP was significantly higher in period 2 than in period 1 (11.0% vs. 3.2%, p < 0.0001). The incidence of VCP among the procedures, including aortic arch repair, was > 50% and significantly increased from period 1 to period 2. The sensitivity and specificity of LUS was 87% and 90%, respectively. Symptoms of VCP improved in 92% of patients. Repeated flexible laryngoscopy revealed that the residual rate of VCP was 68%, 52%, and 48% at 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. In conclusion, symptoms of postoperative VCP improved in most cases; however, paralysis persisted in half of the patients. As a screening method, LUS is useful for evaluating postoperative VCP. A more accurate understanding of VCP is needed to improve postoperative outcomes.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Laryngeal Ultrasound for Evaluating Vocal Fold Movement Impairment in Children.

PURPOSE: Vocal fold movement impairment (VFMI) secondary to recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury is a common source of morbidity after pediatric cervical, thoracic, and cardiac procedures. Flexible laryngoscopy (FL) is the gold standard to diagnose VFMI yet can be challenging to perform and/or risks possible clinical decompensation in some children and is an aerosolizing procedure. Laryngeal ultrasound (LUS) is a potential non-invasive alternative, but limited data exists in the pediatric surgical population regarding its efficacy. We aimed to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of LUS compared to FL in evaluating VFMI. METHODS: A prospective, single-center, single-blinded (rater) cohort study was undertaken on perioperative pediatric patients at risk for RLN injury. Patients underwent FL and LUS. Cohen's kappa was used to determine chance-corrected agreement. RESULTS: Between 2021 and 2023, 85 paired evaluations were performed with patients having a median (IQR) age of 10 (4, 42) months and weight of 7.5 (5.4, 13.4) kilograms. The prevalence of VFMI was 27.1%. Absolute agreement between evaluations was 98.8% (kappa 0.97, 95% CI: 0.91-1.00, P < 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of LUS in detecting VFMI was 95.7% and 100%, yielding a positive predictive value (PPV) of 100% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 98.4% (95% CI: 90-100%). Diagnostic accuracy was 98.8% (95% CI: 93-100%). CONCLUSION: LUS is a highly accurate modality in evaluating VFMI in children. While FL remains the gold standard for diagnosis, LUS offers a low-risk screening modality for children at risk for VFMI such that only those with an abnormal LUS or presence of clinical symptoms discordant with LUS findings should undergo FL. TYPE OF STUDY: Prospective, single-center, single blinded (rater), cohort study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II.

Refining postoperative monitoring of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in esophagectomy patients through transcutaneous laryngeal ultrasonography.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury (RLNI) leading to vocal cord paralysis (VCP) is a significant complication following minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) with upper mediastinal lymphadenectomy. Transcutaneous laryngeal ultrasonography (TLUSG) has emerged as a non-invasive alternative to endoscopic examination for evaluating vocal cord function. Our study aimed to assess the diagnostic value of TLUSG in detecting RLNI by evaluating vocal cord movement after MIE. METHODS: This retrospective study examined 96 patients with esophageal cancer who underwent MIE between January 2021 and December 2022, using both TLUSG and endoscopy. RESULTS: VCP was observed in 36 out of 96 patients (37.5%). The incidence of RLNI was significantly higher on the left side than the right (29.2% vs. 5.2%, P < 0.001). Postoperative TLUSG showed a sensitivity and specificity of 88.5% (31/35) and 86.5% (45/52), respectively, with an AUC of 0.869 (P < 0.001, 95% CI 0.787-0.952). The percentage agreement between TLUSG and endoscopy in assessing VCP was 87.4% (κ = 0.743). CONCLUSIONS: TLUSG is a highly effective screening tool for VCP, given its high sensitivity and specificity. This can potentially eliminate the need for unnecessary endoscopies in about 80% of patients who have undergone MIE.

Routine use of intraoperative nerve monitoring is associated with a reduced risk of vocal cord dysfunction after thyroid cancer surgery.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between individual surgeon's intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM) practice and factors associated with vocal cord (VC) dysfunction in patients with thyroid cancer undergoing thyroidectomy. METHODS: Using Collaborative Endocrine Surgery Quality Improvement Program (CESQIP) 2014-21 data, multivariable logistic regression analyses investigated variables associated with short- and long-term VC-dysfunction, associations of routine use of IONM with postoperative outcomes, and patient characteristics associated with IONM use. RESULTS: Among 5,446 patients (76.7% female, mean age 49 years), 68.5% had surgery by surgeons using IONM in ≥ 90% of cases (63% of surgeons, n = 73). Post-operative VC-dysfunction was diagnosed by laryngoscopy in 3.0% of patients in the short-term and 2.7% in the long-term. When surgeons routinely used IONM, the incidence of VC-dysfunction was 2.4% in the short-term and 2.2% in the long-term, compared to 4.4% and 3.7%, respectively, when surgeons did not routinely use IONM (p < 0.01). After adjustment, routine use of IONM was independently associated with reduced risk of short- (OR 0.48, p < 0.01) and long-term (OR 0.52, p < 0.01) VC-dysfunction, a lower risk of postoperative hypoparathyroidism in the short- (OR 0.67, p < 0.01) and long-term (OR 0.54, p < 0.01), and higher likelihood of same-day discharge (OR 2.03, p < 0.01). Extrathyroidal tumor extension and N1-stage were factors associated with postoperative VC-dysfunction in the short- (OR 3.12, p < 0.01; OR 1.92, p = 0.01, respectively) and long-term (OR 3.11, p < 0.01; OR 2.32, p < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: Routine use of IONM was independently associated with a lower risk of endocrine surgery-specific complications and greater likelihood of same-day discharge.

Thyroid surgery in the elderly: a surgical cohort.

PURPOSE: The need for thyroid surgery in the elderly is rising due to an ageing population, the liberal use of imaging studies, and the increasing prevalence of thyroid nodules and cancer with age. Data on surgical outcomes in this population are scarce and conflicting, but essential to assess safety of short-stay surgery. This study aims to compare surgical outcomes by age. METHODS: All consecutive patients undergoing thyroid surgery from January 2010 to July 2021 in a large tertiary referral centre for endocrine surgery were included in this surgical cohort. The indication for surgery, surgical morbidity (hypocalcaemia, bleeding, recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy), and length of hospital stay were assessed in three age groups (young: 18-64y, older: 65-74y, and the elderly: 75 years and older). RESULTS: A total of 2,030 patients (1,499 young, 370 older, and 161 elderly) were included. The indication for surgery was significantly different, with the main indications in the elderly being multinodular goitre (70.2% vs. 47.7% in young patients) and thyroid cancer (9.9% vs. 7.0%). Reintervention for bleeding was more often required in the older (4.6%) and the elderly (2.5%) patients (vs. 1.4%). There was no difference in the proportion of hypocalcaemia or RLN palsy. The length of hospital stay was significantly longer in the elderly (length of stay longer than one day 43.5% vs. 9.8%). CONCLUSION: Thyroid surgery in patients aged 75 years and older is a safe procedure with morbidity comparable to younger patients. However, the risk of reintervention for bleeding is higher, rendering ambulatory surgery not advisable. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Researchregistry6182 on October 29th 2020, retrospectively registered.

A novel computer based risk prediction model for vocal cord palsy before thyroidectomy.

BACKGROUND: Thyroidectomy may be performed for clinical indications that include malignancy, benign nodules or cysts suspicious findings on fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, dyspnea from airway compression or dysphagia from cervical esophageal compression, etc. The incidences of vocal cord palsy (VCP) caused by thyroid surgery were reported to range from 3.4% to 7.2% and 0.2% to 0.9% for temporary and permanent vocal fold palsy respectively which is a serious complication of thyroidectomy that is worrisome for patients. OBJECTIVE: Therefore, it is aimed to determine the patients who have the risk of developing vocal cord palsy before thyroidectomy by using machine learning methods in the study. In this way, the possibility of developing palsy can be reduced by applying appropriate surgical techniques to individuals in the high-risk group. METHOD: For this aim, 1039 patients with thyroidectomy, between the years 2015 and 2018, have been used from Karadeniz Technical University Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital at the department of general surgery. The clinical risk prediction model was developed using the proposed sampling and random forest classification method on the dataset. CONCLUSION: As a result, a novel quite a satisfactory prediction model with 100% accuracy was developed for VCP before thyroidectomy. Using this clinical risk prediction model, physicians can be helped to identify patients at high risk of developing post-operative palsy before the operation.

Screening for Vocal Fold Movement Impairment in Children Undergoing Esophageal and Airway Surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Children undergoing cervical and/or thoracic operations are at risk for recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, resulting in vocal fold movement impairment (VFMI). Screening for VFMI is often reserved for symptomatic patients. OBJECTIVE: Identify the prevalence of VFMI in screened preoperative patients prior to an at-risk operation to evaluate the value of screening all patients at-risk for VFMI, regardless of symptoms. METHODS: A single center, retrospective review of all patients undergoing a preoperative flexible nasolaryngoscopy between 2017 and 2021, examining the presence of VFMI and associated symptoms. RESULTS: We evaluated 297 patients with a median (IQR) age of 18 (7.8, 56.3) months and a weight of 11.3 (7.8, 17.7) kilograms. Most had a history of esophageal atresia (EA, 60%), and a prior at-risk cervical or thoracic operation (73%). Overall, 72 (24%) patients presented with VFMI (51% left, 26% right, and 22% bilateral). Of patients with VFMI, 47% did not exhibit the classic symptoms (stridor, dysphonia, and aspiration) of VFMI. Dysphonia was the most prevalent classic VFMI symptom, yet only present in 18 (25%) patients. Patients presenting with a history of at-risk surgery (OR 2.3, 95%CI 1.1, 4.8, p = 0.03), presence of a tracheostomy (OR 3.1, 95%CI 1.0, 10.0, p = 0.04), or presence of a surgical feeding tube (OR 3.1, 95%CI 1.6, 6.2, p = 0.001) were more likely to present with VFMI. CONCLUSION: Routine screening for VFMI should be considered in all at-risk patients, regardless of symptoms or prior operations, particularly in those with a history of an at-risk surgery, presence of tracheostomy, or a surgical feeding tube. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Laryngoscope, 133:3564-3570, 2023.

Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury after thyroidectomy: A national study from Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence and possible risk factors of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, to provide a relevant literature review of studies from other centers in Saudi Arabia, and to present basic statistical data for future studies in our local community. METHODS: A retrospective study enrolled patients who were surgically treated for thyroid disease between January 2015 and December 2021. For concerns during the procedure, direct laryngoscopy was carried out before extubation to assess the vocal cords. Similarly, indirect laryngoscopy was carried out for patients who developed postoperative voice changes. All patients were evaluated clinically 2-3 weeks after surgery. Nerve monitors were not used in either case. RESULTS: The study examined 437 participants: 361 (82.6%) female and 76 (17.4%) male individuals. The incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury was 1.1%. The demographic characteristics, pathology (benign vs. malignant), and extent of thyroidectomy were not significantly associated with the risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. CONCLUSION: A recurrent laryngeal nerve injury is a serious complication, and further studies are required to determine the safest techniques for thyroidectomy. However, centralization of thyroid surgery in high-volume centers might reduce this risk.

Incidence of Vocal Cord Paralysis in Medullary Thyroid Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a neuroendocrine tumor that comprises 3-5% of all thyroid cancers in the United States. Vocal cord paralysis (VCP) may be due to involvement of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) preoperatively, or nerve sacrifice during surgery. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the incidence of VCP in MTC and evaluate whether VCP has an impact on overall survival. METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review of patients with MTC treated at Loyola University Medical Center from 2007 to 2021. Information on demographics, cancer diagnosis and treatment, laboratory data, and survival were collected. RESULTS: A total of 79 patients were included in our study. 47 (59.5%) patients were female. The average age at the time of diagnosis was 51.3 years (SD 13.58). VCP was identified in 13 out of 79 (16.5%) patients. There were 71 patients with at least 1-year follow-up with median (Q1, Q3) years of 7.2 (3.9, 11.0). Those with VCP within 1 year had 7.2 (95% CI: 2.3, 22.7) times the risk of death compared to those without (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: MTC is a rare thyroid cancer, however, its incidence is on the rise. Our study suggests that the incidence of VCP in these patients appears to be higher than seen in other thyroid malignancies, and VCP is associated with a statistically significant negative impact on survival. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Laryngoscope, 133:890-894, 2023.

Intraoperative Neuromonitoring and Optical Magnification in the Prevention of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries during Total Thyroidectomy.

Background and Objectives: Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) paralysis is a fearful complication during thyroidectomy. Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) and optical magnification (OM) facilitate RLN identification and dissection. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the influence of the two techniques on the incidence of RLN paralysis and determine correlations regarding common outcomes in thyroid surgery. Materials and Methods: Two equally sized groups of 50 patients who underwent total thyroidectomies were examined. In the first group (OM), only surgical binocular loupes (2.5×−4.5×) were used during surgery, while in the second group (IONM), the intermittent NIM was applied. Results: Both the operative time and the length of hospitalization were shorter in the OM group than in the IONM group (median 80 versus 100 min and median 2 versus 4 days, respectively) (p < 0.05). The male patients were found to have a five-fold higher risk of developing transient dysphonia than the females (adjusted OR 5.19, 95% IC 0.99−27.18, p = 0.05). The OM group reported a four-fold higher risk of developing transient hypocalcemia than the IONM group (OR 3.78, adjusted OR 4.11, p = 0.01). Despite two cases of temporary bilateral RLN paralysis in the IONM group versus none in the OM group, no statistically significant difference was found (p > 0.05). No permanent RLN paralysis or hypoparathyroidism have been reported. Conclusions: Despite some limitations, our study is the first to compare the use of IONM with OM alone in the prevention of RLN injuries. The risk of recurrent complications remains comparable and both techniques can be considered valid instruments, especially if applied simultaneously by surgeons.

Continuous Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Monitoring During Single-Port Mediastinoscopic Radical Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Although single-port mediastinoscopic radical esophagectomy is ultimate minimally invasive surgery for esophageal cancer without thoracotomy or the thoracoscopic approach, the high incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy remains a pivotal clinical issue. METHODS: This study included 41 patients who underwent single-port mediastinoscopic radical esophagectomy with mediastinal lymphadenectomy between September 2014 and March 2022. Among these, continuous nerve monitoring (CNM) for RLN was done in 25 patients (CNM group), while the remaining 16 patients underwent without CNM (non-CNM group). Clinical benefits of CNM for RLN were evaluated. RESULTS: The overall incidence of postoperative RLN palsy was 14.6% (6/41). The CNM group showed a significantly lower incidence of postoperative RLN palsy as compared to the non-CNM group (P = 0.026: CNM vs. non-CRNM: 4.0% (1/25) vs. 31.2% (5/16)). The CNM group had a lower incidence of postoperative pneumoniae (CNM vs. non-CNM: 4.0% (1/25) vs. 18.8% (3/16)) and shorter days of postoperative hospital stay (CNM vs. non-CNM: 13 days vs. 41 days). Multivariate analysis revealed that the CNM use (odds ratio 0.07; 95% CI 0.05-0.98) was an independent factor avoiding postoperative RLN palsy. CONCLUSION: The CNM for RLN contributes to a remarkable reduction in the risk of postoperative RLN palsy and improvement in outcomes in single-port mediastinoscopic radical esophagectomy.

Risk factors for difficult thyroidectomy and postoperative morbidity do not match: retrospective study from an endocrine surgery academic referral centre.

Hyperthyroidism, goiter and thyroiditis have been associated with complex thyroidectomy. Difficult thyroidectomies may implicate longer operating times and higher complication rates, while literature on quantification and prediction of difficulty in thyroidectomy is scant. We aim at assessing the impact of preoperative and intraoperative factors on the technical difficulty of total thyroidectomy (TT) and on the incidence of postoperative complications. We conducted a retrospective study on 197 TT from 343 thyroidectomies performed with intraoperative neuromonitoring between October 2019 and June 2022 (excluding lobectomies, nodal dissection, extra-thyroidal procedures). Operating time (surrogate of TT difficulty), postoperative hypocalcaemia, recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy and postoperative bleeding were assessed in relation to pre- and intraoperative characteristics. Vocal fold palsy(VFP) was defined as recovering < 12 months postoperatively. There were 87 thyroid cancers and 110 multinodular goiters (21 hyperfunctioning, 51 mediastinal). Median operating time was 136 min (range 51-310). Within 17.4 months overall median follow-up we recorded two transient VFPs and 12% symptomatic transient hypocalcaemia. At univariable analysis male sex (p = 0.005), BMI (p < 0.001), thyroiditis (p < 0.05), hypervascular goiter (p = 0.003) and thyroid adhesions to surrounding anatomical structures (p < 0.001) were associated with longer operating time. At multivariable analysis male male sex (p = 0.01), obesity (p = 0.001) and thyroid adhesions (p = 0.008) were factors for prolonged operating time. Above-normal anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies correlated to transient symptomatic hypocalcemia (p < 0.001). Risk factors for complex TT were identified and did not correlate with morbidity rates. Results from this study may help optimizing operating room schedule and inform case selection criteria for training programs in thyroid surgery. Further research is required to confirm these findings.

Complication Rates of Total Thyroidectomy vs Hemithyroidectomy for Treatment of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Importance: Papillary thyroid microcarcinomas (PTMCs) have been associated with increased thyroid cancer incidence in recent decades. Total thyroidectomy (TT) has historically been the primary treatment, but current guidelines recommend hemithyroidectomy (HT) for select low-risk cancers; however, the risk-benefit ratio of the 2 operations is incompletely characterized. Objective: To compare surgical complication rates between TT and HT for PTMC treatment. Data Sources: SCOPUS, Medline via the PubMed interface, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); through January 1, 2021, with no starting date restriction. Terms related to papillary thyroid carcinoma and its treatment were used for article retrieval. This meta-analysis used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guideline and was written according to the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) proposal. Study Selection: Original investigations of adults reporting primary surgical treatment outcomes in PTMC and at least 1 complication of interest were included. Articles evaluating only secondary operations or non-open surgical approaches were excluded. Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were performed by 2 independent reviewers and conflicts resolved by a senior reviewer. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Pooled effect estimates were calculated using a random-effects inverse-variance weighting model. Main Outcomes and Measures: Cancer recurrence and site, mortality (all-cause and disease-specific), vocal fold paralysis, hypoparathyroidism, and hemorrhage/hematoma. Risk of bias was assessed using the McMaster Quality Assessment Scale of Harms scale. Results: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, 17 studies were analyzed and included 1416 patients undergoing HT and 2411 patients undergoing TT (HT: pooled mean [SD] age, 47.0 [10.0] years; 1139 [84.6%] were female; and TT: pooled mean [SD] age, 48.8 [10.0] years; 1671 [77.4%] were female). Patients undergoing HT had significantly lower risk of temporary vocal fold paralysis compared with patients undergoing TT (3.3% vs 4.5%) (weighted risk ratio [RR], 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.7), temporary hypoparathyroidism (2.2% vs 21.3%) (weighted RR, 0.1; 95% CI, 0.0-0.4), and permanent hypoparathyroidism (0% vs 1.8%) (weighted RR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.0-0.8). Contralateral lobe malignant neoplasm recurrence was 2.3% in the HT group, while no such events occurred in the TT group. Hemithyroidectomy was associated with a higher overall recurrence rate (3.8% vs 1.0%) (weighted RR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.3-5.4), but there was no difference in recurrence in the thyroid bed or neck. Conclusions and Relevance: The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis help characterize current knowledge of the risk-benefit ratio of HT vs TT for treatment of PTMC and provide data that may have utility for patient counseling surrounding treatment decisions.

Selective laryngoscopy before thyroidectomy: a risk assessment.

BACKGROUND: Patients presenting for thyroidectomy may have an unrecognized pre-existing vocal cord palsy (VCP). This raises the danger of bilateral VCP if a patient sustains an injury to the RLN on the sole functioning side. Part of the rationale for routine preoperative laryngoscopy is to eliminate such a risk. This paper endeavours to quantify the relevant potential risk. METHODS: Patients who underwent laryngoscopy prior to thyroid or parathyroid surgery in an endocrine surgical unit over a 5 year period were identified. Literature review revealed four papers in which VCP prevalence in patients without risk factors was reported. Using our data, combined with that of these other authors, the background rate of pre-existing VCP was ascertained, and the subsequent risk of bilateral VCP estimated. RESULTS: Of our 632 patients who underwent preoperative laryngoscopy, there were four patients (0.63%) who were found to have a unilateral VCP, but all had voice symptoms or previous neck surgery. When patients with these risk factors are excluded, our data combined with the published data provides a pre-existing VCP rate of 0.2%. Calculations estimate that if preoperative laryngoscopy is omitted in patients with no risk factors, the risk of bilateral VCP, due to the nerve on the sole functioning side being injured, would be between 1/50000 and 1/150000, depending on an individual surgeon's level of experience. CONCLUSION: Selective use of laryngoscopy prior to thyroidectomy would result in an acceptably low statistical risk of bilateral VCP. Routine laryngoscopy for all patients is not necessary.

Heavier Weight of Resected Thyroid Specimen Is Associated With Higher Postoperative Morbidity in Benign Goiter.

OBJECTIVE: The impact of heavier weight of resected thyroid specimen on postoperative morbidity after total thyroidectomy for multinodular benign goiter remains unclear. METHODS: Data from the prospective StuDoQ|Thyroid registry of the German Society of General and Visceral Surgery were analyzed regarding the weight of the resected thyroid specimen and perioperative morbidity (vocal cord palsy, hemorrhage, surgical site infection, and hypocalcemia). To achieve a homogeneous patient population, only patients with total thyroidectomy for multinodular benign goiter were included. RESULTS: A total of 7911 patients from 105 departments underwent total thyroidectomy for benign conditions (January 2017-July 2020). The median resected weight of the thyroid specimen in all patients was 53 g (interquartile range 32-92). In 1732 patients, the specimen weight exceeded 100 g. Intraoperative neuromonitoring was used in 99.5% of patients. Postoperative laryngoscopy revealed vocal cord dysfunction in 480 of 15 822 (3.03%) nerves at risk, with unilateral dysfunction in 454 (2.87%) of patients and bilateral dysfunction in 13 patients (0.08%). In multivariable analysis, a thyroid weight >100 g was an independent predictor of early postoperative vocal cord dysfunction [odds ratio (OR) 1.462, 95% CI 1.108-1.930, P = 0.007). Heavier (>100 g) thyroid weight was an independent predictor of surgical site infection (OR 1.861, 95% CI 1.203-2.880, P = 0.005) and also predicted postoperative hemorrhage in the univariate analysis (OR 1.723, 95% CI 1.027-2.889, P = 0.039). On the contrary, postoperative parathyroid function was not affected. CONCLUSIONS: Heavier (>100 g) resected thyroid weight independently predicts higher postoperative morbidity, including early vocal cord palsy and surgical site infection after total thyroidectomy for benign multinodular goiter.

Paediatric thyroidectomy: When and why? A 25-year institutional experience.

OBJECTIVE: Thyroidectomy in paediatric patients is relatively uncommon. In this study, we reviewed our experience of thyroidectomy in children and identified risk factors associated with postoperative complications. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of paediatric patients who had thyroidectomy in our institution between April 1995 and January 2021. Demographic data, preoperative cytological findings, indications of surgery, surgical complications and histological results were analysed. RESULTS: A total of 87 paediatric patients with 92 thyroidectomy were identified. The indications for surgery were Graves' disease refractory to medical treatments (40.2%), benign thyroid nodules or multinodular goitre (26.4%), thyroid carcinoma (23.0%) and multiple endocrine neoplasm type 2A syndrome (10.3%). Patients presented with thyroid nodules or cervical lymph nodes had a 43.9% risk of malignancy. 66 total thyroidectomy were done with median operation time of 134 min(102-170), while 26 hemi-thyroidectomy were performed (Right side 12/92, Left side 14/92) with median operation time of 65 min(49-102). The median postoperative hospital stay was 2 days(1-4). Intraoperative neck dissection (p = 0.003), drain insertion (p = 0.001) and hypocalcaemia requiring medical treatment (p = 0.004) were associated with longer hospital stay. The median follow-up was 11.3 years (3.0-16.8). 32% patients had immediate postoperative hypocalcaemia and 8% patients had permanent hypoparathyroidism. Transient vocal cord palsy was found in 3 patients(3%) and all resolved within 5-month time upon reassessment direct laryngoscopy. The use of intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring was associated with less vocal cord palsy (p = 0.022). The median disease-free survival was 13.7 years(7.4-17.7) for patients operated for well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma(WDTC). amongst the 9 patients who had prophylactic total thyroidectomy for MEN2A syndrome, 44% were found to have medullary thyroid microcarcinomas on pathology. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical management of paediatric thyroid disease can be complex. Postoperative hypocalcaemia and vocal cord palsy were usually transient after total thyroidectomy. The use of intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring had resulted in less vocal cord palsy. Long-term disease-free survival of patients with thyroid cancer had been achieved with multi-disciplinary management in our centre. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Retrospective Comparative Study; Level III.

Postsurgical complications after robot-assisted transaxillary thyroidectomy: critical analysis of a large cohort of European patients.

In the last decade, robot-assisted trans-axillary thyroidectomy has spread rapidly and has been proven to be a safe and effective procedure. However, several case series have reported new complications that have led to criticism regarding this approach. This study analyzed the incidence of complications in a large cohort of European patients. We enrolled all patients who underwent robot-assisted trans-axillary thyroidectomy from 2012 to 2020 at the University Hospital of Pisa Department of Endocrine Surgery. We analyzed complications and divided them into 2 groups. Group A included conventional complications, such as transient or permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, transient or permanent hypocalcemia, hemorrhage, and tracheal injury. Group B included unconventional complications, such as brachial plexus palsy, track seeding, seroma, great vessels injury, and skin flap perforation. There were 31 postsurgical complications (5.7%). Group A included 25 complications (4.6%): transient and permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy occurred in 7 patients (1.3%) and in 1 (0.2%), respectively; transient and permanent hypocalcemia occurred in 9 patients (1.7%) and in 1 (0.2%), respectively. Postoperative bleeding occurred in 6 patients (1.1%) and tracheal injury in 1 (0.2%). Group B included 6 complications (1.1%): 1 patient with brachial plexus injury (0.2%), 1 with track seeding (0.2%), and 4 with seroma (0.7%). Robotic trans-axillary thyroidectomy is a safe approach with a risk of postoperative complications comparable to the conventional technique. Almost all complications after a novel introduction are anecdotal. With an accurate patient selection, high-volume institutions with experienced surgeons can perform this technique safely.