Tumor infiltrating NK cell (TINK) subsets and functional molecules in patients with breast cancer.

INTRODUCTION: NK cells have been introduced as the main innate arm of immunity against malignancies. Recent advances introduced new subsets of, and new effector molecules on NK cells suggesting new paradigms for NK cell functions in tumor immunity. Considering these new paradigms, in the current research we investigated the frequency of tumor infiltrating NK cell (TINK) subsets and their functional molecules in breast tumor tissues by flowcytometry method. METHODS: Breast tumor tissues were obtained from 32 untreated patients with breast cancer. The tissues were then minced mechanically to acquire a single cell suspension and surface-stained with monoclonal antibodies against CD3, CD56, CD11b, CD27, NKG2A, NKG2D and CXCR3. For intracellular staining (ICS), the surface-stained cells were then fixed, permeabilized and stained with anti-Perforin and anti-Granzyme B antibodies. The samples were run and the data were acquired on a four-color flowcytometer. RESULTS: The cell suspension derived from tumor tissue encompassed 3.10 ± 0.52 % CD3-CD56+(bright/dim) total NK cells. Based on the conventional classification the percentages of cytotoxic (CD3- CD56dim) and regulatory (CD3- CD56bright) NK cells were respectively 1.74 ± 0.24 % and 1.36 ± 0.48 %. According to the new classification the percentages of cytotoxic (CD3- CD56+ CD11b+ CD27-), regulatory (CD3-CD56+ CD11b+/- CD27+) and tolerant (CD3-CD56+ CD27- CD11b-) NK cells were respectively 0.48 ± 0.07, 1.55 ± 0.34 and 1.15 ± 0.51. A significant higher frequency of total NK cells (CD3-CD56+ (bright/dim)) in the breast tumor tissues of the patients whose tumor draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) has not been yet involved by tumor cells (LN- patients) compared with the ones with lymph nodes involvement (LN+) (5.91 ± 1.79 % Vs. 2.20 ± 0.20 %, P < 0.004). Furthermore, NK cells with overexpressed activating receptor; NKGD2 (CD3- CD56+(bright/dim) NKG2D+ NK cells) was observed to be elevated in LN- patients compared with the LN+ ones (70.01 ± 7.96 Vs. 42.5 ± 4.81, P < 0.011). Correlation analysis revealed the percentages of conventional regulatory NK cells (CD3- CD56bright) in breast tumor tissue to be in positive correlation with the tumor size (R = 0.380, P < 0.04). The mean percentage of this cell subset was also observed to be higher in patients with T3 tumor size compared with smaller T1 tumor size (1.61 ± 0.20 % vs. 0.75 ± 0.15 %, P < 0.023. CONCLUSION: Our observations suggest that accumulation of NK cells as well as the expression of activating NKG2D receptor by TINKs may play roles in breast tumor regression especially in the LN- patients. As the tumor growths and the size of tumor increases the accumulation of regulatory NK cells may facilitate the tumor improvement. These observations may have implications in cancer NK cell-based immunotherapy.

Peripheral Cytokine Levels Differ by HPV Status and Change Treatment-Dependently in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Cytokines and immune mediators play an important role in the communication between immune cells guiding their response to infectious diseases or cancer. In this study, a comprehensive longitudinal analysis of serum cytokines and immune mediators in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients was performed. In a prospective, non-interventional, longitudinal study, blood samples from 22 HNSCC patients were taken at defined time points (TP) before, during, and every 3 months after completion of (chemo)radio)therapy (CRT/RT) until 12 months after treatment. Serum concentrations of 17 cytokines/immune mediators and High-Mobility-Group-Protein B1 (HMGB1) were measured by fluorescent bead array and ELISA. Concentrations of sFas were significantly elevated during and after CRT/RT, whereas perforin levels were significantly decreased after CRT/RT. Levels of MIP-1ß and Granzyme B differed significantly during CRT/RT by HPV status. Increased HMGB1 levels were observed at recurrence, accompanied by high levels of IL-4 and IL-10. The sFas increase and simultaneous perforin decrease may indicate an impaired immune cell function during adjuvant radiotherapy. Increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in HPV+ compared to HPV- patients seem to reflect the elevated immunogenicity of HPV-positive tumors. High levels of HMGB1 and anti-inflammatory cytokines at recurrence may be interpreted as a sign of immune evasion.

Decrease of Perforin Expressing Lymphocytes after On-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery Irrespective of Carbohydrate Preoperative Oral Feeding.

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery continues to be the gold standard for treating the patients with coronary artery disease. CABG surgery can be performed on or off cardiopulmonary bypass, termed as on-pump or off-pump CABG, respectively. It has been shown that CABG surgery, preferably on-pump CABG surgery, leads to the changes of cell immunity during perioperative and early postoperative period. The mechanisms of regulation of the immune response in patients during and early after surgical revascularization are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of carbohydrate preoperative oral feeding on frequency and perforin expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients after on- or off-pump CABG surgery in early postoperative period. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this prospective clinical study, 80 patients scheduled for CABG surgery were included in the study. The patients were randomly allocated into four groups (20 in each group): patients in Group 1 underwent on-pump CABG and did not receive carbohydrate preoperative oral feeding; patients in Group 2 underwent on-pump CABG and were preoperatively fed; patients in Group 3 underwent off-pump CABG and did not receive carbohydrate preoperative oral feeding; while patients in Group 4 underwent off-pump CABG and received carbohydrate preoperative oral feeding. Blood samples were collected immediately before (T1), 24 (T2) and 72 (T3) hours after the surgery. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated by gradient centrifugation and simultaneously labelled by antigens using fluorochrome-conjugated monoclonal antibodies. Frequency of T lymphocytes, NK and NKT cells, their subsets as well as their perforin expression were detected, and analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: There was significant decrease in frequency of CD3+ and CD3+CD4+ cells, as well as perforin expressing CD3+CD8+ cells in patients who underwent on-pump CABG in comparison to patients who underwent off-pump CABG 24 hours after the surgery. Carbohydrate preoperative oral feeding did not effect changes in lymphocytes subpopulations and perforin expression at any time point. CONCLUSION: Decreases of CD3+ cells on account of CD3+CD4+ subsets, and perforin expressing cells on account of CD3+CD8+ perforin+ cells were found in patients who had undergone on-pump CABG, but not in patients who had undergone off-pump CABG surgery, irrespectively of carbohydrate preoperative oral feeding.

Association of Perforin and Granzyme-B Levels with Hyperandrogenism in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is shown to be associated with hyperandrogenemia and has some features such as cytotoxic T-cells activation and release of perforin and granzyme-B. Present work was aimed to investigate the relation of perforin and granzyme-B to androgenic state in PCOS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty three PCOS and 40 control women were recruited. After recording demographic data, sex hormone status and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors were evaluated. Perforin and granzyme-B levels were measured using sandwich ELISA kits. RESULTS: Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels were lower in patients. Luteinizing hormone (LH), free testosterone (FT), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), free androgen index (FAI), perforin and granzyme-B values were higher in PCOS group. Perforin and granzyme-B were positively correlated with FT and FAI and with each other in PCOS group. In patients, granzyme-B and perforin were related with FT and FAI, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results of present study together with evidences about the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in insulin resistance, CVD and PCOS suggest that perforin/granzyme-B may be involved in interactions of sex hormones system in PCOS patients.

Enhanced perforin expression associated with dasatinib therapy in natural killer cells.

We investigated the effects of dasatinib on natural killer (NK) cell-induced signaling protein and perforin expression as well as plasma cytokine levels by analyzing blood samples from patients with well-controlled chronic myeloid leukemia receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. Perforin expression and phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1, STAT3, Janus kinase (JAK) 1, and JAK2 in NK cells were evaluated by flow cytometry, and the levels of plasma cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-2, were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in 40 patients (dasatinib, n = 23; imatinib, n = 11; and nilotinib, n = 6). Perforin levels in NK cells were higher in dasatinib-treated patients before TKI treatment; phospho (p)-STAT1 levels were closely correlated with pJAK1 and perforin levels, and pSTAT3 levels were correlated with pJAK2 and perforin levels. The correlation between pJAK1 and pSTAT1 was apparent in dasatinib-treated patients but not in other TKI-treated patients, and the correlation between pJAK2 and pSTAT3 was apparent in patients treated with other TKIs. Constitutive expression of IFN-γ was higher in patients treated with dasatinib or with other TKIs than in those who were in treatment-free remission (TFR). In contrast, constitutive expression of IL-2 was lower in patients treated with other TKIs than in those treated with dasatinib or in those who were in TFR. These results provided insights into the effects of dasatinib on JAK/STAT signaling in NK cells in vivo and the mechanisms underlying NK cell activation induced by dasatinib therapy.

Interaction among smoking status, single nucleotide polymorphisms and markers of systemic inflammation in healthy individuals.

Cigarette smoke contains toxic and carcinogenic substances that contribute to the development of cancer and various diseases. Genetic variation might be important, because not all smokers develop smoking-related disease. The current study addressed the possible interactions among selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes related to systemic inflammation, smoking status, the levels of circulating immune response cells and plasma biomarkers of systemic inflammation. Sixty-four healthy blood donors were recruited, 31 of whom were current smokers and 33 were never-users of tobacco products, references. Compared to references, the smokers showed significantly increased levels of circulating total white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, basophils and C-reactive protein (CRP). Smokers also more frequently exhibited circulating cell phenotypes that are associated with an immunocompromised state: CD8dim cells in the lymphocyte group, CD13+  CD11+ , CD13+  CD14+ , CD13+  CD56+ cells in the monocyte group and CD13+  CD11+ , CD13+  CD56+ cells in the neutrophil group. We observed an interaction among SNPs, smoking status and some of the studied biomarkers. The average plasma CRP level was significantly higher among the smokers, with the highest level found among those with the CRP rs1800947 CC genotype. Additionally, an increased CD8+  GZB+ cells in the CD8dim group were found among smokers with the GZB rs8192917 AA genotype. Thus, smoking appears to be associated with systemic inflammation and increased levels of circulating immunosuppressive cells. The extent of these effects was associated with SNPs among the smokers. This observation may contribute to a better understanding of the genetic susceptibility of smoking-related disease and the variations observed in clinical outcomes.

Non-invasive messenger RNA transcriptional evaluation in human kidney allograft dysfunction

The aim of the present study was to evaluate messenger RNA expression in kidney allograft recipients. Forty-four kidney transplant recipients were evaluated up to three months after grafting. After transplantation, peripheral blood samples were drawn sequentially for real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses of perforin and TIM-3 genes. Biopsies were obtained to evaluate acute graft dysfunction and interpreted according to the Banff classification. Eight patients presented episodes of acute rejection. Recipients with rejection had significantly higher levels of TIM-3 mRNA transcripts compared to those without rejection (median gene expression 191.2 and 36.9 mRNA relative units, respectively; P<0.0001). Also, perforin gene expression was higher in patients with rejection (median gene expression 362.0 and 52.8 mRNA relative units; P<0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curves showed that the area under the curve (AUC) for the TIM-3 gene was 0.749 (95%CI: 0.670-0.827). Perforin gene mRNA expression provided an AUC of 0.699 (95%CI: 0.599 to 0.799). Overall accuracy of gene expression was 67.9% for the TIM-3 gene and 63.6% for the perforin gene. Combined accuracy was 76.8%. Negative predictive values were 95.3% for the TIM-3 gene, 95.5% for the perforin gene, and 95.4% in the combined analyses. Gene expression was significantly modulated by rejection treatment decreasing 64.1% (TIM-3) and 90.9% (perforin) compared to the median of pre-rejection samples. In conclusion, the longitudinal approach showed that gene profiling evaluation might be useful in ruling out the diagnosis of acute rejection and perhaps evaluating the efficacy of treatment.

Sinonasal T-cell expression of cytotoxic mediators granzyme B and perforin is reduced in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.

BACKGROUND: CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic cells that use granzyme B (GrB) and perforin. Defective cytotoxic function is known to play a role in dysregulated immune response as seen in chronic sinusitis, also referred to as chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, to our knowledge, in the United States, neither GrB or perforin expression has been reported in patients with CRS. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate sinonasal cytotoxic cells, their mediators, and cell-specific distribution of these mediators in patients with CRS with nasal polyp (CRSwNP) and in patients with CRS without nasal polyp (CRSsNP). METHODS: Blood and sinus tissue samples were taken from patients with CRSsNP (n = 8) and CRSwNP (n = 8) at the time of surgery. Control subjects (n = 8) underwent surgery for cerebrospinal fluid leak repair or to remove non-hormone-secreting pituitary tumors. The cells were analyzed via flow cytometry by using CD8 expression to identify cytotoxic T cells and CD56 expression to identify NK cells. Intracellular GrB and perforin expression were analyzed with flow cytometry. RESULTS: We observed no significant differences in plasma or peripheral blood immune cell numbers or specific levels of GrB or perforin among the groups. In the sinonasal mucosa of the patients with CRSsNP and the patients with CRSwNP, there was a significant decrease in GrB and perforin levels (p < 0.05) despite similar or increased numbers of cytotoxic cells when compared with the controls. The overall decrease in GrB and perforin in the sinonasal mucosa of the patients with CRSsNP and the patients with CRSwNP was due to decreased T cell production. There was no difference in total NK cell count or expression of perforin or GrB among all the groups. CONCLUSION: Total levels of sinonasal GrB and perforin were decreased in the sinonasal mucosa of both the patients with CRSwNP and the patients with CRSsNP compared with the controls, whereas sinonasal CD8+ T cells, (but not NK cells,), intracellular stores of GrB and perforin were reduced in the patients with CRSwNP compared with the controls.

TRAIL in CD8+ T cells from patients with severe aplastic anemia.

Severe aplastic anemia (SAA) is an autoimmune disease caused mainly by activated T lymphocytes. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of TNF family, which can induce apoptosis and play a significant role in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune disorders. In this study, we sought to investigate the role of TRAIL in peripheral CD8+ T cells (CTLs) from SAA patients to clarify the autoimmune mechanisms of bone marrow failure in SAA. The expression of TRAIL and TRAIL-R2 in CTLs from SAA patients and normal controls were determined by flow cytometry, real-time PCR, and western blot. Expression of perforin and granzyme B and apoptosis in CTLs were evaluated by flow cytometry. The expression of TRAIL and TRAIL-R2 in SAA patients was significantly decreased compared with controls; however, there was no statistical difference in TRAIL mRNA expression between the two groups. TRAIL expression in CTLs was negatively correlated with the expression of perforin and granzyme B, and negatively correlated with CTLs apoptosis in SAA patients. The TRAIL pathway may be responsible for abnormal CTL activation in SAA patients. Further study of TRAIL and its receptors may elucidate the pathogenesis of SAA.

NKG2D modulates aggravation of liver inflammation by activating NK cells in HBV infection.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is thought to be an immune-mediated liver disease. The mechanisms underlying natural killer (NK) cell group 2D receptor (NKG2D) that activates NK cells and participates in anti-HBV immunity and immunopathology has not been thoroughly elucidated. Peripheral NKG2D+ and IFN-γ+ NK cells frequencies and intrahepatic NKG2D and IFN-γ mRNA and protein expressions were determined in HBV-infected patients. Levels of NKG2D and IFN-γ mRNA and protein in NK cells, co-cultured with HBV-replicating HepG2 cells with or without NKG2D blockade, were analyzed. Serum and supernatant IFN-γ, TNF-α, perforin and granzyme B were measured. In results, peripheral NKG2D+ and IFN-γ+ NK cells frequencies, intrahepatic NKG2D and IFN-γ mRNA and protein levels, and serum IFN-γ, TNF-α, perforin and granzyme B levels were all highest in HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure group, followed by chronic hepatitis B and chronic HBV carrier groups. In vitro, NKG2D and IFN-γ mRNA and protein levels were higher in NK cells with IFN-α stimulation than without stimulation. Supernatant IFN-γ, TNF-α, perforin and granzyme B levels were increased under co-culture or IFN-α stimulating conditions, but were partially blocked by NKG2DmAb. In conclusion, NKG2D regulates immune inflammation and anti-viral response partly through activation of NK cells during HBV infection.

Cytokines are early diagnostic biomarkers of graft-versus-host disease in liver recipients.

BACKGROUND: Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is associated with high mortality. Early diagnosis is essential to start treatment and to improve outcomes. Because of the inflammatory nature, we hypothesis that cytokine profile of patients with GVHD may serve as diagnostic markers. The present study was to evaluate the role of cytokine profile in the diagnosis of GVHD. METHODS: An immunoassay was used to detect 29 cytokines simultaneously in the serum; the measuring sensitivity of all cytokines was pg/mL. Healthy subjects undergoing annual routine physical examinations served as negative controls; 23 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who had undergone liver transplantation (the LT group) comprised the test subjects. A total of 22 kidney recipients with biopsy-confirmed GVHD (the RT group) were included for comparison. HCC patients with radical surgery (the HCC group, n=22) served as positive control. The liver contents of the three cytokines, IL-2, IL-18, and IFN-gamma, were detected with immunohistochemistry. Serum granzyme B and perforin were measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Of the 29 cytokines, the levels of IL-2 and IL-18 were increased significantly in liver recipients with GVHD compared with healthy controls (P<0.05). The serum levels of these three cytokines in the healthy, HCC, LT, and RT groups were IL-2: 0.90+/-0.02, 4.14+/-0.61, 5.10+/-0.89, and 1.48+/-0.09 pg/mL; IL-18: 80.61+/-9.35, 109.51+/-10.93, 230.11+/-12.92, and 61.98+/-7.88 pg/mL; IFN-gamma: 24.06+/-3.88, 24.84+/-3.21, 40.37+/-5.88, and 15.33+/-4.72 pg/mL, respectively. Immunohistochemistry showed that these 3 cytokines expressions in the liver were parallel to the serum cytokine. After standard anti-GVHD treatment, the expressions of IL-2, IL-18, and IFN-gamma were decreased in the liver (P<0.05). Serum granzyme B and perforin were significantly increased in GVHD patients (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: IL-2, IL-18 and IFN-gamma were from liver and might serve as biomarkers for monitoring GVHD development and the effects of anti-GVHD treatment. Granzyme B and perforin may play a role in increasing IL-2, IL-18, and IFN-gamma levels in GVHD patients.

Blood cytotoxic/inflammatory mediators in non-eosinophilic asthma.

BACKGROUND: Non-eosinophilic asthma (NEA) is a distinct, often corticosteroid-resistant inflammatory asthma phenotype. NK and NKT-like cells are effector lymphocytes that we have shown, like CD28null T cells, to be relatively resistant to steroids and major sources of pro-inflammatory/cytotoxic mediators. We hypothesized that these cells and mediators would be increased in peripheral blood in NEA. METHODS: Adults with severe asthma and variable airflow obstruction, poorly controlled despite maintenance therapy with inhaled glucocorticosteroids and long-acting bronchodilators, were recruited. Blood was assessed in those with eosinophilic asthma (n = 12), NEA (n = 25) and healthy non-smoking controls (n = 30). We applied flow cytometry to measure T, CD28null, NK and NKT-like cells and their expression of granzyme B, perforin, and killer inhibitory/activating receptors CD94(Kp43), CD158b and CD107A. Intracellular pro-inflammatory cytokine production (IFN-γ and TNF-α) was assessed in 18 controls and 10 patients with asthma/group. RESULTS: In NEA, there was increased expression of granzyme B by CD8+ T cells vs. CONTROLS: There was increased expression of granzyme B and CD158 and decreased CD94 on NK cells, vs. healthy controls and those with eosinophilic asthma. IFN-γ production by NK cells and TNF-α production by NKT-like cells in NEA were significantly increased vs. CONTROLS: In both eosinophilic and NEA phenotypes, there were significant increases in CD4+28null T cells (72% and 81% increases, respectively, vs. controls) and their expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Significant correlations were noted between blood CD4+28null T cells and neutrophil numbers in induced sputum, and between corticosteroid dose and blood NKT-like cells, and their production of granzyme B and TNF-α and NK IFN-γ. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In poorly controlled asthma, altered expression of cytotoxic/pro-inflammatory mediators can be seen on a variety of lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood; these changes are most apparent in NEA. Whether this pattern of expression is a marker of treatment responsiveness and future risk of exacerbations remains to be determined.

Increased levels of serum granzyme-B is associated with insulin resistance and increased cardiovascular risk in adolescent polycystic ovary syndrome patients.

OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to determine serum perforin and granzyme-B levels in adolescent PCOS patients, and to investigate whether they are associated with some of the insulin sensitivity, obesity and cardiovascular (CV) risk markers and metabolic syndrome. STUDY DESIGN: A case-control study was carried out including a total of 172 adolescents (83 PCOS patients and 89 age-matched healthy controls). Participants were recruited consecutively. Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), lipid parameters, and anthropometric measurements were determined. Serum perforin and granzyme B levels were measured by commercially available ELISA kits. HOMA-IR>3.16 was considered to indicate the presence of insulin resistance. Logistic regression analysis was applied for the predictive value of granzyme-B for increased CV risk in PCOS patients. RESULTS: As body mass index (BMI) of the PCOS patients was significantly higher than the controls (median 24.6kg/m(2) and 21.4kg/m(2), respectively, p<0.001) all parameters were evaluated after adjustment for BMI. Adolescents with PCOS had significantly higher levels of fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and granzyme-B when compared with controls. According to the results of logistic regression analysis, granzyme-B levels were found to be significantly associated with increased HOMA-IR (OR=6.120, 95% CI: 2.352-15.926, p<0.001) in adolescent PCOS patients. Additionally, elevated levels of serum granzyme-B were predictive for increased CV risk in PCOS patients (OR=0.237, 95% CI: 0.091-0.616, p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Increased levels of serum granzyme-B are independently associated with insulin resistance and also with increased CV risk in adolescent polycystic ovary syndrome patients.

Advanced Lung Cancer Is Associated with Decreased Expression of Perforin, CD95, CD38 by Circulating CD3+CD8+ T Lymphocytes.

It is known that dysregulation of the immune system is closely related to the development of lung cancer and that CD8+T lymphocytes play a critical role in antitumor immunity. We analyzed the percentage of CD3+CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood, and expressions of the activated molecules, perforin, CD95, CD28, HLA-DR and CD38 in circulating CD3+CD8+ T cells from 68 lung cancer cases with stage I∼II and 61 lung cancer cases with stage III∼IV by flow cytometry. 61 lung cancer cases with stage III∼IV were followed up for more than 6 months and survival time was recorded. The percentages of perforin+ cells, CD95+ cells and CD38+ cells in fresh CD3+CD8+ T lymphocytes of stage III∼IV group were lower than those of stage I∼II group (p=0.021; p=0.043; p=0.036). And an increased percentage of CD3+CD8+perforin+ cells was shown to have a positive effect on the survival time in stage III∼IV lung cancer patients (p=0.043). Advanced lung cancer patients have characteristics of impairment in the cytotoxicity of circulating CD3+CD8+ T lymphocytes and perforin expression in circulating CD3+CD8+ T cells might be used as a prognostic biomarker for the advanced lung cancer.

Increased Peripheral Blood Pro-Inflammatory/Cytotoxic Lymphocytes in Children with Bronchiectasis.

OBJECTIVE: Bronchiectasis (BE) in children is common in some communities including Indigenous children in Australia. Relatively little is known about the nature of systemic inflammation in these children, especially the contribution of specific pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic lymphocyte subsets: T-cells, natural killer (NK) cells and NKT-like cells. We have shown that these cells produce increased cytotoxic (granzyme b and perforin) and inflammatory (IFNγ and TNFα) mediators in several adult chronic lung diseases and hypothesised that similar changes would be evident in children with BE. METHODS: Intracellular cytotoxic mediators perforin and granzyme b and pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured in T cell subsets, NKT-like and NK cells from blood and bronchoalveolar samples from 12 children with BE and 10 aged-matched control children using flow cytometry. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in the percentage of CD8+ T cells and T and NKT-like subsets expressing perforin/granzyme and IFNγ and TNFα in blood in BE compared with controls. There was a further increase in the percentage of pro-inflammatory cytotoxic T cells in Indigenous compared with non-Indigenous children. There was no change in any of these mediators in BAL. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood bronchiectasis is associated with increased systemic pro-inflammatory/cytotoxic lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. Future studies need to examine the extent to which elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytotoxic cells predict future co-morbidities.

Evaluation of serum perforin, caspase-3, sFasL and M-30 levels as apoptotic markers in children with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.

BACKGROUND: Apoptosis is a main regulator in responses of cellular immunity throughout systemic viral infections. Perforin, soluble Fas ligand, caspase-3 and caspase-cleaved cytokeratin-18 (M-30) are mediators of apoptosis. The aim of this study is the evaluation of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) disease changes in the levels of these apoptotic markers and the relation of these changes with disease severity. METHODS: Forty-nine hospitalized children with CCHF and 36 healthy controls were enrolled in this prospective study. The CCHF patients were classified into 2 groups based on disease severity (severe group and nonsevere group). Demographic characteristics and clinical and laboratory findings of all patients were recorded on admission. RESULTS: Serum perforin, caspase-3 and soluble Fas ligand levels were found to be significantly higher both in the severe and nonsevere CCHF groups than the healthy control group (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in these apoptotic markers between severe and nonsevere CCHF groups (P > 0.05). In addition, serum M-30 levels did not differ significantly among all groups (P > 0.05). There was a positive correlation between serum values for perforin, caspase-3 and M-30 and the disease's severity criteria such as aspartate aminotransferase and/or alanine aminotransferase. The serum levels of all these markers were negatively correlated with disease severity criteria such as the platelet count. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we concluded that the interactions of cytolytic granules containing perforin and caspase cascade and Fas-FasL may play an important role in the pathogenesis of CCHF in children.

Perforin, CD28 and CD95 expression in circulating CD4 and CD8 cells as predictors of head and neck (H&N) cancer patient survival.

Long-term survival of H&N cancer patients has not improved significantly over the last 30 years. The possibility of using circulating blood cell phenotypes as a prognostic biomarker of H&N cancer patient was investigated in this study. Pre-treatment, circulating T lymphocyte subpopulations as well as the survival time of the patients in question were studied. Upregulated CD4+ perforin+ and CD8+ CD95+ but downregulated CD4+ CD28+ (p < 0.001) were detected in H&N cancer patients. With 3 years of follow-up time, an increase in the frequency of the pre-treatment, circulating CD4+ perforin+ cells and CD8+ perforin+ cells was showed to have reverse effects on the survival time in H&N cancer patients (p < 0.01). Detection of perforin+ frequency in CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte by FACS is fast, simple and cost-effective. A potential role of perforin expression in CD4+ and CD8+ cells as a prognostic biomarker for H&N cancer patient in the clinical setting was suggested.

Perforin- and granulysin-mediated cytotoxicity and interleukin 15 play roles in neurocognitive impairment in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is an aggressive disease. The course of disease is regulated by pro-inflammatory agents, and malignant cell infiltration of tissues plays a deleterious role in disease progression, greatly impacting quality of life, especially in the cognitive domains. Our hypothesis is that significant serum concentrations of interleukin 15 (IL-15) are responsible for higher expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells of blood-brain barrier (BBB) which allow leukaemia cells and/or normal lymphocytes the infiltration into the brain. In brain tissue these cells could be stimulated to release perforin and granulysin causing induction of apoptosis in brain cells that are involved in complex neural signalling mediated by neurotransmitters, and consequent fine cognitive impairment. Such changes could be detected early, even before notable clinical psycho-neurological or radiological changes in patients with ALL. To evaluate this hypothesis we propose measuring cognitive function using Complex Reactiometer Drenovac (CRD) scores in patients with ALL. The expression of different adhesion molecules on BBB as well as presence and distribution of different lymphocytes in brain tissue will be analyzed. We will then correlate CRD scores with levels of IL-15 and the percentages of T cells, natural killer T cells, and natural killer cells expressing perforin and/or granulysin proteins. CRD is a scientifically recognised and highly sensitive psychometric laboratory test based on the complex chronometric mathematical measuring of speed of reaction to various stimuli. It provides an objective assessment of cognitive functions from the most complex mental activities to the simplest reaction reflexes. Early recognition of cognitive dysfunction might be important when selecting the most appropriate chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy regimens, and could allow for the implementation of preventive measures against further deterioration in cognitive function and quality of life in patients with ALL.

Expansion of highly differentiated cytotoxic terminally differentiated effector memory CD8+ T cells in a subset of clinically stable kidney transplant recipients: a potential marker for late graft dysfunction.

Despite the effectiveness of immunosuppressive drugs, kidney transplant recipients still face late graft dysfunction. Thus, it is necessary to identify biomarkers to detect the first pathologic events and guide therapeutic target development. Previously, we identified differences in the T-cell receptor Vß repertoire in patients with stable graft function. In this prospective study, we assessed the long-term effect of CD8(+) T-cell differentiation and function in 131 patients who had stable graft function. In 45 of 131 patients, a restriction of TCR Vß diversity was detected and associated with the expansion of terminally differentiated effector memory (TEMRA; CD45RA(+)CCR7(-)CD27(-)CD28(-)) CD8(+) T cells expressing high levels of perforin, granzyme B, and T-bet. This phenotype positively correlated with the level of CD57 and the ability of CD8(+) T cells to secrete TNF-α and IFN-γ. Finally, 47 of 131 patients experienced kidney dysfunction during the median 15-year follow-up period. Using a Cox regression model, we found a 2-fold higher risk (P=0.06) of long-term graft dysfunction in patients who had increased levels of differentiated TEMRA CD8(+) T cells at inclusion. Collectively, these results suggest that monitoring the phenotype and function of circulating CD8(+) T cells may improve the early identification of at-risk patients.

Impact of allogenic and autologous transfusion on immune function in patients with tumors.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of allogeneic and autologous transfusion on cellular immunity, humoral immunity and secretion of serum inflammatory factors and perforin during the perioperative period in patients with malignant tumors. METHODS: A total of 80 patients (age: 38-69 years; body weight: 40-78 kg; ASA I - II) receiving radical operation for gastro-intestinal cancer under general anesthesia were selected. All the patients were divided into four groups based on the methods of infusion and blood transfusion: blank control group (Group C), allogeneic transfusion group (group A), hemodiluted autotransfusion Group (Group H) and hemodiluted autotransfusion + allogenic transfusion Group (A+H group). Venous blood was collected when entering into the surgery room (T0), immediately after surgery (T1) and 24h (T2), 3d (T3) and 7d (T4) after surgery, respectively. Moreover, flow cytometry was applied to assess changes of peripheral blood T cell subpopulations and NK cells. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays were performed to determine levels of IL-2, IL-10, TNF-α and perforin. Immune turbidimetry was employed to determine the changes in serum immunoglobulin. RESULTS: Both CD3+ and NK cells showed a decrease at T1 and T2 in each group, among which, in group A, CD3+ decreased significantly at T2 (P<0.05) compared with other groups, and CD3+ and NK cell reduced obviously only in group A at T3 and T4 (P<0.05). CD4+ cells and the ratio of D4+/CD8+ were decreased in groups A, C and A+H at T1 and T2 (P<0.05). No significant intra- and inter-group differences were observed in CD8+ of the four groups (P<0.05). IL-2 declined in group C at T1 and T2 (P<0.05) and showed a decrease in group A at each time point (P<0.05). Moreover, IL-2 decreased in group A + H only at T1. No significant difference was found in each group at T1 (P<0.05). More significant decrease in group C at T2, T3 and T4 compared with group A (P<0.05), and there were no significant differences among other groups (P>0.05). IL-10 increased at T1 and T2 in each group (P<0.05), in which it had an obvious increase in group A, and increase of IL-10 occurred only in group A at T3 and T4 (P<0.05). TNF-α level rose at T1 (P<0.05), no inter- and intra-group difference was found in perforin in all groups (P<0.05). Compared with the preoperation, both IgG and IgA level decreased at T1 in each group (P<0.05), and they declined only in Group A at T2 and T3 (P<0.05), and these parameters were back to the preoperative levels in other groups. No significant differences were observed between preoperative and postoperative IgG and IgA levels in each group at T4 (P>0.05). No obvious inter- and intra-group changes were found in IgM in the four groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Allogeneic transfusion during the perioperative period could obviously decrease the number of T cell subpopulations and NK cells and the secretion of stimulating cytokines and increase the secretion of inhibiting cytokines in patients with malignant tumors, thus causing a Th1/Th2 imbalance and transient decreasing in the content of plasma immune globulin. Autologous transfusion has little impact and may even bring about some improvement of postoperative immune function in patients with tumors. Therefore, cancer patients should receive active autologous transfusion during the perioperative period in place of allogeneic transfusion.