The role of vitamins and nutrients in rosacea.

Rosacea is a common inflammatory skin condition displaying symptoms like flushing, erythema, papules, and pustules. Oral antibiotics, despite long-term adverse effects, are often used due to topical treatment limitations, underscoring the need for cost-effective choices like dietary modifications. Our review investigates the role of vitamins and minerals in rosacea, and provides evidence-based recommendations for supplementation and topical treatment of these nutrients for rosacea. An online search was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials.gov from 1998 to 2023. Included studies were summarized and assessed for quality and relevance in rosacea management. Varied outcomes emerged concerning the impact of essential vitamins and minerals on rosacea treatment. Vitamin A derivatives, specifically oral isotretinoin, demonstrated significant efficacy, with a 90% reduction in lesions, complete remission in 24% of patients, and marked improvement in 57% of patients. Vitamin B3 derivatives, such as topical 1-methylnicotinamide 0.25% and NADH 1%, improved symptoms in 76.4% (26/34) and 80% of patients, respectively. Outcomes for vitamin D, vitamin C, and zinc supplementation varied across studies. However, zinc sulfate solution 5% significantly reduced acne rosacea severity for patients with 40% and 60% exhibiting a moderate or good response, respectively. Omega-3 fatty acids showed significant improvement in alleviating xerophthalmia in 64% of patients with ocular rosacea. Vitamins and minerals hold potential in managing rosacea symptoms, offering a safe and cost-effective alternative or adjunctive treatment option. Currently, there are no established recommendations regarding their supplementation for rosacea. Studies assessing serum levels of vitamins and minerals in relation to rosacea are warranted, as this avenue holds potential for future advancements in the field.

Quercetin attenuates inflammation in rosacea by directly targeting p65 and ICAM-1.

AIMS: Rosacea is an inflammatory skin disease with immune and vascular dysfunction. Although there are multiple treatment strategies for rosacea, the clinical outcomes are unsatisfactory. MAIN METHODS: Combining transcriptome data and the Connectivity Map database quercetin was identified as a novel candidate for rosacea. Next, the therapeutic efficacy of quercetin was substantiated through proteomic analyses, in vivo experiments, and in vitro assays. Additionally, the utilization of DARTS, molecular docking and experimental verification revealed the therapeutic mechanisms of quercetin. KEY FINDINGS: Treatment with quercetin resulted in the following effects: (i) it effectively ameliorated rosacea-like features by reducing immune infiltration and angiogenesis; (ii) it suppressed the expression of inflammatory mediators in HaCaT cells and HDMECs; (iii) it interacted with p65 and ICAM-1 directly, and this interaction resulted in the repression of NF-κB signal and ICAM-1 expression in rosacea. SIGNIFICANCE: We show for the first time that quercetin interacted with p65 and ICAM-1 directly to alleviated inflammatory and vascular dysfunction, suggesting quercetin is a novel, promising therapeutic candidate for rosacea.

Rosacea in Older Adults and Pharmacologic Treatments.

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that is often more severe in older patients. The main clinical features are erythema, telangiectasia, and inflammatory lesions of the face. The pathogenesis of this condition is not fully understood but certainly multifaceted. Immune and inflammatory dysregulation, genetics, neurogenic dysregulation, microbiome dysbiosis, and systemic disease have all been implicated in rosacea pathogenesis. As we better understand the various pathways that lead to rosacea, we acknowledge that the different symptoms may have unique underlying triggers and mechanisms. Aging also impacts rosacea diagnosis and treatment. Older adults have more severe rosacea symptoms while also having more sensitive and fragile skin than younger patients; therefore, rosacea treatments for older patients require a balance between delivering adequate potency while also minimizing skin irritation and other adverse effects. Until recently, rosacea diagnoses were based on concrete subtypes that did not necessarily capture each patient's manifestation of rosacea. There is now an emphasis on more personalized phenotype-based diagnoses and treatments, which allows for more emphasis on treating individual symptoms and accounting for the unique characteristics of older patients. Centrofacial erythema is best treated with brimonidine and oxymetazoline, while phymatous change and telangiectasia are best treated with surgery and laser ablation. Treatment for rosacea papules and pustules ranges from topicals, such as azelaic acid, ivermectin, metronidazole, minocycline, and encapsulated benzoyl peroxide, to systemics, such as doxycycline and isotretinoin. It is important to understand these treatments in relation to adverse effects and drug interactions that may specifically arise in older populations to provide optimal care. As we advance in understanding rosacea's pathogenesis and adopt personalized phenotype-based approaches, optimizing care for older patients becomes crucial. Continued research into novel treatments is essential to address their unique needs.

Rosacea: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Correlates.

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory condition of which there is no cure. The pathogenesis of rosacea is likely multifactorial, involving genetic and environmental contributions. Current understanding suggests that pro-inflammatory pathways involving cathelicidins and inflammasome complexes are central to rosacea pathogenesis. Common rosacea triggers modulate these pathways in a complex manner, which may contribute to the varying severity and clinical presentations of rosacea. Established and emerging rosacea treatments may owe their efficacy to their ability to target different players in these pro-inflammatory pathways. Improving our molecular understanding of rosacea will guide the development of new therapies and the use of combination therapies.

Omalizumab in the treatment of Morbihan syndrome in an adolescent girl - case report and literature review.

Morbihan syndrome (MS) is characterized by solid facial edema, usually related to rosacea or acne vulgaris. The facial edema deforms the patient's features, can impair peripheral vision, and affects quality of life. Its pathophysiology remains unclear. The disease usually has a slow and chronic course. MS most commonly affects middle-aged Caucasian men with rosacea and is rare in people below 20 years of age. MS is a diagnosis of exclusion. There is no standard treatment for MS, though systemic isotretinoin and antihistamines are mainly used. We present the case of an adolescent girl with MS nonresponding to 19 months of isotretinoin treatment with add-on antihistamines. Therapy with monthly administration of omalizumab (anti-IgE) for 6 months was an effective therapeutic option, improving the quality of life. Our case is the second description of omalizumab use in Morbihan syndrome, the first in an adolescent.

Diagnostic Challenges of Ocular Rosacea.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to address the issues surrounding the diagnosis of ocular rosacea and to evaluate the development of the patients' condition after treatment, as well as to distinguish between healthy and diseased patients using a glycomic analysis of tears. METHODOLOGY: A prospective study was conducted to assess a total of 68 eyes in 34 patients over a six-week period. These patients were diagnosed with ocular rosacea based on subjective symptoms and clinical examination. The study monitored the development of objective and subjective values. The difference between patients with the pathology and healthy controls was established by means of analysis of glycans in tears. RESULTS: Skin lesions were diagnosed in 94% of patients with ocular rosacea, with the most commonly observed phenotype being erythematotelangiectatic (68.8%). The mean duration of symptoms was 29.3 months (range 0.5­126 months) with a median of 12 months. Throughout the study, an improvement in all monitored parameters was observed, including Meibomian gland dysfunction, bulbar conjunctival hyperemia, telangiectasia of the eyelid margin, anterior blepharitis, uneven and reddened eyelid margins, and corneal neovascularization. The study also observed improvements in subjective manifestations of the disease, such as foreign body sensation, burning, dryness, lachrymation, itching eyes, photophobia, and morning discomfort. The analysis of glycans in tears partially separated tear samples based on their origin, which allowed for the differentiation of patients with rosacea from healthy controls. In the first sample, the pathology was determined in a total of 63 eyes (98.4%) of 32 patients, with further samples showing a change in the glycomic profile of patients' tears during treatment. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated objective and subjective improvements in all the patients. Tear sampling and analysis could provide a means of timely diagnosis of ocular rosacea.

Idiopathic aseptic facial granuloma: A retrospective study of 43 cases.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic aseptic facial granuloma (IAFG) is an underrecognized pediatric skin disease, currently considered within the spectrum of rosacea. It usually manifests as a solitary, reddish, asymptomatic nodule on the cheek that resolves spontaneously. METHODS: Retrospective and descriptive observational study of 43 pediatric patients with a clinical diagnosis of IAFG, followed between 2004 and 2022, at two general hospitals in Argentina. RESULTS: IAFG predominated in girls (65%) and the average age of onset was about 6 years. A single asymptomatic nodule was seen in 79% of patients. The most common localization was the cheek (58%) followed by lower eyelids (41%). Family history of rosacea was present in 16% of patients. A concomitant diagnosis of rosacea and periorificial dermatitis was made in 14% and 9% of our population, respectively. Past or present history of chalazia was detected in 42% of the children. IAFG diagnosis was mainly clinical (88% of cases). Oral antibiotics were the most common indicated treatment (84%). Complete healing was achieved by the majority, but 18% of those with eyelid compromise healed with scars. CONCLUSIONS: IAFG is a benign pediatric condition that physicians should recognize in order to manage correctly. We herein refer to a particular morphologic aspect of IAFG lesions affecting the lower eyelids, where nodules adopt a linear distribution and have a higher probability of involute leaving a scar. Also, we consider that the concomitant findings of rosacea, periorificial dermatitis and chalazia in our patients, reinforce the consideration of IAFG within the spectrum of rosacea.

Microencapsulated Benzoyl Peroxide for Rosacea in Context: A Review of the Current Treatment Landscape.

Rosacea, a chronic skin condition affecting millions of people in the USA, leads to significant social and professional stigmatization. Effective management strategies are crucial to alleviate symptoms and improve patients' quality of life. Encapsulated benzoyl peroxide 5% (E-BPO 5%) is a newly FDA-approved topical treatment for rosacea that shows promise in enhancing therapeutic response and minimizing skin irritation. This review aims to assess the role of recently FDA approved E-BPO 5% in the current treatment landscape for rosacea management, as it is not yet included in clinical guidelines that predominantly rely on older approved therapies. The review focuses on randomized controlled trials conducted in English-speaking adults. It evaluates the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of various US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved agents used for rosacea treatment, including E-BPO cream, metronidazole gel, azelaic acid gel and foam, ivermectin cream, minocycline foam, oral doxycycline, brimonidine gel, and oxymetazoline HCl cream. Existing therapies have been effective in reducing papulopustular lesions and erythema associated with rosacea for many years. E-BPO 5% offers a promising addition to the treatment options due to its microencapsulation technology, which prolongs drug delivery time and aims to improve therapeutic response while minimizing skin irritation. Further research is necessary to determine the exact role of E-BPO 5% in the therapeutic landscape for rosacea. However, based on available evidence, E-BPO 5% shows potential as a valuable treatment option for managing inflammatory lesions of rosacea, and it may offer benefits to patients including: rapid onset of action, demonstrated efficacy by Week 2, excellent tolerability, and sustained long-term results for up to 52 weeks of treatment.

A Case of Tinea Faciei due to Trichophyton indotineae with Steroid Rosacea Related to Topical Over-The-Counter Drugs Purchased Outside of Japan.

A Filipino woman in her forties had facial erythema that was being self-treated with over-the-counter (OTC) drugs purchased outside of Japan. The drugs included clobetasol propionate, antibiotic, and antifungal components. Her facial erythema symptoms were worse during summertime. KOH direct examination of annular erythema was positive for fungal hyphae and negative for Demodex folliculorum. Fungal culture revealed Trichophyton indotineae based on internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis. Minimal inhibitory concentration for terbinafine was 0.06 µg/mL. We made a diagnosis of tinea faciei with steroid rosacea. We treated the patient with oral itraconazole. Physicians should be aware of increasing T. indotineae infections and increasing self-medication using topical OTC steroids combined with antifungals and antibiotics not only in India but also among foreign people living in other countries such as Japan.

Oroxylin A suppress LL-37 generated rosacea-like skin inflammation through the modulation of SIRT3-SOD2-NF-κB signaling pathway.

Rosacea is a long-term inflammatory skin disease associated with the dysfunction of vascular and immunological systems. Treatment options for rosacea are difficult to implement. Oroxylin A(OA), a traditional Chinese medicine, has anti-inflammation effects in a variety of inflammatory diseases. However, it is not known that whether OA exerts protective effects against LL-37-induced rosacea. In this study, bioinformatics analyses showed that the mechanisms of rosacea and the pharmacological targets of OA were highly overlapped. Subsequently, it was shown that the administration of OA resulted in a notable amelioration of rosacea-like skin lesions, as evidenced by a reduction in immune cell infiltration, modulation of cytokine production, and inhibition of angiogenesis. Plus, it was shown that OA effectively suppressed the generation of ROS generated by LL-37, as well as the subsequent activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. To explore further, we found that OA inhibited LL-37-induced ROS production via SIRT3-SOD2 signaling pathway in keratinocytes. Based on the aforementioned evidence, it can be inferred that OA exhibits a mitigating effect on the inflammatory response in rosacea by modulating the SIRT3-SOD2-NF-κB signaling pathway.

Treatment of ocular rosacea: a systematic review.

Rosacea is a common chronic skin disease distributed primarily around the central face. Ocular manifestations of rosacea are poorly studied, and estimates of prevalence vary widely, ranging from 6% to 72% in the rosacea population. Treatment options for ocular rosacea include lid hygiene, topical and oral antibiotics, cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion, oral vitamin A derivatives, and intense pulsed light; however, a direct comparison of treatment methods for ocular rosacea is lacking. This review aims to compare treatment efficacy and adverse events for different treatment modalities in ocular rosacea. We performed a systematic review by searching Cochrane, MEDLINE and Embase. Title, abstract, full text screening, and data extraction were done in duplicate. Sixty-six articles met the inclusion criteria, representing a total of 1,275 patients. The most effective treatment modalities were topical antimicrobials and oral antibiotics, which achieved complete or partial response in 91% (n = 82/90) and 89% (n = 525/580) of patients respectively, followed by intense pulsed light (89%, n = 97/109 partial response), cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion (87% n = 40/46), and lid hygiene (65%, n = 67/105). Combination treatments achieved a complete or partial response in 90% (n = 69/77). Results suggest that topical antimicrobials, oral antibiotics, intense pulsed light. and cyclosporine were the most efficacious single modality treatments.

Colchicine Alleviates Rosacea by Inhibiting Neutrophil Inflammation Activated by the TLR2 Pathway.

Rosacea is a chronic facial inflammatory skin disease that occurs with dysfunction of the immune system. Colchicine was reported to have anti-inflammatory properties. However, the impact of colchicine on rosacea remains unclear. In the present study, the phenotype of rosacea lesions was evaluated by the redness score, inflammatory biomarkers were analyzed by reverse transcription PCR (RT‒PCR), and the infiltration of inflammatory cells was assessed by IHC analysis and immunofluorescence in a rosacea-like mouse model. In vitro, RT‒PCR was used to identify the inflammatory factors that Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) agonist caused neutrophils to produce, and immunofluorescence and coimmunoprecipitation were used to identify putative signalling pathways. We found that skin erythema and histopathological alterations, as well as elevated proinflammatory factors (IL-1ß, IL-6, TNFα, CXCL2) and CAMP, were significantly ameliorated by colchicine treatment in LL37-induced rosacea-like mice. In addition, colchicine reduced the colocalization of TLR2 and neutrophils and the formation of neutrophil extracellular trap networks (NET) in mouse lesions. In neutrophils, colchicine markedly reduced TLR2 agonist-induced inflammatory biomarker expression, NET formation, and ROS production. Moreover, we found that LL37 could bind to TLR2 upon activation of TLR2 in neutrophils. Importantly, colchicine could repress the combination of TLR2 and LL37 in vivo. Finally, bioinformatics methods further validated the key molecules of neutrophil-related inflammation in rosacea, which is consistent with our experimental findings. Collectively, colchicine ameliorated rosacea-like dermatitis by regulating the neutrophil immune response activated by the TLR2 pathway, indicating that it could be an effective therapeutic option for patients with rosacea.

Efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin for rosacea with positive impact on quality of life and self-esteem.

BACKGROUND: Rosacea is a prevalent chronic inflammatory skin disease with a multifactorial pathophysiology. It compromises several skin structures, including the proliferation and dilation of dermal blood vessels, primarily in the central areas of the face, accompanied by significant psychosocial impairment, leading to reduced quality of life (QoL) and self-esteem. There are consensus guidelines for its treatment, but few options for the erythema. This study hypothesizes that treating rosacea skin lesions with botulinum toxin (BTX) could improve signs and symptoms, resulting in enhanced QoL and self-esteem. METHODS: This interventional, open, uncontrolled, and prospective study, conducted at a single center, included 33 individuals diagnosed with rosacea, treated with standard therapeutic options according to the rosacea subtype plus superficial injections of BTX, and followed up for 90 days. Botulinum toxin injections were applied on Days 1 and 14. Clinical features and side effects were assessed at each visit; QoL, self-esteem, and medication adherence questionnaires were administered on Days 1 and 90. RESULTS: Treatment with BTX yielded improvement in the clinical signs of rosacea, registered by the investigators, and reported by 94% of the participants. Improved QoL scores (P < 0.05) and a notable increase in self-esteem scores (P < 0.001) were demonstrated. Rare adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The utilization of BTX superficial injections in patients with rosacea was safe and effective, improving the clinical appearance of the lesions. Despite some limitations, to our knowledge, this is the first study that showed the positive impact of this treatment modality on both QoL and self-esteem.

Dendrobium polysaccharide (DOP) ameliorates the LL-37-induced rosacea by inhibiting NF-κB activation in a mouse model.

BACKGROUND: Rosacea, a common chronic inflammatory skin disease worldwide, is currently incurable with complex pathogenesis. Dendrobium polysaccharide (DOP) may exert therapeutic effects on rosacea via acting on the NF-κB-related inflammatory and oxidative processes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, an LL-37-induced rosacea-like mouse model was established. HE staining was used to assess the skin lesions, erythema severity scores, pathological symptoms, and inflammatory cell numbers of mice in each group. The inflammation level was quantitatively analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The expression levels of TLR4 and p-NF-κB were finally detected. RESULTS: DOP improved skin pathological symptoms of rosacea mice. DOP also alleviated the inflammation of rosacea mice. Moreover, the TLR4/NF-κB pathway was observed to be inhibited in the skin of mice after DOP application. These findings evidenced the anti-inflammatory effects of DOP on the LL-37-induced rosacea mouse model. DOP could inhibit NF-κB activation, suppress neutrophil infiltration, and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines production, which may be the reason for DOP protecting against rosacea. CONCLUSION: This study may propose an active candidate with great potential for rosacea drug development and lay a solid experimental foundation for promoting DOP application in rosacea therapy.