Mental disorders, participation, and trajectories in the Danish colorectal cancer programme: a population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: People with mental disorders exhibit increased mortality due to colorectal cancer, despite having a similar incidence to the general population. We aimed to evaluate the extent to which people with mental disorders participate in organised colorectal cancer screening. METHODS: We conducted a population-based cohort study of all Danish residents aged 50-74 years who were invited to undergo biennial faecal immunochemical testing between March 1, 2014, and Sept 30, 2018. We used national registry data from all first-time invitees. The primary endpoint was participation within 90 days of invitation. We calculated the proportion who participated and assessed their screening results and adherence to and completeness of follow-up colonoscopy according to their history of mental disorders, classified as none, mild or moderate, or severe. We computed crude and adjusted participation differences in percentage points and participation ratios using the pseudo-observations method. FINDINGS: Of 2 036 704 people who were invited, we included 2 036 352 in the final cohort, of whom 1 008 045 (49·5%) were men and 1 028 307 (50·5%) were women, with a mean age of 60·7 years (SD 8·3, range 49-78). Data on ethnicity were not collected. Compared with people with no mental disorders, the adjusted analysis showed lower participation among people with mild or moderate mental disorders (men: participation difference -4·4 percentage points [95% CI -4·7 to -4·1]; women: -3·8 percentage points [-4·1 to -3·6]) and severe mental disorders (men: participation difference -13·8 percentage points [-14·3 to -13·3]; women: -15·4 percentage points [-15·8 to -14·9]). People with mental disorders had a higher proportion of positive faecal immunochemical test results, lower adherence to colonoscopy, and more incomplete colonoscopies than people without mental disorders. INTERPRETATION: People with mental disorders were less likely to participate in colorectal cancer screening than those without these disorders. Patients with mental disorders could benefit from support or encouragement from their general practitioner or mental health-care facility to participate in cancer screening. Potential interventions should consider type of mental disorder, as needs might differ. FUNDING: Danish Cancer Society, Danish Health Foundation.

Elucidating somatization in a dimensional model of psychopathology across medical settings.

Research using a categorical-polythetic classification system for mental illness has raised concern regarding the validity of categorical classification systems. Recent efforts suggest psychopathology is better understood from a dimensional framework, though there has been varying evidence of a somatization factor. The current investigation seeks to produce and validate a dimensional model of psychopathology, with a particular emphasis on the placement of somatization, across three nonoverlapping medical samples. Using a bariatric surgery seeking sample (n = 1,268), a spine surgery/spinal cord stimulator seeking sample (n = 1,711), and a chronic pain treatment seeking sample (n = 1,388), a dimensional model of psychopathology was replicated across all three samples using a dimensional measure of psychopathology (the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form [MMPI-2-RF]). Clear evidence of a separate somatization factor was found in addition to broad internalizing, externalizing, and social detachment factors. Constructs assessable with the model yielded good convergent and discriminant validity coefficients with external criteria, and further supported the presence of a higher-order somatization construct. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Desmontagem do diagnóstico e orientação para o singular: apresentações de pacientes de Jacques Lacan / Disassembly of diagnosis and orientation towards the singular: Jacques Lacans patient presentations / Démontage du diagnostic et orientation au singulier: présentations des patients de Jacques Lacan / Desmontaje del diagnóstico y orientación para el singular: presentaciones de pacientes de Jacques Lacan

Resumo A empiria analisada neste artigo são as transcrições de três apresentações de pacientes conduzidas por Jacques Lacan no Hospital de Sainte-Anne, em 1976. A análise dessas entrevistas teve como objetivo apreender como Lacan procedia como analista no que diz respeito ao uso das categorias diagnósticas e ao manejo da tensão entre a universalidade do tipo clínico e a singularidade do caso único. A análise revelou que, embora Lacan não se recusasse a empregar termos oriundos da psiquiatria clássica nem a fazer o diagnóstico estrutural dos sujeitos entrevistados, esses aspectos não estavam no foco de seu interesse. Lacan prescindia da rigidez das categorias diagnósticas, realizando operações de desarme, inversão, anulação ou desmontagem do diagnóstico-padrão, inventando nomes - e não diagnósticos - que não fundavam novas classes para caracterizar os pacientes.

Abstract This article analyzed the transcriptions of three patient presentations conducted by Jacques Lacan at the Hospital of Sainte-Anne in 1976. The analysis of these interviews aimed to apprehend how Lacan proceeded as an analyst with respect to the use of diagnostic categories and the management of the tension between the universality of the clinical type and the singularity of the single case. The analysis revealed that although Lacan did not refuse to use terms derived from classical psychiatry or to make the structural diagnosis of the interviewed patients, these aspects were not the focus of his interest. Lacan dispensed the rigidity of diagnostic categories, performing disarmament, inversion, annulment or disassembling operations of the standard diagnosis, inventing names - and not diagnoses - that did not establish new classes to characterize patients.

Résumé Cet article analyse l'étude empirique composée par les transcriptions de trois entrevues de patients menées par Jacques Lacan à l'Hôpital de Sainte-Anne, en 1976. Cette analyse visait à comprendre comment Lacan procédait en tant qu'analyste à l'égard de l'utilisation des catégories diagnostiques et de la gestion des tensions entre l'universalité du type clinique et la singularité du cas unique. L'analyse a révélé que, bien que Lacan ne refusât pas d'utiliser des termes issu de la psychiatrie classique ou de faire le diagnostic structurel des sujets interrogés, ces aspects n'étaient pas au centre de son intérêt. Lacan s'est dispensé de la rigidité des catégories diagnostiques, effectuant le démontage, l'inversion, l'annulation ou le désassemblage du diagnostic standard, en inventant des noms - et non des diagnostics - qui n'ont pas trouvé de nouvelles classes pour caractériser les patients.

Resumen En este artículo se analizan las transcripciones de tres presentaciones de pacientes conducidas por Jacques Lacan en el Hospital de Sainte-Anne, en 1976. El análisis de esas entrevistas tuvo como objetivo aprehender cómo Lacan procedía como analista en lo que se refiere al uso de las categorías diagnósticas y al manejo de la tensión entre la universalidad del tipo clínico y la singularidad del caso único. El análisis reveló que, aunque Lacan no se negaba a emplear términos oriundos de la psiquiatría clásica ni a hacer el diagnóstico estructural de los sujetos entrevistados, esos aspectos no estaban en el foco de su interés. Lacan prescindía de la rigidez de las categorías diagnósticas, realizando operaciones de desarme, inversión, anulación o desmontaje del diagnóstico estándar, inventando nombres -y no diagnósticos- que no fundaban nuevas clases para caracterizar a los pacientes.

Transtorno mental no puerpério: riscos e mecanismos de enfrentamento para a promoção da saúde / Mental disorder in the puerpério: risks and mechanisms of counseling for the promotion of health / Transtorno mental en el puerto: riesgos y mecanismos de enfrentamiento para la promoción de la salud

Objetivo: Compreender os riscos e os mecanismos de enfrentamento apresentados pelas puérperas diante dos transtornos mentais no pós-parto. Métodos: Pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter descritivo, realizada com 12 puérperas, na faixa etária de 16 a 35 anos, que fizeram o acompanhamento do pré-natal na unidade de Atendimento Multiprofissional Especializado em Petrolina/PE, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada e observação dos conteúdos implícitos no comportamento das puérperas. A coleta dos dados ocorreu em novembro e dezembro de 2016. Resultados: Identificou-se que fatores como gravidez precoce ou não planejada, carência de apoio do companheiro, instabilidade familiar e baixas condições socioeconômicas podem contribuir como agentes facilitadores no surgimento de algum transtorno mental na puérpera. Conclusão: Considerando que os transtornos mentais são comuns no puerpério, quanto mais precocemente detectar os fatores de risco, melhor assistência poderá ser oferecida à puérpera

Objective: To understand the risks and coping mechanisms presented by puerperal women in the face of postpartum mental disorders. Methods: A descriptive qualitative study was carried out with twelve puerperae, in the age group of 16 to 35 years old who underwent prenatal follow-up at the Multiprofessional Specialized Care Unit in Petrolina-PE, through a semi-structured interview and observation of the contents implicit in the behavior of puerperal women. Data collection took place in November and December 2016. Results: It was identified that factors such as early or unplanned pregnancy, lack of support from the partner, family instability and low socioeconomic conditions can contribute as facilitating agents in the emergence of some mental disorder in the puerpera. Conclusion: Considering that chronic disorders are common in the puerperium, the earlier the risk factors are detected, the better care can be given to the woman

Objetivo: Comprender los riesgos y mecanismos de enfrentamiento presentados por las puérperas ante los trastornos mentales en el posparto. Métodos: Investigación cualitativa, de carácter descriptivo, realizada con doce puérperas, en el grupo de edad de 16 a 35 años que hicieron el seguimiento del prenatal en la unidad de Atención Multiprofesional Especializado en Petrolina-PE, por medio de entrevista semiestructurada y observación de los contenidos implícitos en el comportamiento de las puérperas. La recolección de los datos ocurrió en noviembre y diciembre de 2016. Resultados: Se identificó que factores como embarazo precoz o no planificado, carencia de apoyo del compañero, inestabilidad familiar y bajas condiciones socioeconómicas pueden aportar como agentes facilitadores en el surgimiento de algún trastorno mental en la puérpera. Conclusión: Considerando que los trastornos mentales son comunes en el puerperio, cuanto más precozmente detecte los factores de riesgo, mejor asistencia podrá ser ofrecida a la puérpera

From anatomy to function: the role of the somatosensory cortex in emotional regulation

Since the pioneering work of Penfield and his colleagues in the 1930s, the somatosensory cortex, which is located on the postcentral gyrus, has been known for its central role in processing sensory information from various parts of the body. More recently, a converging body of literature has shown that the somatosensory cortex also plays an important role in each stage of emotional processing, including identification of emotional significance in a stimulus, generation of emotional states, and regulation of emotion. Importantly, studies conducted in individuals suffering from mental disorders associated with abnormal emotional regulation, such as major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and panic disorders, specific phobia, obesity, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, have found structural and functional changes in the somatosensory cortex. Common observations in the somatosensory cortices of individuals with mood disorders include alterations in gray matter volume, cortical thickness, abnormal functional connectivity with other brain regions, and changes in metabolic rates. These findings support the hypothesis that the somatosensory cortex may be a treatment target for certain mental disorders. In this review, we discuss the anatomy, connectivity, and functions of the somatosensory cortex, with a focus on its role in emotional regulation.

Child and Adolescent Psychosocial Care Center service use profile in Brazil: 2008 to 2012

Objective: To describe the service use profile of Child and Adolescent Psychosocial Care Centers (Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Infanto-Juvenil [CAPSi]) in Brazil regarding diagnostic categories, sociodemographic aspects, and care modalities between 2008 and 2012. Methods: A descriptive, ecological study was performed using data from the Unified Health System regarding high-complexity procedure authorizations (Autorização de Procedimentos de Alta Complexidade [APAC]) for the period from 2008-2012. The variables sex, age, diagnosis (F00-F99 of ICD-10), and type of care provided were examined. The data were processed using TabWin and STATA version 12. Results: A total of 837,068 records were examined, each representing one visit to CAPSi. Most visits were by male users (68.8%). The most common diagnoses were hyperkinetic disorders (13%), pervasive developmental disorders (12.4%), and conduct disorders (8.4%). Conclusions: Behavioral and emotional disorders that usually appear during childhood or adolescence and psychological development disorders were frequent, with more than 50% of the latter comprising autism spectrum disorders. Regional differences were observed, with a higher presence of this diagnosis in the Southeast, while the North and Northeast had a high percentage of visits due to mental retardation.

Cost of Acute and Follow-Up Care in Patients With Pre-Existing Psychiatric Diagnoses Undergoing Radiation Therapy.

PURPOSE: The impact of psychiatric comorbidities on the cost of cancer care in radiation oncology practices is not well studied. We assessed the acute and 24-month follow-up costs for patients with and without pre-existing psychiatric comorbidities undergoing radiation therapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Patients with cancer undergoing radiation therapy at our institution from 2009 to 2014 were denoted as having pre-existing psychiatric conditions (Psych group) if they had associated billing codes for any of the 422 International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision psychiatric conditions during the 12 months before their cancer diagnosis. The Elixhauser comorbidity index was calculated, excluding psychiatric categories. Medicare reimbursement was assigned to professional services, and Medicare departmental cost-to-charge ratios were applied to service line hospital charges and adjusted for inflation to create 2017 standardized costs. Acute (0-6 month) and follow-up (6-24 month) costs were subcategorized into clinic, emergency department, hospital inpatient, and outpatient costs. RESULTS: Among 1275 patients, 126 (9.9%) had at least 1 pre-existing psychiatric diagnosis. On univariate analysis, both acute and long-term costs were higher in the Psych group. The largest significant differences in costs were follow-up hospital inpatient costs ($5861 higher; 95% confidence interval [CI], $687-$11,035; P = .002), follow-up hospital outpatient costs ($2086 higher; 95% CI, -$142 to $4,314; P = .040), and follow-up emergency department costs ($396 higher; 95% CI, $149-$643; P < .001). Age, race, sex, and treatment modalities were comparable, but the Psych group patients had more median comorbidities (2 vs 1) and had more respiratory cancer diagnoses than the nonpsychiatric group (31% vs 17%). On multivariate analysis adjusted for age, sex, cancer diagnosis, and comorbidities, global follow-up costs remained 150% higher in the Psych group (P < .001). Acute costs were similar after adjustment (P = .63). CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatric comorbidities independently predict elevated healthcare costs in patients treated for cancer. Radiation oncology payment models should consider adjustments to account for psychiatric comorbidities because addressing these may mitigate cost differential.

Ethical classification of ME/CFS in the United Kingdom.

Few conditions have sparked as much controversy as myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Professional consensus has long suggested that the condition should be classified as psychiatric, while patients and advocacy groups have insisted it is a serious biological disease that requires medical care and research to develop it. This longstanding debate shifted in 2015, when U.S. governmental health authorities fully embraced medical classification and management. Given that some globally respected health authorities now insist that ME/CFS is a serious biological disease, this paper asks whether it can be ethical for the U.K. practice guideline now in development to characterize the condition as a mental health disorder. Following a brief history of ME/CFS controversy, I offer three arguments to show that it would be unethical for the U.K. to now characterize ME/CFS as a mental health condition, considering the relevance of that conclusion for ME/CFS guidelines elsewhere and for other contested conditions.

Bacterial infections among patients with psychiatric disorders: Relation with hospital stay, age, and psychiatric diagnoses.

The prevalence of infections is supposed to be higher in older patients and to extend the length of hospital stays. This study aimed, first, to test this supposition within a large psychiatric population which we divided into four clusters of psychiatric ICD-10 diagnoses: F00-F03 (dementias), F10 (substance disorders), F20-29 (schizophrenia, schizophreniform and other non-mood psychotic disorders), F32-F33 (major depressive disorders). Second, despite the increasing evidence for the role of infections in psychiatric disorders, it is, to the best of our knowledge, largely unknown whether the rates of infections with pathogens of the four most frequent germ families differ between psychiatric diseases. Thus, in a retrospective study, the results of clinical routine examinations (pap smear, analysis of midstream urine, stool) dependent on symptoms in 8545 patients of a German psychiatric clinic were analyzed in a 12-year dataset. Results show that a longer hospital stay was associated with an increased number of microbiological tests, but led to no significant difference between positive vs. negative findings. Consistent with previous studies, patients with infections were older than patients without infections. For the F10 diagnosis cluster we found a significantly reduced (F10: Staphylococcaceae) and for the F20-29 cluster a heightened risk of infections (Staphylococcaceae, Corynebacteriaceae). Furthermore, patients belonging to the F00-F03 cluster exhibited elevated rates of infections with all four germ families. The latter can be ascribed to patients' age as we found higher age to be associated with these infections, independently of the presence of dementia. Our results suggest that different psychiatric diagnoses are associated with a heightened or lowered risk of bacterial infections and, furthermore, that clinical routine infection-screenings for elderly psychiatric patients seems to be reasonable.

When Should Iatrogenic Polypharmacy Be Considered a Disease?

This case of an elderly patient taking 17 medications, who presents with new neurological symptoms, raises multiple philosophy of medicine questions, including, What is a disease? And what would it mean to treat iatrogenic polypharmacy? Polypharmacy can obscure whether a patient like the one in this case has a neurological disease. I argue that, insofar as polypharmacy is likely to have caused, or at least contributed to, this patient's symptoms, her physician should treat it as a disease.

Closing the medical mortality gap in patients with major psychiatric conditions.

This article discusses options for closing the mortality gap between the general population and people with major psychiatric conditions such as psychosis, autism, learning disability and dementia. Most of the mortality (85%) involves physical disease, with most deaths occurring in general hospitals or care homes, so is relevant to all doctors. The main focus of psychiatric treatments has been to reduce suicide, although there is no evidence that they achieve this. This article calls for psychiatrists to collaborate with medical colleagues to help reduce excess deaths from physical causes. The practicalities of combined physical and mental health monitoring and prescribing clinics are discussed, based on experience in Whitby. Potential national solutions are summarized including options for smoking cessation, sugar restriction, nutritional supplementation and flu vaccination.

Revisión de trastornos psiquiátricos en enfermedad de Parkinson (EP): a propósito de un caso / Review of psychiatric disorders in Parkinson's disease (PD): about a case

La Enfermedad de Parkinson se inicia generalmente en las personas entre los 50 y 60 años, La mayoría de los pacientes de Parkinson se encuentran en situación de doble vulnerabilidad: vejez y discapacidad. El objetivo del tratamiento es reducir la velocidad de progresión de la enfermedad, controlar los síntomas y los efectos secundarios derivados de los fármacos que se usan para tratarla. La presentación de las alteraciones psiquiátricas se caracteriza por episodios de alucinaciones, trastornos confusionales, trastornos del control de los impulsos, hipersexualidad o Parasomnias, siendo de presentación habitualmente vespertina. Estos pueden evolucionar llegando a cuadros de psicosis, estados confusionales crónicos, ideas delirantes en forma permanente, con alto contenido paranoide, existiendo un gran riesgo de intentos suicidas.

Parkinson's disease usually begins in people between the ages of 50 and 60. Most Parkinson's patients are in a situation of double vulnerability: old age and disability. The goal of treatment is to reduce the rate of progression of the disease, control of the symptoms and side effects derived from the drugs used to treat it. The presentation of the psychiatric alterations is characterized by episodes of hallucinations, confusional disorders, disorders of the control of the impulses, hypersexuality or Parasomnias, being usually of evening presentation. These can evolve into psychosis, chronic confusional states, persistent delusional ideas, with high paranoid content, and there is a high risk of suicide attempts.

Mental status and suicide probability of young people: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The most important determinant of suicide ideation, tendency and initiative is the presence of mental disorders. Since the number of those who lost their lives due to suicide in the world rose rapidly among the young population, the World Health Organization emphasizes the importance of assessing young people in the high-risk age group to prevent suicidal behavior. This study aimed to determine psychological symptom levels and suicide probability in young people. METHOD: The cross-sectional research consisted of 15-24 year-old individuals (N=348), who have sought a psychiatric clinic between February and June, 2015. The Research Data was collected by applying Data Collection Form, Suicide Probability Scale (SPS) and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). SPSS 22.0 statistical package program was used for data analysis. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between the mean SPS scores according to education, psychiatric treatment, self-harm, smoking and drinking status of the participants in the study. Apart from this, there was also a statistically significant correlation between anxiety, depression, negative self and hostility according to the SPS and BSI subscales (p<0.001, r=0.739; p<0.001, r=0.729; p<0.001, r=0.747; p<0.001, r=0.715; respectively). CONCLUSION: The results of our study show that suicide risk is significantly higher in young people with depression, anxiety, negative self-perception and hostility symptoms. In this regard, we suggest the relevance of assessing the suicide risk of young people seeking a psychiatric clinic, with thorough attention to those who have high potential for suicide.

Mental status and suicide probability of young people: A cross-sectional study

Summary Objective: The most important determinant of suicide ideation, tendency and initiative is the presence of mental disorders. Since the number of those who lost their lives due to suicide in the world rose rapidly among the young population, the World Health Organization emphasizes the importance of assessing young people in the high-risk age group to prevent suicidal behavior. This study aimed to determine psychological symptom levels and suicide probability in young people. Method: The cross-sectional research consisted of 15-24 year-old individuals (N=348), who have sought a psychiatric clinic between February and June, 2015. The Research Data was collected by applying Data Collection Form, Suicide Probability Scale (SPS) and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). SPSS 22.0 statistical package program was used for data analysis. Results: There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between the mean SPS scores according to education, psychiatric treatment, self-harm, smoking and drinking status of the participants in the study. Apart from this, there was also a statistically significant correlation between anxiety, depression, negative self and hostility according to the SPS and BSI subscales (p<0.001, r=0.739; p<0.001, r=0.729; p<0.001, r=0.747; p<0.001, r=0.715; respectively). Conclusion: The results of our study show that suicide risk is significantly higher in young people with depression, anxiety, negative self-perception and hostility symptoms. In this regard, we suggest the relevance of assessing the suicide risk of young people seeking a psychiatric clinic, with thorough attention to those who have high potential for suicide.

Bipolar disorders: is there an influence of seasonality or photoperiod?

Objective: To increase understanding of the influence of photoperiod variation in patients with bipolar disorders. Methods: We followed a sample of Italian bipolar patients over a period of 24 months, focusing on inpatients. All patients admitted to the Psychiatric Inpatient Unit of San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital in Orbassano (Turin, Italy) between September 1, 2013 and August 31, 2015 were recruited. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected. Results: Seven hundred and thirty patients were included. The admission rate for bipolar patients was significantly higher during May, June and July, when there was maximum sunlight exposure, although no seasonal pattern was found. Patients with (hypo)manic episodes were admitted more frequently during the spring and during longer photoperiods than those with major depressive episodes. Conclusions: Photoperiod is a key element in bipolar disorder, not only as an environmental factor but also as an important clinical parameter that should be considered during treatment.

Maternal recognition of child mental health problems in two Brazilian cities

Objective: To identify child behaviors and types of impairment that increase the likelihood of maternal recognition of emotional/behavioral problems (EBP) in children and adolescents. Methods: Maternal-reported data were obtained from two subsamples of 11-to-16-year-olds derived from cross-sectional studies conducted in two Brazilian municipalities: Itaboraí, state of Rio de Janeiro (n=480), and Embu, state of São Paulo (n=217). The Itaboraí study involved a representative sample of 6-to-16-year-olds (n=1,248; response rate = 86.0%) selected from the Family Health Program registry, which covered 85.5% of the municipal population. The Embu study was based on a probabilistic sample of clusters of eligible households (women aged 15-49 years, child < 18 years), with one mother-child pair selected randomly per household (n=813; response rate = 82.4%). The outcome variable was mother's opinion of whether her child had EBP. Potential correlates included types of child behaviors (hyperactivity/conduct/emotional problems as isolated or combined conditions) and impairment, assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ); child's age and gender; maternal education and anxiety/depression (assessed using the Self-Reporting Questionnaire [SRQ]). Results: Multivariate regression models identified the following correlates of maternal perception of child EBP: comorbidity (co-occurring hyperactivity/conduct/emotional problems), emotional problems alone, and interference of problems with classroom learning and friendships. Conclusion: Comorbidity of different problem types, emotional problems alone, and interference with classroom learning and friendships increase the likelihood of maternal recognition of EBP in children.

Specific agreement on ordinal and multiple nominal outcomes can be calculated for more than two raters.

OBJECTIVE: The concept of specific agreement (SA) has been proposed for dichotomous outcomes for two or more raters. We aim to extend this concept for variables with more than two ordinal or nominal categories and more than two raters. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We used two data sets: four plastic surgeons classifying photographs after breast reconstruction on a 5-point ordinal scale and six raters classifying psychiatric patients into five diagnostic categories. For m raters, all (i.e., m(m-1)/2) pairwise agreement tables were summed to calculate the observed agreement (OA), SA and conditional probabilities. The 95% confidence intervals were obtained by bootstrapping. RESULTS: SA was calculated for each ordinal or nominal category to examine when one of the raters scored in a specific category, what is the probability that the other raters scored in that same category. And suppose one of the raters scored X1, what is the probability that the other raters scored X1 or any of the other categories (conditional probability). It appeared, for example, that among the psychiatric disorders, depression and personality disorders were often mixed up, whereas neurosis was rarely mixed up with schizophrenia. CONCLUSION: The concept of SA for variables with ordinal and multiple nominal categories provides relevant clinical information. The extension to conditional probabilities of alternative categories broadens the clinical application with examining which categories are most often mixed up.

Tipos de transtornos mentais não psicóticos em mulheres adultas violentadas por parceiro íntimo: uma revisão integrativa / Tipos de trastornos mentales no psicóticos en mujeres adultas violadas por pareja íntima: una revisión integrativa / Types of non-psychotic mental disorders in adult women who suffered intimate partner violence: an integrative review

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar na literatura os tipos de transtornos mentais não psicóticos em mulheres adultas vítimas de violência por parceiro íntimo. Método: Revisão integrativa realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, Web of Science e SCOPUS. Resultados: Foram selecionados 19 artigos, publicados em revistas internacionais, na língua inglesa, com predomínio de estudos transversais (78,9%). Os tipos de transtornos mentais não psicóticos mais encontrados foram: depressão (73,7%) e transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (52,6%). Observou-se que 78,9% dos artigos apresentaram nível de evidência 2C. Conclusão: Os estudos evidenciaram que mulheres adultas vítimas de violência por parceiro íntimo sofrem, em sua maioria, de depressão e transtorno de estresse pós-traumático, além de outras morbidades, fato que mostra quão devastadora pode se tornar a violência por parceiro íntimo na saúde mental de quem a vivencia.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar en la literatura las clases de trastornos mentales no psicóticos en mujeres adultas violadas por pareja íntima. Método: Revisión integrativa llevada a cabo en las bases de datos MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, Web of Science y SCOPUS. Resultados: Fueron seleccionados 19 artículos, publicados en revistas internacionales, en lengua inglesa, con predominio de estudios transversales (78,9%). Las clases de trastornos mentales no psicóticos más encontradas fueron: depresión (73,7%) y trastorno de estrés postraumático (52,6%). Se observó que el 78,9% de los artículos presentaron nivel de evidencia 2C. Conclusión: Los estudios evidenciaron que mujeres adultas víctimas de violencia por pareja íntima sufren, en su mayoría, de depresión y trastorno de estrés postraumático, además de otras morbilidades, hecho que muestra cuán devastadora puede hacerse la violencia por pareja íntima en la salud mental de quien la vive.

ABSTRACT Objective: Identifying the types of non-psychotic mental disorders in adult women who suffered intimate partner violence in the literature. Method: An integrative review carried out in the MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, Web of Science and SCOPUS databases. Results: We selected 19 articles published in international journals in English, with a predominance of cross-sectional study studies (78.9%). The most common types of non-psychotic mental disorders were: depression (73.7%) and post-traumatic stress disorder (52.6%). It was observed that 78.9% of the articles presented a 2C level of evidence. Conclusion: Studies have shown that adult women who are victims of intimate partner violence mostly suffer from depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as other morbidities; a fact that highlights how devastating violence by an intimate partner can impact on the mental health of those who experience it.

Latent class profile of psychiatric symptoms and treatment utilization in a sample of patients with co-occurring disorders

Objective: To identify symptom-based subgroups within a sample of patients with co-occurring disorders (CODs) and to analyze intersubgroup differences in mental health services utilization. Methods: Two hundred and fifteen patients with COD from an addiction clinic completed the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised. Subgroups were determined using latent class profile analysis. Services utilization data were collected from electronic records during a 3-year span. Results: The five-class model obtained the best fit (Bayesian information criteria [BIC] = 3,546.95; adjusted BIC = 3,363.14; bootstrapped likelihood ratio test p < 0.0001). Differences between classes were quantitative, and groups were labeled according to severity: mild (26%), mild-moderate (28.8%), moderate (18.6%), moderate-severe (17.2%), and severe (9.3%). A significant time by class interaction was obtained (chi-square [χ2[15]] = 30.05, p = 0.012); mild (χ2[1] = 243.90, p < 0.05), mild-moderate (χ2[1] = 198.03, p < 0.05), and moderate (χ2[1] = 526.77, p < 0.05) classes displayed significantly higher treatment utilization. Conclusion: The classes with more symptom severity (moderate-severe and severe) displayed lower utilization of services across time when compared to participants belonging to less severe groups. However, as pairwise differences in treatment utilization between classes were not significant between every subgroup, future studies should determine whether subgroup membership predicts other treatment outcomes.