Mujeres argentinas y usos de drogas: análisis sociohistórico del uso femenino de sustancias psicoactivas en Argentina (1860-1930) / Argentinian women and the uses of drugs: A sociohistorical analysis of female drug use in Argentina (1860-1930)

RESUMEN Este trabajo describe casos expuestos por expertos de los ámbitos legislativo y médico-legal periodístico, en los que se reporta el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas por parte de mujeres de Argentina, entre 1878 y 1930. Se presentan antecedentes sobre mujeres y usos de distintos fármacos, se analizan las intervenciones médicas que utilizan sustancias psicoactivas sobre el cuerpo femenino, y se detallan los casos de mujeres consumidoras desde las miradas expertas. En este periodo, los discursos expertos no buscaron comprender la especificidad femenina del consumo, sino promover el tema drogas como un problema. Esto se produce utilizando tres prototipos: la víctima de un marido enfermo, la prostituta que envicia a los débiles de espíritu (criminal nata), y la joven virtuosa que contraviene la ley del padre y sucumbe en la toxicomanía. Cada figura refuerza la necesidad de intervención estatal y control social.

ABSTRACT This article describes cases presented by experts from the legislative and medical-legal fields regarding the use of psychoactive substances among Argentinian women from 1878 to 1930. Background information is presented regarding the relationship between women and the use of different drugs, medical interventions on the female body where psychoactive substances were used are analyzed, and experts' descriptions of cases of female drug users are detailed. Experts' discourses during this period did not attempt to comprehend the specificities of female consumption but were rather used to position the issue of drug use as a social problem. This was done using three prototypes: the victim of a sick husband; the prostitute who encourages drug use among the weak in spirit (natural-born criminals); and the virtuous young woman who succumbs to drug addiction in spite of her father's rule. Each figure reinforces the need for state intervention and increased social control.

The Mid-Atlantic Twin Registry of Virginia Commonwealth University.

The Mid-Atlantic Twin Registry (MATR) is a population-based registry of more than 60,000 twins primarily born or living in Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. Researchers may utilize the MATR for administration of research services, including study recruitment, data or sample (e.g., DNA) collection, archival dataset creation, as well as data collection through mailed, phone or online surveys. In addition, the MATR houses the MATR Repository, with over 1700 DNA samples primarily from whole blood available for researchers interested in DNA genotyping. For over 40 years MATR twins have participated in research studies with investigators from a range of scientific disciplines and institutions. These studies, which have resulted in numerous publications, explored diverse topics, including substance use, smoking behaviors, developmental psychopathology, bullying, children's health, cardiovascular disease, cancer, the human microbiome, epigenetics of aging, children of twins and sleep homeostasis. Researchers interested in utilizing twins are encouraged to contact the MATR to discuss potential research opportunities.

A trajetória das políticas de saúde mental e de álcool e outras drogas no século XX / The trajectory of mental health policies and alcoholand other drugs in the twentieth century

Resumo Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar a evolução temporal das regras que compõem o arcabouço legal das políticas públicas de saúde mental e de álcool e outras drogas entre os anos de 1900 até 2000. O estudo busca analisar a trajetória das regras, de modo que se possa compreender um pouco mais sobre o contexto e a forma no qual as questões relacionadas a estes dois temas foram tratados, até a Reforma Psiquiátrica no Brasil, em 2001. Para isso realizou-se uma pesquisa documental e bibliográfica, com o intuito de avançar no entendimento destas duas políticas sobre um ângulo mais normativo. Em um emaranhado de legislações, foram catalogadas 33 normas que, após análise, demonstram o processo de construção das políticas públicas relacionadas ao uso de álcool e outras drogas, alterando a lógica repressiva da justiça e da patologização do uso de drogas e possibilitando a transição da discussão do terreno da segurança para o da saúde pública, mais especificamente de saúde mental.

Abstract The scope of this article is to analyze the temporal evolution of the rules that comprise the legal framework of public policies on mental health and on alcohol and other drugs between the years 1900 to 2000. The study seeks to analyze the trajectory of the rules to make it possible to understand a little more about the context and the way in which the issues related to these two themes were addressed prior to the Psychiatric Reform in Brazil, in 2001. For this purpose, documentary and bibliographical research was conducted, with the intention of enhancing the understanding of these two policies from a more normative angle. In the skein of legislation, 33 norms were cataloged which, after analysis, reveal the process of construction of the public policies related to the use of alcohol and other drugs, changing the repressive logic of justice and the "pathologization" of drug use and enabling the transition of the discussion from the field of security to that of public health, more specifically of mental health.

A Primer on Heroin and Fentanyl.

Heroin and fentanyl use have reached epidemic proportions in the United States and are now blamed for the majority of drug-related overdose deaths. Both drugs are produced primarily in South America and Asia and enter the United States illegally. One result of smoking or injecting heroin or fentanyl is the development of a substance use disorder (SUD), which causes changes in brain chemistry and function. These changes result in negative behaviors and an inability to stop use. Yet, treatments are available and recovery is possible. Nurses have the potential to impact the heroin and fentanyl epidemic through developing therapeutic relationships with patients who are at risk or already have a SUD. Strategies for effective communication include maintaining a supportive, nonjudgmental attitude and incorporating motivational interviewing. All patients should be screened for opioid use and referred for treatment if indicated. It is important for nurses to be knowledgeable about heroin and fentanyl and available treatments. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 55(6), 16-20.].

Broad Thinking: An Interview With Harold Kalant.

In this interview, Harold Kalant, M.D., Ph.D., professor emeritus at the University of Toronto, talks about his career in addiction science; his professional associations with E. M. Jellinek, Griffith Edwards, and other luminaries; the growth of the addiction field; and the issue of cannabis legalization in Canada, among other topics.

Revisión histórica de la prohibición de las drogas en Estados Unidos: desde los pilgrims hasta el Partido Prohibicionista / Historical review of the prohibition of drugs in the United States: from the pilgrims to the prohibitionist party

En este artículo se identifican las bases históricas del prohibicionismo hacia las drogas en Estados Unidos. Se propone que la negativa del empleo recreativo de las drogas no es exclusiva del siglo XX; en el caso de Estados Unidos es un proceso que se origina desde la llegada de los primeros colonos y tiene fundamento en la esfera religiosa protestante, en el desarrollo del capitalismo y más tarde en la oleada migratoria procedente de otras latitudes

This article describes the historical bases of the prohibition of drugs in the United States of America. It is proposed that the refusal to the recreational use of drugs is not unique to the twentieth century; in the American case is a process that originates from the arrival of the first settlers and in the protestant religious dogma, in the development of capitalism, and later in the migration wave

Coolmine Therapeutic Community, Dublin: a 40-year history of Ireland's first voluntary drug treatment service.

AIM: To document the evolution over 40 years (from 1973 to 2013) of Coolmine Therapeutic Community (Ireland's first voluntary drug treatment service) against a background of broader drug policy developments in the Republic of Ireland and elsewhere during this period. METHODS: Data were gathered by means of archival research within Coolmine, complemented by semi-structured interviews with former clients, current and former Coolmine management and staff, and representatives of outsider stakeholder interests. RESULTS: Coolmines's history has three phases: (1) an early and uncontentious phase, in which external authorities provided financial support for Coolmine without questioning its work practices or outcomes; (2) a middle, controversial phase, in which Coolmine struggled for survival in an external policy environment now dominated by harm reduction strategies; and (3) a final phase in which, through the use of conventional corporate governance, Coolmine management sought to repair its damaged reputation by introducing evidence-based clinical practices. CONCLUSIONS: Coolmine Therapeutic Community was established when drug treatment services in Ireland were in their infancy, and its changing fortunes over subsequent decades reflected changing perceptions of what constitutes appropriate addiction treatment-and in particular the role to be played by former addicts within addiction treatment systems-as well as changing perceptions of funding relationships between statutory authorities and voluntary providers of health and social services.

Comunidades terapêuticas: "novas" perspectivas e propostas higienistas / Therapeutic communities: "new" outlooks and public health proposals

Resumo Problemas decorrentes do uso/abuso de álcool e outras drogas agravam-se continuamente. Existem, atualmente, medidas polêmicas que visam a soluções imediatas, como o financiamento público das comunidades terapêuticas. Analisam-se, aqui, possíveis aproximações do legado higienista do início do século XX em questões que envolvem o uso/abuso de substâncias psicoativas com as propostas de intervenção das comunidades terapêuticas atuais. Realizou-se pesquisa com fontes primárias, inspirada na vertente do materialismo histórico. Entende-se que os problemas decorrentes do uso/abuso de drogas continuam deixando o ônus maior aos usuários, às pessoas ao redor e à saúde pública.

Abstract Problems related to alcohol and other substance abuse are on a steady rise. Certain controversial measures currently aim at immediate solutions, such as the public funding of therapeutic communities. The article draws comparisons between the legacy of early twentieth-century public health practices in psychoactive substance abuse and current proposals for intervention through therapeutic communities. The study researched primary sources from the perspective of historical materialism. Historically produced by society as a whole, problems stemming from substance abuse continue to place the greatest burden on users, the people around them, and public health.

Edgar Allan Poe and neurology / Edgar Allan Poe e a neurologia

Edgar Allan Poe was one of the most celebrated writers of all time. He published several masterpieces, some of which include references to neurological diseases. Poe suffered from recurrent depression, suggesting a bipolar disorder, as well as alcohol and drug abuse, which in fact led to his death from complications related to alcoholism. Various hypotheses were put forward, including Wernicke's encephalopathy.

Edgar Allan Poe foi um dos mais celebrados escritores do mundo. Ele publicou várias obras primas, algumas delas com referências a diversas doenças neurológicas. O autor apresentou quadro depressivo recorrente, sugestivo de distúrbio bipolar, com abuso de álcool e de drogas, e morreu devido a complicações do alcoolismo, com diferentes hipóteses, incluindo a encefalopatia de Wernicke.

Steppingstone and gateway ideas: a discussion of origins, research challenges, and promising lines of research for the future.

In this discussion of contributed papers for the special issue of DAD, the author draws attention to early American laws concerning cannabis and to statements made about the epidemiology of cannabis smoking and other drug use between 1858 and the contemporary scene, with coverage of opium, heroin, tobacco, alcohol, cocaine, kava, and other drugs. He discusses these steppingstone and gateway processes in relation to political environment and in relation to scientific challenges such as uncontrolled confounding. He provides a critique of between-individual research designs, including co-twin and co-sib designs of behavior genetics, as well as imaging research, where uncontrolled confounding often exists. He highlights the epidemiologic case-crossover design and prevention research experiments as potentially valuable approaches in new directions for research on the steppingstone and gateway processes.

Análise sociológica das políticas de saúde / Sociological analysis of health policies

Uma análise sócio-histórica da gênese de políticas de saúde na França. Os temas em debate incluem as políticas de luta contra o câncer e a Aids, e aquelas destinadas ao enfrentamento de problemas como as crianças inadaptadas ou ‘anormais’, com ‘inteligência inferior’, e os jovens ‘delinquentes’, usuários de drogas. Embora os estudos de caso tratem da experiência francesa, a obra traz contribuições importantes para o leitor brasileiro, principalmente por conta dos aspectos universais que podem ser apreendidos a partir da leitura.

[History of the usage of chosen psychoactive substances]. / Zarys historii stosowania wybranych srodków psychoaktywnych.

The some facts from the history of the usage of chosen psychoactive substances including natural narcotics, tobbacco and alcohol were described.

História da enfermagem psiquiátrica e a dependência química no Brasil: atravessando a história para reflexão / History of the psychiatric nursing and chemical dependency in Brazil: crossing the history for reflection

A formação do enfemeiro em enfermagem psiquiátrica e na área de dependências químicas norteia a discussão desse artigo, tendo em vista a complexidade dos problemas relacionados ao ensino de enfermagem, saúde mental, psiquiatria e álcool. Trata-se de um artigo de revisão de literatura onde as autoras compilaram fontes primárias e secundárias sobre o tema e, a partir da leitura do material bibliográfico, fizeram análises e reflexões acerca dos atravessamentos históricos que permeiam a história da enfermagem psiquiátrica no Brasil e a dependência química no Brasil...

La historia médica de Edgar Alian Poe / The medical history of Edgar Alian Poe

Edgar Allan Poe, one of the best American storytellers and poets, suffered an episodic behaviour disorder partially triggered by alcohol and opiate use. Much confusion still exists about the last days of his turbulent life and the cause of his death at an early age. Different etiologies have been proposed to explain his main medical problem, however, complex partial seizures triggered by alcohol, poorly recognized at the time when Poe lived, seems to be one of the most acceptable hypothesis, among others discussed.

Illicit drugs and the rise of epidemiology during the 1960s.

Epidemiology has been crucial to the understanding of both tobacco smoking and illicit drug taking as public health issues in Britain since the 1960s. There were, however, significant differences in the way in which epidemiology was used between the two psychoactive substances.