The 50-Year Evolution of the William P. Didusch Museum of the American Urological Association.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the history and evolution of the William P. Didusch Museum. METHODS: We reviewed the literature and personal accounts regarding the founding of the museum and changes to the museum over its history. RESULTS: William P. Didusch was a world-renowned medical artist and was the staff artist for the Brady Urological Institute under Hugh Hampton Young. The William P. Didusch Museum was founded in 1971 and comprised the collection of Didusch's drawings and instruments, which were housed at the American Urological Association (AUA) headquarters. In 1972, Didusch became the museum's first curator. At the time of Didusch's death, the AUA purchased a new building and began extensive renovations. In 1987, Dr. William W. Scott, the museum's third curator, cataloged the items housed in the museum before it was reopened in 1989. Dr. Rainer Engel took over as curator in 1993 and supervised renovations to the exhibit area. In 2003, the museum moved to the new AUA Headquarters in Linthicum, Maryland, and the central exhibit on the history of the cystoscope was finalized. Under Dr. Ronald Rabinowitz as Historian, the museum history committee and leadership were restructured and included a website with a virtual museum tour, links to history exhibits, and a newsletter. CONCLUSION: The William P. Didusch Center for Urologic History continues to evolve in pursuit of its mission to document, preserve, and present the history of urology and to educate and engage the medical community and the public.

[Urology in Upper Palatinate-what archeology, historical research, and historiography reveal : Part 1: from Roman Antiquity to the late Middle Ages]. / Urologie in der Oberpfalz ­ Was uns Archäologie, historische Forschung und Geschichtsschreibung verraten : Teil 1: von römischer Antike bis Spätmittelalter.

Since 1924, it has been possible to qualify as a specialist in urology in Germany. The first hospital departments for the treatment of urological conditions were established as early as the end of the German Empire and the Weimar Republic. However, the beginning of specialist medical care in the Bavarian administrative district of Upper Palatinate, often known as the "poorhouse" of Germany until the second half of the last century, was much later. Nevertheless, the lineage of "urological" activity here can be traced back to much earlier eras. Of course, it must be accepted that the evidence from times long past is weak. This is especially applicable when it comes to a topic such as the treatment of the sick and the preservation of health, which is not only considered a science but also often a central focus of life for us today, because in history it was often only mentioned in the fight against epidemics and in anecdotal descriptions. This is a circumstance which, when looking at the history of urology, gives rise to the hope of finding one or two interesting sources. This article not only aims to trace the history of the development of urology in a rural area from contemporary history to the present day, but also to explore the treatment of urological diseases in this region since late antiquity. Furthermore, we invite readers to look at other places of urological remembrance in a similar way.

[Development of medicine in Lwów (Lemberg, Lviv). Part 1: beginnings and establishment of urology until 1944]. / Entwicklung der Medizin in Lwów (Lemberg, Lwiw). Teil 1: Anfänge und Etablierung der Urologie bis 1944.

Innovations in diagnostic techniques due to the introduction of endoscopy and the development of X­ray technology were fundamental in reducing the dependence on surgery and to recognize urology as a new discipline. Thereafter, endoscopic surgery came to the fore. The aim of this article is to present the development of urology in Lviv as an independent discipline and its distinction from surgery. Well-known Lviv surgeons who were interested in surgery of the urogenital system are discussed. The beginnings of urology and its development within the framework of surgical departments and ultimately as an independent institution in the interwar period are described. The fate of the Polish department of urology in the interwar period and during the Second World War is also described. J. Molendzinski, G. Ziembicki, Z. Lenko and S. Laskownicki can be described as the founders of urology in Lviv (Lemberg). Extensive research in archives and libraries in Poland and Ukraine has been undertaken in the preparation of this article.

[Granting of venia legendi as an indicator of specialization : Victor von Ivánchich de Margita (1812-1892) "Lecturer for surgery of the urogenital organs" in Vienna in 1851]. / Die Erteilung der Venia legendi als Gradmesser einer einsetzenden Fachdifferenzierung : Victor von Ivánchich de Margita (1812­1892) "Docent für die Chirurgie der Harnorgane" in Wien, 1851.

Alongside Paris, Vienna was one of the early centers of specialization and professionalization in medicine and urology in the 19th century. Especially the 2nd Vienna Medical School (Erna Lesky) with its main representatives Carl Freiherr von Rokitansky (in Czech: Karel Rokytanský; 1804-1878) and Joseph Ritter von Skoda (1895-1881) was able to create the perfect scientific environment for young students to become acquainted with new fields of research often in an interdisciplinary setting, e.g., chemistry, microscopy or pathology in combination with clinical departments like surgery. We analyze the process of habilitation using the example of a urologist to outline this process within the history of science.

25-year perspective on prostate cancer: Conquering frontiers and understanding tumor biology.

Major changes in the field of prostate cancer over the last 25 years include the implementation of prostate specific antigen screening and the recognition that BRCA confers hereditary risk of prostate cancer. Quality of life and survivorship have driven risk stratification for localized prostate cancer, facilitated by molecular signatures and leading to increased acceptance of active surveillance as a mainstream treatment option. Advances in technology have improved efficacy and reduced toxicity in both radical prostatectomy and radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer. Improved understanding of the androgen receptor has yielded substantially more effective therapies. Future growth areas include personalized treatment based on genomic and genetic information, theranostics radiopharmaceuticals, and more aggressive treatment of metastatic disease to include focal therapy. Multidisciplinary management between specialized urologists, radiation oncologists, and medical oncologists remains central to maximizing patient outcomes.

Brown Urology: A Historical Perspective.

The first Urology Residency Program in the United States was founded at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in the wake of the first structured surgery residency as established by Dr. William Halsted in the early 20th Century.1 Dr. Hugh Hampton Young was selected to lead the Genitourinary Division and the foundation for the first urology residency training program was established.2 The Brown University Medical School, initially opened in 1811, effectively closed circa 1827, and re-established in the 1970s, has a long tradition in training surgeons.3,4 The Rhode Island Hospital Urology Residency Training Program was organized in the early 1950s and will be explored in this article. Brown University affiliated with the residency program in the mid-1980s to establish the first and only academic urology residency program in Rhode Island. Today, this program provides state-of-the-art urologic care for thousands of patients in the state.

State of the art urology 100 years ago.

One hundred years ago, on 27 May 1920, the inaugural meeting of the Section of Urology was held at the Royal Society of Medicine in London. The lecture, by Sir Peter Freyer KCB, paints a vivid picture of the state of art of urological surgery a century ago.

[Development of medicine in Vilnius. The beginning of urology using the examples of Kornel Michejda (1887-1960) and Simon Perlmann (1898-1949)]. / Entwicklung der Medizin in Wilna. Anfänge der Urologieetablierung am Beispiel von Kornel Michejda (1887­1960) und Simon Perlmann (1898­1949).

The Polish University in Vilnius was reopened in 1919. In 1924, a surgical clinic with 110 beds was established. Professor Kornel Michejda, a student of Professor Kader from Cracow, became the first director of the Department of Surgery. Professor Michejda was a talented lecturer and skilled general surgeon. Besides abdominal, thorax, breast, and orthopedic surgery, Michejda was also interested in urology. He operated on numerous patients with diseases of the urogenital system. In 1933, he was the first head of the department to establish a urological ward at his Vilnius surgical clinic and to organize a separate urology outpatient department at the clinic. The first head of the urological department was Dr. Simon Perlmann, an experienced surgeon and urologist. He learned surgery from Professor Bier and urology from Professor Eugen Joseph in Berlin. After the suicide of his boss Eugen Joseph, Perlmann left Berlin and immigrated to Vilnius (Poland), his homeland. There he became the head of the urological ward. He transferred pioneering methods of urological diagnostics and therapy from Berlin to Vilnius during his short tenure from 1933 to 1935, thus, modernizing this facility considerably. Thanks to his commitment and professional experience he was able to organize the department from the beginning so that it could offer modern diagnostics and urological care. In this case, an endoscopic urologist contributed significantly to the establishment of the oldest Polish University. Michejda, Perlmann and Janowicz are the founders of urology in Vilnius. Extensive research has been conducted in archives and libraries in Poland Lithuania, Germany, and Israel. Up to the end of 1945 there was no independent separate urology department in Vilnius.

[The art of surgery in nuce : Introduction to Institutiones chirurgicae (1601) by Johannes Jessenius (1566-1621)]. / Chirurgische Kunst in nuce : Einführung zu Institutiones chirurgicae (1601) von Johannes Jessenius (1566­1621).

BACKGROUND: In 1601, Johannes Jessenius published the surgical work Institutiones chirurgicae, which is of particular importance for the history of surgery in Germany. So far, research has predominantly concentrated on the anatomical works of Jessenius; his surgical work including aspects of urology has not been the subject of investigation. OBJECTIVES: In the present article, we analyze the structure, reasoning, and linguistic means used by the author in this work. RESULTS: According to the introduction, surgery comprises three basic components: agens, actor or the surgeon, actio, the activity, that is, the operation, and per quae et quibus actio perficitur, which means instruments and medications. The operations are arranged in contrasts, solutio continuorum-junctio separatorum, the dissolution of the connected-connection of the separate, extirpatio superfluorum-recuperatio deficientium, to eliminate the superfluous-to restore the missing. The description of the instruments is also based on opposite pairs. DISCUSSION: The three elements of surgical work represent a reduction of what is stated in the Hippocratic text De officina. Thus, recognizable here is an ancient tradition, which was also known to the predecessors of Jessenius. CONCLUSIONS: At the beginning of the work, aspects of an introduction to the surgical work of the 16th century are briefly recapitulated. Jessenius adheres to this historical tradition including aspects of urology of this work. In the introduction, he refers to various medical writers, without directly adopting the texts. The surgical artistry that Jessenius stands for is of fundamental importance to this day.

Five decades of urologic pathology: the accelerating expansion of knowledge in renal cell neoplasia.

Those who are knowledgeable in cosmology inform us that the expansion of the universe is such that the velocity at which a distant galaxy is receding from the observer is continually increasing with time. We humbly paraphrase that as "The bigger the universe gets, the faster it gets bigger." This is an interesting analogy for the expansion of knowledge in the field of renal tumor pathology over the past 30 to 50 years. It is clear that a multitude of dedicated investigators have devoted incalculable amounts of time and effort to the pursuit of knowledge about renal epithelial neoplasms. As a consequence of the contributions of numerous investigators over many decades, the most recent World Health Organization classification of renal neoplasms includes about 50 well defined and distinctive renal tumors, as well as various miscellaneous and metastatic tumors. In addition, a number of emerging or provisional new entities are under active investigation and may be included in future classifications. In this review, we will focus on a number of these tumors, tracing as accurately as we can the origins of their discovery, relating relevant additions to the overall knowledge base surrounding them, and in some instances addressing changes in nomenclature.

Acercamiento a la vida y obra del Doctor Jorge Ángel Pérez Toscano / An approach to the life and work of Doctor Jorge Ángel Pérez Toscano

Se profundizó sobre la vida del médico colombino ya fallecido Jorge Ángel Pérez Toscano con el objetivo de destacar toda su entrega a la medicina. De procedencia humilde, graduado de Doctor en Medicina en diciembre de 1974. Director del área de salud del Policlínico de San Pedro de Mayabón. Subdirector docente en el Hospital Territorial Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy por algunos años de trabajo, jefe y fundador del servicio de especialidades, muchos lo recuerdan por sus adecuados métodos de trabajo, por la gran prevalencia de sus condiciones humanas, su preocupación ante el dolor ajeno. Dejó su huella en el Hospital Mario Muñoz Monroy. Ocupó responsablemente altos cargos de dirección. Ejerció su profesión dignamente y a conciencia; veló siempre por la salud de sus pacientes consagrando su vida al servicio de la humanidad (AU).

The life of the deceased doctor Jorge Angel Perez Toscano, from Colon, was deepened with the objective of highlighting his commitment to Medicine. Of humble origins, he graduated as Doctor in Medicine on December 1974; Doctor Perez Toscano was the director of the San Pedro de Mayabon Policlinic, then he was the teaching sub-director of the Territorial Hospital "Mario Muñoz Monroy" of Colon, and the Head and founder of the service of Specialties. Many people remember him because of his appropriate methods of work, the great prevalence of his human conditions and his concern with the pain of others. He left his imprint in the Hospital "Mario Muñoz Monroy" and responsibly held senior management positions. He consecrated his life to the service of the humankind, consciously and honorably practicing his profession, and looking always after his patients´ health (AU).

First surgical care of Mexican children in the nineteenth century.

Here, two papers are presented, which constitute the first reports of surgical procedures in Mexican children performed at the 19th century. The two publications refer to surgical operations for the extraction of bladder stones. At that time, there was no anesthesia, so part of the description alludes to the suffering of the patients and the operative difficulties. The first case, is referred to as a lithotomy in a 17-year-old girl, performed by surgeon José Victoriano Guerrero in Guadalajara in 1822. The publication is not an academic report, but a pamphlet written as a gift to Emperor Augustin I to celebrate his ascension to the throne. The second work, is a lateral lithotomy in a 5-year-old boy, published by Dr. Luis Jecker in the first issue of the Periódico de la Academia de Medicina de Mégico in 1836.

Se presentan dos trabajos que constituyen los primeros informes de procedimientos quirúrgicos en niños mexicanos en el siglo XIX. Las dos publicaciones se refieren a operaciones para la extracción de cálculos vesicales. En ese tiempo no existía anestesia, por lo que parte de la descripción incluye el sufrimiento de los pacientes y las dificultades operatorias. El primer caso está referido como una litotomía en una joven de 17 años, operada por el cirujano José Victoriano Guerrero en Guadalajara en 1822. La publicación no constituye un informe académico, sino un folleto escrito como un obsequio para el emperador Agustín I para celebrar su ascensión al trono. El segundo trabajo es una talla lateral en un niño de 5 años edad, publicado por el doctor Luis Jecker en el primer número del Periódico de la Academia de Medicina de Mégico en 1836.

Henry Wade (1876-1955), pioneer of urological surgery, museum conservator and war veteran.

Henry Wade graduated in the Edinburgh Medical School in 1898 before spending two years with the British army during the Anglo-Boer war. Returning to this country, he joined Francis Caird, surgeon to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. Appointed Conservator of the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, Wade met young William Ford Robertson. In a study of experimental cancer they concluded that some neoplasms were caused by bacteria. Wade became increasingly recognised as an authority in urology. His growing practice was interrupted by the First World War. Already a member of the Royal Army Medical Corps, he served for five years in the Middle East, in Gallipoli and then with the army in an approach to Jerusalem. Resuming civilian life, Wade combined an extensive urological practice with membership of the Council of the RCSEd. He became President in 1935. Married in 1924, his wife died four years later after an operation by a colleague, David Wilkie. Director of Surgery to the Scottish Emergency Medical Service when the Second World War broke out, Wade was made a Knight Bachelor in 1946. He died in 1955.

The History of Urology at the Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System.

OBJECTIVE: The Section of Urology at the Minneapolis Veteran's Affairs (VA) Medical Center has a long history of contributions to Urology including the Gleason Score, Fuhrman Grading system, testicular tumor marker development and the birth of Endourology. The objective of this manuscript is to compile and present the Urologic history of the Minneapolis VA. METHODS: The Urologic literature and institutional records originating from the Minneapolis VA Medical Center from 1946-2017 were reviewed and presented herein. RESULTS: The Minneapolis VA Health Care System originated in 1921 and currently employs 5 Urologist who serve over 16,000 veterans per year. Historic achievements from the Minneapolis VA Section of Urology include the development of the Veteran's Affairs Cooperative Research Group (VACURG) which was instrumental to development of the Gleason grading system for prostate cancer in 1965. Additional urologic oncology achievements originating from the Minneapolis VA Section of Urology included the development of the diagnostic utility of tumor markers in testis cancer in 1976 and The Fuhrman Grading System in 1982. Perhaps the greatest contribution to the field of Urology was the birth of Endourology at the Minneapolis VA in the late 1970s under the direction of Dr. Paul Lange. Currently the Minneapolis VA is a premier center for Evidence Based Urology by housing Cochrane Urology and the U.S. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation network (US GRADE). CONCLUSION: Since 1946, the section of Urology at the Minneapolis VA has contributed basic science, clinical technique and evidence based medicine to the field of Urology while providing care to the nation's veterans.